Tai Daeng language
| Tai Daeng | |
|---|---|
| Red Tai Táy-Môc-Châu | |
| ꪼꪕꪵꪒꪉ Tay lɛɛŋ | |
 "Tai Daeng" written in Tai Viet script | |
| Region | NorthwesternVietnam NortheasternLaos |
| Ethnicity | Tai Daeng |
Native speakers | (105,000 cited 1999–2007)[1] |
Kra–Dai
| |
| Tai Viet | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | tyr |
| Glottolog | taid1249 |
| ELP | Tai Daeng |
 Distribution of the Southwestern Tai languages. | |
Tai Daeng,Táy-Môc-ChâuorRed Taiis the language of theTai Daeng peopleof northwesternVietnamand across the border into northeasternLaos.It belongs to theTai language family,being closely connected withBlack TaiandWhite Tai,as well as being more distantly related to thelanguage spoken in modern Thailand.
The language is classified as part of theThái official ethnic communityin Vietnam and of the Phu Tai composite group in Laos.[2]However, speakers in Vietnam tend to identify with Black Tai, or Tai Dam, thus denying that they are Red Tai.
Classification
[edit]Tai Daeng is classified as belonging to theTai-Kadailanguage group, located in the Tai languages andSouthwestern Tai languagessubgroups.Tai Meuayis closely related to Tai Daeng.[3]
Geographic distribution
[edit]The number of Tai Daeng speakers is generally estimated at 80,000 native speakers, with an ethnic population of roughly 100,000 located mostly in Vietnam.
In China, Tai Daeng (Chinese:Thái lượng) people are located in the following townships of Yunnan province, with about 2,000 people (Gao 1999).[4]They are referred to by the neighboring Han Chinese, Miao, and Yao peoples as Dry Tai (Gan Dai hạn thái ).
- Qiaotou Town đầu cầu trấn,Hekou CountyCửa sông huyện (in the 3 villages of Shiyajiao dốc đá chân,[5]Baini bạch ni,[6]and Fangluocheng phương Lạc thành; population 600)
- Gulingqing Township cổ lâm tinh hương,Maguan CountyMã quan huyện (in the 2 villages of Panzhihua cây bông gạo[7]and Dongzong đổng cây cọ[8]); population 500)
Phonology
[edit]All syllables in Tai Daeng have an initial consonant orconsonant cluster,followed by a vowel or adiphthong,and optionally end in a final consonant. Each syllable also carries a tone. Like many related languages, Tae Daeng has different possibilities for the realization of tone on different types of syllables, depending on the presence, absence, and type of final consonant.
Free syllables are those which end in a vowel, a nasal or a semivowel while checked syllables are those having a final p, t, k or a glottal stop. Tae Daeng has five tones on free syllables:[9]
- 1. Rising from middle pitch to high pitch and then leveling off:huu'ear',taa'eye'
- 2. Level and high, slightly lower than the highest point of the first tone:say'egg',faa'to split'
- 3. Low rising and glottalized:hay'to weep' or 'dry field',haa'five',naŋ'to sit'
- 4. Mid with slight and gradual fall:naa'rice field',cim'to taste'
- 5. High falling, glottalized:nɔŋ'younger sibling',haay'bad'
The first tone can employglottalization,but is not mandatory. Tae Daeng has two tones on checked syllables:
- 2. Level, mid or somewhat higher than mid:lap'to close (the eyes)' or 'to harpen',mat'flea' or 'to tie up in a bundle',bɔɔk'flower'
- 3. Low rising:moot'one'. According to Gedney, the nucleus of syllables of this type is always a diphthong or a phonetically long vowel.
Grammar
[edit]Morphology
[edit]Tae Deang frequently employsserial verb constructionin which two or more verbs are strung together in one clause.[10][11]
Syntax
[edit]Tae Daeng employs a Subject-Verb-Object word order and because of the lack of inflections upon verbs, syntactical functions are largely derived from word order and prepositions. Particles are highly adaptive and can usually be found at the end of a sentence in order to emphasize, question, command or indicate a level of familiarity or respect.[citation needed]
Writing system
[edit]Tai Daeng differs from its close relations White Tai and Black Tai in that, while it doesn't feature a writing system of its own, speakers make occasional usage of theTai Viet script.[9]
References
[edit]- ^Tai DaengatEthnologue(25th ed., 2022)
- ^"Did you know Tai Daeng is threatened?".
- ^Pacquement, Jean. 2021.The Tai Meuay of Bolikhamxay Province (Laos) and their language.SEALS 2021.(slides)
- ^Gao Lishi cao lập sĩ. 1999. Dân tộc Thái chi hệ thăm hơi. Trung nam dân tộc học viện học báo ( triết học khoa học xã hội bản ). 1999 năm đệ 1 kỳ ( tổng đệ 96 kỳ ).
- ^"Cửa sông dân tộc Dao huyện tự trị đầu cầu Miêu tộc dân tộc Choang hương lão uông sơn thôn ủy sẽ dốc đá chân thôn".Archived fromthe originalon 2016-11-30.Retrieved2016-11-30.
- ^"Cửa sông dân tộc Dao huyện tự trị đầu cầu Miêu tộc dân tộc Choang hương lão uông sơn thôn ủy sẽ bạch bùn trại thôn".Archived fromthe originalon 2016-11-30.Retrieved2016-11-30.
- ^"Mã quan huyện cổ lâm tinh hương cây bông gạo cây bông gạo thôn".Archived fromthe originalon 2016-11-30.Retrieved2016-11-30.
- ^"Mã quan huyện cổ lâm tinh hương cây bông gạo hiểu cây cọ lâm thôn".Archived fromthe originalon 2016-12-01.Retrieved2016-11-30.
- ^abGedney, W.J. (1989)."A comparative sketch of White, Black, and Red Tai"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2019-10-16.
{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^Diller, Anthony V. N., Jerold A. Edmondson and Yongxian Luo, "The Tai-Kadai Languages". (Abingdon: Routledge, 11 Jun 2008 ), accessed 28 Apr 2016, Routledge Handbooks Online.
- ^'Tai Languages'. D. Strecker. In The World's Major Languages, 653-659. B. Comrie (ed). Routledge (2009)