Takelot I
| Takelot I | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 The Sarcophagus of Takelot I | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pharaoh | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reign | 885–872 BC | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Predecessor | Shoshenq IIorTutkheperre Shoshenq | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Successor | Osorkon II | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Consort | Kapes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Children | Osorkon II | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Father | Osorkon I | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mother | Tashedkhonsu | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Died | 872 BC | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dynasty | Dynasty XXII | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hedjkheperre SetepenreTakelot Iwas anancient Libyanruler who waspharaohduring theTwenty-second Dynasty of Egypt.
Reign[edit]
Takelot I was the son ofOsorkon Iand Queen Tashedkhons, who ruledEgyptfor thirteen years according toManetho.Takelot married Queen Kapes, who bore himOsorkon II.Initially, Takelot was believed to be an ephemeral 22nd Dynasty Pharaoh since no monuments atTanisorLower Egyptcould be conclusively linked to his reign – or even mentioned his existence, except for the famousStela of Pasenhor,which dates to Year 37 ofShoshenq V.
However, since the late 1980s,Egyptologistshave assigned several documents mentioning a kingTakelotin Lower Egypt to this newly-discovered Takelot (now Takelot I), rather than the previously-known Takelot (now to be called Takelot II). Takelot I's reign was relatively short when compared to the 30+ year reigns of his fatherOsorkon Iand son,Osorkon II.Takelot I, rather than Takelot II, was the kingHedjkheperre Setepenre Takelotwho is attested by a Year 9 stela fromBubastis,as well as the owner of a partly robbed Royal Tomb at Tanis as the German Egyptologist Karl Jansen-Winkeln reported in a 1987Varia Aegyptiaca3 (1987), pp. 253–258 paper.[1]Evidently, both king Takelots used the sameroyal prenomen:Hedjkheperre Setepenre.The main difference between Takelot I and II is that Takelot I never employed the Theban-inspired epithet 'Si-Ese'"Son of Isis" in his titulary, unlikeTakelot II.[2]
As Kenneth Kitchen writes in the third (1996) edition of his book onThe Third Intermediate Period in Egypt:
It was Takeloth I who first used the prenomen Hedjkheperre Setepenre (in imitation of his grandfather Shoshenq I), being followed in this [practise] by Takeloth II. The only clear distinction... between Takeloth I and II (as both use the epithet Meriamun) is that Takeloth II uses also the epithet Si-Ese, "Son of Isis", in his second cartouche. A second marker suggested by Jansen-Winkeln (with some reserve) is that Takeloth I has his name spelt with the verticalt-sign (Gardiner U33,tibecomingt), while [both] Takeloth II and III use the small loaft-sign (X 1), and the rope-tether sign (V 13). This criterion...seems sound. This would suggest attributing to Takeloth I (not II) a donation-stela of Year 9 (from Bubastis), another in Berlin (also from Bubastis) and a fragment in the former Grant collection. This also bears on the high priests of Ptah at Memphis and the Serapeum. There, a block is known bearing the name of a high priest Merenptah and a pair of cartouches hitherto attributed to Takeloth II which, in fact, correspond precisely to those now attributable to Takeloth I (no Si-Ese; tallt). Therefore it seems proper to move this priest back in time to the reign of Takeloth I.[2]
Tomb[edit]
The evidence that the royal Tanitetombbelonged to Takelot I was suggested long ago by the presence ofgrave goodsfound within the burial which mentioned his known parents: "namely a Gold Bracelet (Cairo JE 72199) and an alabaster Jar (Cairo JE 86962) of Osorkon I, and anUshabtifigure of Queen Tashedkhons. "[3]In addition, a heart scarab found in the king's burial gave his name simply as "Takelot Meryamun" without the Si-Ese epithet used by Takelot II. Recent confirmation of this circumstantial evidence was published by the German scholarJansen-Winkelnin 1987.[4]His examination of several inscriptions written on the tomb's walls proved beyond doubt that the person buried here could only be Takelot I, Osorkon II's father. Jansen-Winkeln's conclusions have been accepted by many modern Egyptologists, including Professor Kenneth Kitchen. Osorkon II arranged for this aforementioned inscription to be carved on a scene in his tomb where Osorkon is depicted adoring Osiris and Udjo (as a uraeus).
[Made?] by the King of the South & North Egypt, Lord of Both Lands, Usimare Setepenamun, Son of Re, Lord of Crowns, Osorkon II Meryamun, [to furbish] the Osiris (i.e., deceased) King Takelot Meryamun in his Mansion which is [an abode] of the Sun-disc: I have caused him to rest in this Mansion in the vicinity of 'Hidden-of Name' (Amun), according to the doing by a son of benefactions for his father, [to] furbish the one who has made his fortune in conformity with that Horus Son-of-Isis, commanded for his father, Wennufer. How pleasant (it is) in my heart, for the Lord of the Gods!
Above the inscription was carved the cartouche of Osorkon II and the following text: "A Son, furbishing the one who created (i.e., begot) him."[5]
This text establishes that Osorkon II honoured his father by reburying him in theTaniteroyal tomb complex. Takelot I's final resting place forms the third chamber of Osorkon II's tomb which means that Osorkon II interred his father within the walls of his own tomb. Takelot I was buried in a usurpedMiddle Kingdomsarcophagus that was inscribed with his own cartouche.[6]
Authority[edit]
Takelot I's authority was not fully recognised inUpper Egypt,andHarsiese A,or another local Theban king, challenged his power there. SeveralNile Level Textsat Thebes mention two sons ofOsorkon I—namely, theHigh Priests of AmunIuwelotandSmendes IIIin Years 5, 8 and 14 of an anonymous king who can only be Takelot I, since Takelot I was their brother.[7]
Uniquely, however, the Quay Texts specifically omit any reference to the identity of the king himself. This might suggest that there was a dispute in the royal succession following Osorkon I's death in Upper Egypt, which seriously impaired Takelot I's control there.Harsiese A,as the son of the High PriestShoshenq Cand grandson of Osorkon I, or a hypothetical king named Maatkheperre Shoshenq must have appeared as a rival. The Theban priests henceforth chose to avoid any involvement in this dispute by deliberately leaving the name of the king in the Quay Texts 'Blank' rather than choosing sides, as G. Broekman notes in his study of the Karnak Quay Texts.[8]This situation was ultimately later resolved by Osorkon II who is clearly attested as Pharaoh at Thebes by his 12th Regnal Year, according to Nile Level Texts No.8 and No.9.
References[edit]
- ^K.A. Kitchen, in the introduction to his third 1996 edition of "The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (c.1100-650 BC)," Aris & Phillips Ltd. pp.xxiii
- ^abKitchen, p.xxiii
- ^D.A. Aston, Takeloth II: A King of the 'Theban Twenty-Third Dynasty?,' pp.143-144
- ^Karl Jansen-Winkeln, "Thronname und Begräbnis Takeloth I," Varia Aegyptica 3, (December 1987), pp.253-258
- ^English translation of Jansen-Winkeln's VA 3 (1987) study of Takelot's tomb by K.A. Kitchen, in the introduction to his 3rd 1996 edition of "The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (c.1100-650 BC)," Aris & Phillips Ltd. pp.xxii-xxiii
- ^TanisArchived2007-04-12 at theWayback Machine
- ^Kitchen, pp.121-122
- ^Gerard Broekman, "The Nile Level Records of the Twenty-Second and Twenty-Third Dynasties in Karnak," JEA 88(2002), pp.170 & 173
Further reading[edit]
- Gerard Broekman, "The Nile Level Records of the Twenty-Second and Twenty-Third Dynasties in Karnak," JEA 88(2002), pp. 163–178.