Tajik Alpha bet
TheTajik languagehas been written in threeAlpha betsover the course of its history: an adaptation of thePerso-Arabic script,an adaptation of theLatin scriptand an adaptation of theCyrillic script.Any script used specifically for Tajik may be referred to as theTajik Alpha bet,which is written asалифбои тоҷикӣin Cyrillic characters,الفبای تاجیکیwith Perso-Arabic script andalifboji toçikīin Latin script.
The use of a specific Alpha bet generally corresponds withstages in history,with Arabic being used first, followed by Latin for a short period and then Cyrillic, which remains the most widely used Alpha bet inTajikistan.TheBukhori dialectspoken byBukharan Jewstraditionally used theHebrew Alpha betbut more often today is written using the Cyrillic variant.
Political context
[edit]As with manypost-Soviet states,the change inwriting systemand the debates surrounding it is closely intertwined with political themes. Although not having been used since the adoption of Cyrillic, the Latin script is supported by those who wish to bring the country closer toUzbekistan,which has adopted the Latin-basedUzbek Alpha bet.[1]The Persian Alpha bet is supported by the devoutly religious,Islamists,and by those who wish to bring the country closer toIran,Afghanistan,and theirPersianheritage. As thede factostandard, the Cyrillic Alpha bet is generally supported by those who wish to maintain thestatus quo,and not distance the country fromRussia.
History
[edit]As a result of the influence ofIslamin the region, Tajik was written in thePersian Alpha betup to the 1920s. Until this time, the language was not thought of as separate and simply considered a dialect of thePersian language.[need quotation to verify]TheSovietsbegan by simplifying the Persian Alpha bet in 1923, before moving to a Latin-based system in 1927.[2]The Latin script was introduced by theSoviet Unionas part of an effort to increase literacy and distance the, at that time, largely illiterate population, from the IslamicCentral Asia.There were also practical considerations. The regular Persian Alpha bet, being anabjad,does not provide sufficient letters for representing the vowel system of Tajik. In addition, the abjad is more difficult to learn, each letter having different forms depending on the position in the word.[3]
TheDecree on Romanisationmade this law in April 1928.[4]The Latin variant for Tajik was based on the work byTurcophonescholars who aimed to producea unified Turkic Alpha bet,[5]despite Tajik not being aTurkic language.The literacy campaign was successful, with near-universalliteracybeing achieved by the 1950s.[citation needed]
As part of the "russification"ofCentral Asia,the Cyrillic script was introduced in the late 1930s.[6][7]The Alpha bet remained Cyrillic until the end of the 1980s with the disintegration of theSoviet Union.In 1989, with the growth inTajiknationalism, a law was enacted declaring Tajik thestate language.In addition, the law officially equated Tajik withPersian,placing the wordFarsi(the endonym for the Persian language) after Tajik. The law also called for a gradual reintroduction of the Perso-Arabic Alpha bet.[8]
The Persian Alpha bet was introduced intoeducationand public life, although the banning of theIslamic Renaissance Partyin 1993 slowed down the adoption. In 1999, the wordFarsiwas removed from the state-language law.[9]As of 2004[update]thede factostandard in use was the Cyrillic Alpha bet[10]and as of 1996[update],only a very small part of the population could read the Persian Alpha bet.[11]
Variants
[edit]The letters of the major versions of the Tajik Alpha bet are presented below, along with their phonetic values. There is also acomparative tablebelow.
Persian Alpha bet
[edit]A variant of the Persian Alpha bet (technically anabjad) is used to write Tajik. In the Tajik version, as with all other versions of the Arabic script, with the exception ofا(alef), vowels are not given unique letters, but rather optionally indicated withdiacritic marks.
| ذ | د | خ | ح | چ | ج | ث | ت | پ | ب | ا |
| /z/ | /d/ | /χ/ | /h/ | /tʃ/ | /dʒ/ | /s/ | /t/ | /p/ | /b/ | /ɔː/ |
| غ | ع | ظ | ط | ض | ص | ش | س | ژ | ز | ر |
| /ʁ/ | /ʔ/ | /z/ | /t/ | /z/ | /s/ | /ʃ/ | /s/ | /ʒ/ | /z/ | /ɾ/ |
| ی | ه | و | ن | م | ل | گ | ک | ف | ق | |
| /j/ | /h/ | /v/ | /n/ | /m/ | /l/ | /ɡ/ | /k/ | /f/ | /q/ |
Latin
[edit]
TheLatin scriptwas introduced after theRussian Revolutionof 1917 in order to facilitate an increase in literacy and distance the language from Islamic influence. Onlylowercaseletters were found in the first versions of the Latin variant, between 1926 and 1929. A slightly different version used byJewsspeaking theBukhori dialectincluded three extra characters for phonemes not found in the other dialects:ů,ə̧,andḩ.[12]ḩin particular represented thevoiceless pharyngeal fricative,a feature of the Bukhori dialect.[13]
| A a | B ʙ | C c | Ç ç | D d | E e | F f | G g | Ƣ ƣ | H h | I i |
| /æ/ | /b/ | /tʃ/ | /dʒ/ | /d/ | /eː/ | /f/ | /ɡ/ | /ʁ/ | /h/ | /i/ |
| Ī ī | J j | K k | L l | M m | N n | O o | P p | Q q | R r | S s |
| /ˈi/ | /j/ | /k/ | /l/ | /m/ | /n/ | /ɔː/ | /p/ | /q/ | /ɾ/ | /s/ |
| Ş ş | T t | U u | Ū ū | V v | X x | Z z | Ƶ ƶ | ʼ | ||
| /ʃ/ | /t/ | /u/ | /ɵː/ | /v/ | /χ/ | /z/ | /ʒ/ | /ʔ/ |
The unusual characterƢis calledGhaand represents the phoneme/ʁ/.The character is found inYañalifin which most non-Slavic languages of theSoviet Unionwere written until the late 1930s. The Latin Alpha bet is not widely used today, although its adoption is advocated by certain groups.[14]
Cyrillic
[edit]TheCyrillic scriptwasintroducedinTajik Soviet Socialist Republicin the late 1930s, replacing theLatin scriptthat had been used since theOctober Revolution.After 1939, materials published inPersianin the Persian Alpha bet were banned from the country.[15]The Alpha bet below was supplemented by the letters Щ and Ы in 1952.
| А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Ғ ғ | Д д | Е е | Ё ё | Ж ж | З з | И и | Ӣ ӣ | |
| а | бе | ве | ге | ғе | де | е (йэ) | ё (йо) | же | зе | и | и-и заданок | |
| /æ/ | /b/ | /v/ | /ɡ/ | /ʁ/ | /d/ | /eː/ | /jɔː/ | /ʒ/ | /z/ | /i/ | /ˈi/ | |
| Й й | К к | Қ қ | Л л | М м | Н н | О о | П п | Р р | С с | Т т | У у | |
| йи, и-и кӯтоҳ | ке | қе | ле | ме | не | о | пе | ре | се | те | у | |
| /j/ | /k/ | /q/ | /l/ | /m/ | /n/ | /ɔː/ | /p/ | /ɾ/ | /s/ | /t/ | /u/ | |
| Ӯ ӯ | Ф ф | Х х | Ҳ ҳ | Ч ч | Ҷ ҷ | Ш ш | Ъ ъ | Э э | Ю ю | Я я | ||
| ӯ | фе | хе | ҳе | че | ҷе | ше | аломати сакта | э | ю (йу) | я (йа) | ||
| /ɵː/ | /f/ | /χ/ | /h/ | /tʃ/ | /dʒ/ | /ʃ/ | /ʔ/ | /eː/ | /ju/ | /jæ/ |
Before 1998, the Tajik Cyrillic Alpha bet contained 39 letters in the following order:а б в г д е ё ж з и й к л м н о п р с т у ф х ц ч ш щ ъ ы ь э ю я ғ ӣ қ ӯ ҳ ҷ(the 33 letters of the Russian Alpha bet and 6 additional letters as distinct letters at the end). The lettersц,щandыwere used only inloanwords;the letterьwas used in the combinationsье,ьё,ью,ья(for/jeː,jɔː,ju,jæ/after consonants) and in loanwords. The lettersц,щ,ы,andьwere officially dropped from the Alpha bet in the 1998 reform. Loanwords are now respelled using native Tajik letters:тсafter vowels, otherwiseсforц;шчforщ;иforы;ьis replaced byйinье(alsoьи, ьоin loanwords), dropped otherwise (includingьё,ью,ья). Along with the deprecation of these letters, the 1998 reform also changed the order of the Alpha bet, which now has the characters with diacritics following their unaltered partners, e.g.г,ғandк,қ,etc.[16]leading to the present order (35 letters):а б в г ғ д е ё ж з и ӣ й к қ л м н о п р с т у ӯ ф х ҳ ч ҷ ш ъ э ю я.In 2010, it was suggested that the lettersе ё ю яmight be dropped as well.[17]The lettersеandэrepresent the same sound, except that э is used at the beginning of a word (ex.Эрон,"Iran"). The sound combination/jeː/is represented byеat the beginning of words, otherwise byйе.
The Alpha bet includes a number of letters not found in theRussian Alpha bet:
Description Гwithbar Иwithmacron Кwithdescender Уwithmacron Хwithdescender Чwithdescender Letter Ғ Ӣ Қ Ӯ Ҳ Ҷ Phoneme /ʁ/ /ˈi/ /q/ /ɵː/ /h/ /dʒ/
During the period when the Cyrillicization took place,Ӷ ӷalso appeared a few times in the table of the Tajik Cyrillic Alpha bet.[18]
Transliteration standards
[edit]The transliteration standards for the Tajik Alpha bet in Cyrillic into the Latin Alpha bet are as follows:
| Cyrillic | IPA | ISO 9(1995)1 | KNAB (1981)2 | WWS (1996)3 | ALA-LC4 | Allworth5 | BGN/PCGN6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| А а | /æ/ | a | a | a | a | a | a |
| Б б | /b/ | b | b | b | b | b | b |
| В в | /v/ | v | v | v | v | v | v |
| Г г | /ɡ/ | g | g | g | g | g | g |
| Ғ ғ | /ʁ/ | ġ | gh | gh | ḡ | gh | gh |
| Д д | /d/ | d | d | d | d | d | d |
| Е е | /jeː,eː/ | e | e, ye | e | e | ye‐, ‐e‐ | e |
| Ё ё | /jɔː/ | ë | yo | ë | ë | yo | yo |
| Ж ж | /ʒ/ | ž | zh | zh | ž | zh | zh |
| З з | /z/ | z | z | z | z | z | z |
| И и | /i/ | i | i | i | i | i | i |
| Ӣ ӣ | /ɘ/ | ī | ī | ī | ī | ī | í |
| Й й | /j/ | j | y | ĭ | j | y | y |
| К к | /kʰ/ | k | k | k | k | k | k |
| Қ қ | /qʰ/ | ķ | q | q | ķ | q | q |
| Л л | /l/ | l | l | l | l | l | l |
| М м | /m/ | m | m | m | m | m | m |
| Н н | /n/ | n | n | n | n | n | n |
| О о | /ɔː/ | o | o | o | o | o | o |
| П п | /pʰ/ | p | p | p | p | p | p |
| Р р | /r/ | r | r | r | r | r | r |
| С с | /s/ | s | s | s | s | s | s |
| Т т | /tʰ/ | t | t | t | t | t | t |
| У у | /u/ | u | u | u | u | u | u |
| Ӯ ӯ | /ɵː/ | ū | ū | ū | ū | ū | ŭ |
| Ф ф | /f/ | f | f | f | f | f | f |
| Х х | /χ/ | h | kh | kh | x | kh | kh |
| Ҳ ҳ | /h/ | ḩ | h | ḩ | x | h | h |
| Ч ч | /tʃʰ/ | č | ch | ch | č | ch | ch |
| Ҷ ҷ | /dʒ/ | ç | j | j | č̦ | j | j |
| Ш ш | /ʃ/ | š | sh | sh | š | sh | sh |
| Ъ ъ | /ʔ/ | ' | ' | ' | ' | " | ' |
| Э э | /eː/ | è | è, e | ė | è | e | ė |
| Ю ю | /ju/ | û | yu | i͡u | ju | yu | yu |
| Я я | /jæ/ | â | ya | i͡a | ja | ya | ya |
Notes to the table above:
- ISO 9 — TheInternational Organization for StandardizationISO 9specification.
- KNAB — From the placenames database of theInstitute of the Estonian Language.
- WWS — FromWorld’s Writing Systems,Bernard Comrie (ed.)
- ALA-LC — The standard of theLibrary of Congressand theAmerican Library Association.
- Edward Allworth, ed. Nationalities of the Soviet East. Publications and Writing Systems (NY: Columbia University Press, 1971)
- BGN/PCGN — The standard of theUnited States Board on Geographic Namesand thePermanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use.
Hebrew
[edit]TheHebrew Alpha bet(anabjadlike the Persian Alpha bet) is used for the Jewish Bukhori dialect primarily inSamarkandandBukhara.[19][20]Additionally, since 1940, when Jewish schools were closed in Central Asia, the use of the Hebrew Alphabet outside Hebrew liturgy fell into disuse and Bukharian Jewish publications such as books and newspapers began to appear using the Tajik Cyrillic Alphabet. Today, many older Bukharian Jews who speak Bukharian and went to Tajik or Russian schools in Central Asia only know the Tajik Cyrillic Alphabet when reading and writing Bukharian and Tajik.
| גׄ | ג׳ | ג | גּ | בּ | ב | אֵי | אִי | אוּ | אוֹ | אָ | אַ | ||
| /dʒ/ | /tʃ/ | /ʁ/ | /ɡ/ | /b/ | /v/ | /e/ | /i/ | /u/ | /ɵ/ | /ɔ/ | /a/ | ||
| מ ם | ל | כּ ךּ | כ ך | י | טּ | ט | ח | ז׳ | ז | ו | ה | דּ | ד |
| /m/ | /l/ | /k/ | /χ/ | /j/ | /t/ | /s/ | /ħ/ | /ʒ/ | /z/ | /v/ | /h/ | /d/ | /z/ |
| תּ | ת | שׂ | שׁ | ר | ק | צ ץ | פּ ףּ | פ ף | ע | ס | נ ן | ||
| /t/ | /s/ | /s/ | /ʃ/ | /r/ | /q/ | /ts/ | /p/ | /f/ | /ʔ/ | /s/ | /n/ |
| Sample text | Corresponding Cyrillic text |
|---|---|
|
דר מוקאבילי זולם איתיפאק נמאייד. מראם נאמה פרוגרמי פירקהי יאש בוכארייאן. |
Дар муқобили зулм иттифоқ намоед. Муромнома – пруграми фирқаи ёш бухориён.[21] |
Samples
[edit]Tajik Cyrillic, Tajik Latin and Persian Alpha bet
[edit]| Cyrillic | Latin | Persian | Hebrew | English Translation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Тамоми одамон озод ба дунё меоянд ва аз лиҳози манзилату ҳуқуқ бо ҳам баробаранд. Ҳама соҳиби ақлу виҷдонанд, бояд нисбат ба якдигар бародарвор муносабат намоянд. | Tamomi odamon ozod ba dunjo meojand va az lihozi manzilatu huquq bo ham barobarand. Hama sohibi aqlu viçdonand, bojad nisbat ba jakdigar barodarvor munosabat namojand. | تمام آدمان آزاد به دنیا میآیند و از لحاظ منزلت و حقوق با هم برابرند. همه صاحب عقل و وجدانند، باید نسبت به یکدیگر برادروار مناسبت نمایند. | תמאם אדמאן אזאד בה דניא מיאינד ואז לחאז מנזלת וחקוק בא הם בראברנד. המה צאחב עקל וג׳דאננד، באיד נסבת בה יכדיגר בראדרואר מנאסבת נמאינד. | All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. |
For reference, the Persian script variant transliterated letter-for-letter into theLatin scriptappears as follows:
tmạm ậdmạn ậzạd bh dnyạ my̱ ậynd w ạz lḥạẓ mnzlt w ḥqwq bạ hm brạbrnd. hmh ṣḥb ʿql w wjdạnnd, bạyd nsbt bh ykdygr brạdrwạr mnạsbt nmạynd.
And theBGN/PCGNtransliteration of the Cyrillic text:
Tamomi odamon ozod ba dunyo meoyand va az lihozi manzilatu huquq bo ham barobarand. Hama sohibi aqlu vijdonand, boyad nisbat ba yakdigar barodarvor munosabat namoyand.
Tajik Cyrillic and Persian Alpha bet
[edit]Vowel-pointed Persian includes the vowels that are not usually written.
| Cyrillic | vowel-pointed Persian | Persian | vowel-pointed Hebrew | Hebrew |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Баниодам аъзои як пайкаранд, ки дар офариниш зи як гавҳаранд. Чу узве ба дард оварад рӯзгор, дигар узвҳоро намонад қарор.Саъдӣ | بَنیآدَم اَعضایِ یَک پَیکَرَند، که دَر آفَرینِش زِ یَک گَوهَرَند. چو عُضوی به دَرد آوَرَد روزگار، دِگَر عُضوها را نَمانَد قَرار.سَعدی | بنیآدم اعضای یک پیکرند، که در آفرینش ز یک گوهرند. چو عضوی به درد آورد روزگار، دگر عضوها را نماند قرار.سعدی | בַּנִי־אָדַם אַעְזָאי יַךּ פַּיְכַּרַנְד, כִּה דַר אָפַרִינִשׁ זִ יַךּ גַוְהַרַנְד. ג׳וּ עֻזְוֵי בַּה דַרְד אָוַרַד רוֹזְגָּאר דִגַּר עֻזְוְהָא רָא נַמָאנַד קַרָאר סַעְדִי. | בני־אדם אעזאי יך פיכרנד, כה דר אפרינש ז יך גוהרנד. ג׳ו עזוי בה דרד אורד רוזגאר דגר עזוהא רא נמאינד קראר סעדי. |
| Мурда будам, зинда шудам; гиря будам, xанда шудам. Давлати ишқ омаду ман давлати поянда шудам.Мавлавӣ | مُردَه بُدَم، زِندَه شُدَم؛ گِریَه بُدَم، خَندَه شُدَم. دَولَتِ عِشق آمَد و مَن دَولَتِ پایَندَه شُدَم.مَولَوی | مرده بدم، زنده شدم؛ گریه بدم، خنده شدم. دولت عشق آمد و من دولت پاینده شدم.مولوی | מֻרְדַה בֻּדַם זִנְדַה שֻׁדַם; גִּרְיַה בֻּדַם, כַנְדַה שֻׁדַם. דַוְלַתִ עִשְק אָמַד וּמַן דַוְלַתִ פָּאיַנְדַה שֻׁדַם. מַוְלַוִי | מרדה בדם זנדה שדם; גריה בדם, כנדה שדם. דולת עשק אמד ומן דולת פאינדה שדם. מולוי |
Comparative table
[edit]
A table comparing the differentwriting systemsused for the Tajik Alpha bet. The Latin here is based on the 1929 standard, the Cyrillic on the revised 1998 standard, and Persian letters are given in their stand-alone forms.
| Cyrillic | Latin | Modern Latin script | Persian | Phonetic value (IPA) |
Examples |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| А а | A a | A a | اَ، ـَ، ـَه | /a/ | санг = سَنگ |
| Б б | B b | B b | ﺏ | /b/ | барг = بَرگ |
| В в | V v | V v | و | /v/ | номвар = ناموَر |
| Г г | G g | G g | گ | /ɡ/ | санг = سَنگ |
| Ғ ғ | Ƣ ƣ | Gh gh | ﻍ | /ʁ/ | ғор = غار, Бағдод = بَغداد |
| Д д | D d | D d | ﺩ | /d/ | модар = مادَر, Бағдод = بَغداد |
| Е е | E e | E e | ای، ـی | /e/ | шер = شیر, меравам = میرَوَم |
| Ё ё | Jo jo | Yo yo | یا | /jɔ/ | дарё = دَریا, осиёб = آسِیاب |
| Ж ж | Ƶ ƶ | Zj zj | ژ | /ʒ/ | жола = ژالَه, каждум = کَژدُم |
| З з | Z z | Z z | ﺯ، ﺫ، ﺽ، ﻅ | /z/ | баъз = بَعض, назар = نَظَر, заҳоб = ذَهاب, замин = زَمِین |
| И и | I i | I i; 'I, 'i (after vowel) | اِ، ـِ، ـِه؛ اِیـ، ـِیـ | /i/ | ихтиёр = اِختِیار |
| Ӣ ӣ | Ī ī | Yí yí | ـِی | /ˈi/ | зебоӣ = زیبائِی |
| Й й | J j | Y y | ی | /j/ | май = مَی |
| К к | K k | K k | ک | /k/ | кадом = کَدام |
| Қ қ | Q q | Q q | ﻕ | /q/ | қадам = قَدَم |
| Л л | L l | L l | ﻝ | /l/ | лола = لالَه |
| М м | M m | M m | ﻡ | /m/ | мурдагӣ = مُردَگِی |
| Н н | N n | N n | ﻥ | /n/ | нон = نان |
| О о | O o | O o | آ، ـا | /ɔ/ | орзу = آرزُو |
| П п | P p | P p | پ | /p/ | панҷ = پَنج |
| Р р | R r | R r | ﺭ | /ɾ/ | ранг = رَنگ |
| С с | S s | S s | ﺱ، ﺙ، ﺹ | /s/ | сар = سَر, субҳ = صُبح, сурайё = ثُرَیا |
| Т т | T t | T t | ﺕ، ﻁ | /t/ | тоҷик = تاجِیک, талаб = طَلَب |
| У у | U u | U u | اُ، ـُ؛ اُو، ـُو | /u/ | дуд = دُود |
| Ӯ ӯ | Ū ū | Uo uo | او، ـو | /ɵ/ | хӯрдан = خوردَن, ӯ = او |
| Ф ф | F f | F f | ﻑ | /f/ | фурӯғ = فُروغ |
| Х х | X x | X x | ﺥ | /χ/ | хондан = خواندَن |
| Ҳ ҳ | H h | H h | ﺡ، ه | /h/ | ҳофиз = حافِظ, ҳар = هَر |
| Ч ч | C c | Ch ch | چ | /tʃ/ | чӣ = چِی |
| Ҷ ҷ | Ç ç | J j | ﺝ | /dʒ/ | ҷанг = جَنگ |
| Ш ш | Ş ş | Sh sh | ﺵ | /ʃ/ | шаб = شَب |
| Ъ ъ | ' | ' | ء; ﻉ | /ʔ/ | таъриф = تَعرِیف |
| Э э | E e | E e | ای، ـی | /e/ | Эрон = ایران |
| Ю ю | Ju ju | Yu yu | یُ, یُو | /ju/ | июн = اِیُون |
| Я я | Ja ja | Ya ya | یَ, یَه | /ja/ | ягонагӣ = یَگانَگِی |
See also
[edit]- Language planning– Deliberate effort to influence languages or their varieties within a speech community
- Official script– Writing system designated as official
- Tajik Braille– Braille equivalent of the Cyrillic script
Notes
[edit]- ^Birgit N. Schlyter (2003),"Sociolinguistic Changes in Transformed Central Asian Societies"[L’évolution sociolinguistique dans les sociétés en mutation de l'Asie centrale],Terminogramme,ISBN2-551-19529-2,ISSN0225-3194,archived fromthe originalon 22 December 2007,retrieved10 March2023
- ^Keller, Shoshana (2001).To Moscow, Not Mecca: The Soviet Campaign Against Islam in Central Asia, 1917-1941.Westport, CT: Praeger.
- ^Dickens, M. (1988)."Soviet Language Policy in Central Asia]".Archived fromthe originalon 7 June 2011.
- ^Khudonazar, A. (2004) "The Other" inBerkeley Program in Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies,1 November 2004.
- ^Perry, J. R. (2005).A Tajik Persian Reference Grammar.Boston: Brill. p. 34.
- ^Muborak Sharipova (2008)."One More War against Women: Historical and Socio-cultural Aspects of Violence against Women in Tajikstan".In Hämmerle, Christa (ed.).Gender Politics in Central Asia: Historical Perspectives and Current Living Conditions of Women.Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar. pp. 67–94.ISBN978-3-412-20140-1.Landau, Yaʿaqov (Jacob) M.; Kellner-Heinkele, Barbara (2001)."Alphabet Change and Implementation".Politics of Language in the Ex-Soviet Muslim States: Azerbayjan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and Tajikistan.University of Michigan Press. p. 125.ISBN978-0-472-11226-5.
- ^Habib Bor gian (2005)."Tajikstan V. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias".Encyclopædia Iranica.
- ^Vitaly Naumkin (1994)."Political and Security Linkages".In Ehteshami, Anoushiravan (ed.).From the Gulf to Central Asia: Players in the New Great Game.University of Exeter Press. p. 219.ISBN978-0-85989-451-7.
- ^Siddikzoda, S. "Tajik Language: Farsi or not Farsi?" inMedia Insight Central Asia #27,August 2002
- ^Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (12 August 2004).Summary record of the 1659th meeting.65th session.Geneva. CERD/C/SR.1659 – via UN Digital Library.
- ^Glenn Eldon Curtis, ed. (1997).Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan: country studies.Library of Congress.LCCN97005110.
- ^Perry, J. R. (2005).A Tajik Persian Reference Grammar.Boston: Brill. p. 35.
- ^Ido, Shinji (15 June 2017)."The Vowel System of Jewish Bukharan Tajik: With Special Reference to the Tajik Vowel Chain Shift".Journal of Jewish Languages.5(1): 81–103.doi:10.1163/22134638-12340078.ISSN2213-4638– viaBrill Publishers.
one of the 'Bukharian' Alpha bets proposed in the early 20th century contained a letter for /ħ/, namely ‹ⱨ›.
- ^Birgit N. Schlyter (2003),"Sociolinguistic Changes in Transformed Central Asian Societies"[L’évolution sociolinguistique dans les sociétés en mutation de l'Asie centrale],Terminogramme,ISBN2-551-19529-2,ISSN0225-3194,archived fromthe originalon 22 December 2007,retrieved10 March2023
- ^Perry, J. R. (1996). "Tajik literature: Seventy years is longer than the millennium".World Literature Today.70(3): 571.doi:10.2307/40042068.JSTOR40042068.
- ^Perry, J. R. (2005).A Tajik Persian Reference Grammar.Boston: Brill. p. 36.
- ^"Ислам в СНГ: Судьба «русских букв» в таджикском алфавите будет решаться".islamsng.15 November 2010.Retrieved10 March2023.
- ^Ido, S. (2005).Tajik.München: Lincom. p. 8.
- ^Gitelman, Zvi Y (2001).A Century of Ambivalence: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union, 1881 to the Present.Indiana University Press. p. 203.ISBN9780253214188.
- ^Изд-во Академии наук СССР (1975)."Вопросы языкознания".Вопросы языкознания:39.
- ^Rzehak, L. (2001).Vom Persischen zum Tadschikischen. Sprachliches Handeln und Sprachplanung in Transoxanien zwischen Tradition, Moderne und Sowjetunion (1900–1956).Wiesbaden: Reichert.
References
[edit]- Badan, Phool (2001).Dynamics of Political Development in Central Asia.Lancers' Books.
- Banuazizi, Ali; Weiner, Myron, eds. (1994).The New Geopolitics of Central Asia and Its Borderlands.Indiana University Press.ISBN0253209188.
- Bor gian, Habib (27 July 2005)."TAJIKISTAN v. DICTIONARIES AND ENCYCLOPEDIAS".Encyclopædia Iranica.Retrieved17 November2012.
- Buyers, Lydia M. (2003).Central Asia in Focus: Political and Economic Issues(illustrated ed.). Nova Publishers.ISBN1590331532.
- Cavendish, Marshall (2006).World and Its Peoples.Marshall Cavendish.ISBN0761475710.
- Ehteshami, Anoushiravan, ed. (2002).From The Gulf To Central Asia: Players In The New Great Game.Arabic & Islamic Studies. University of Exeter Press.ISBN0859894517.
- Gall, Timothy L. (2009). Gall, Timothy L.; Hobby, Jeneen (eds.).Worldmark encyclopedia of cultures and daily life.Vol. 4 of Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life: Asia and Oceania (2, revised ed.). Gale.ISBN978-1414448923.
- Gillespie, Kate; Henry, Clement M., eds. (1995).Oil in the New World Order(illustrated ed.). University Press of Florida.ISBN0813013674.
- Goodman, E. R. (1956) "The Soviet Design for a World Language." inRussian Review15 (2): 85–99.
- Hämmerle, Christa, ed. (2008).Gender Politics in Central Asia: Historical Perspectives and Current Living Conditions of Women.Vol. 18 of L'Homme Schriften. Reihe zur Feministischen Geschichtswissenschaft. Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar.ISBN978-3412201401.
- Landau, Jacob M.; Kellner-Heinkele, Barbara, eds. (2001).Politics of Language in the Ex-Soviet Muslim States: Azerbayjan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and Tajikistan(illustrated ed.). St. Martin's Press.ISBN0472112260.
- Malik, Hafeez, ed. (1996).Central Asia: Its Strategic Importance and Future Prospects(reprint ed.). St. Martin's Press.ISBN0312164521.
- Ochsenwald, William;Fisher, Sydney Nettleton (2010).The Middle East: A History(7, illustrated ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.ISBN978-0073385624.
- Parsons, Anthony (1993).Central Asia, the last decolonization.David Davies Memorial Institute.
- Siddikzoda, Sukhail (August 2002)."TAJIK LANGUAGE: FARSI OR NOT FARSI?"(PDF).Media Insight Central Asia(27). CIMERA: 1–3. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 13 June 2006.Retrieved14 June2014.
- Westerlund, David; Svanberg, Ingvar, eds. (1999).Islam Outside the Arab World.St. Martin's Press.ISBN0312226918.
- Winrow, Gareth M.; Former Soviet South Project, Russian and CIS Programme (Royal Institute of International Affairs) (1995).Turkey in post-Soviet Central Asia.Royal Institute of International Affairs.ISBN0905031997.
- Middle East Monitor, Volumes 20-23.Contributor Middle East Institute (Washington, D.C.). Middle East Institute. 1990.ISBN0312226918.
{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: others (link) - Report on the USSR., Volume 2, Issues 1-13.Contributors RFE/RL, inc, RFE/RL Research Institute. RFE/RL, Incorporated. 1990.ISBN0312226918.
{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: others (link)
External links
[edit]
Media related toАлифбои тоҷикӣat Wikimedia Commons- Omniglot – Tajik (Тоҷики / Toçikī / تاجیكی)
- View Cyrillic-script Tajik websites transliterated into the 1920s Latin orthography
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