Tallow
Tallowis arenderedform ofbeeformuttonsuet,primarily made up oftriglycerides.
In industry, tallow is not strictly defined as beef or mutton suet. In this context, tallow is animal fat that conforms to certain technical criteria, including itsmelting point.Commercial tallow commonly contains fat derived from other animals, such aslardfrompigs,or even from plant sources.
The solid material remaining after rendering is calledcracklings,greaves, or graves.[1]It has been used mostly foranimal food,such asdog food.[2][3]
In the soap industry and among soap-makinghobbyists,the nametallowateis used informally to refer to soaps made from tallow.Sodium tallowate,for example, is obtained by reacting tallow withsodium hydroxide(lye, caustic soda) orsodium carbonate(washing soda). It consists chiefly of a variable mixture of sodiumsaltsoffatty acids,such asoleicandpalmitic.[4]
Composition[edit]
Tallow is 100%fat,mainly ofmonounsaturated fats(52%) andsaturated fats(42%), and contains no water,proteinorcarbohydrates(table).
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
|---|---|
| Energy | 3,774 kJ (902 kcal) |
0 g | |
100 g | |
| Saturated | 42 g |
| Monounsaturated | 50 g |
| Polyunsaturated | 4 g |
0 g | |
| Other constituents | Quantity |
| Cholesterol | 109 mg |
Fat percentage can vary. | |
| †Percentages estimated usingUS recommendationsfor adults,[5]except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation fromthe National Academies.[6] | |
The fatty acid content of tallow is:[7]
- Saturated fatty acids:
- Palmitic acid(C16:0): 26%
- Stearic acid(C18:0): 14%
- Myristic acid(C14:0): 3%
- Monounsaturated fatty acids:
- Oleic acid(C18-1, ω-9): 47%
- Palmitoleic acid(C16:1): 3%
- Polyunsaturated fatty acids:
- Linoleic acid:3%
- Linolenic acid:1%
Uses[edit]
Tallow is used mainly in producingsoapand animal feed.[8]
Food[edit]
A significant use of tallow is for the production ofshortening.It is also one of the main ingredients of theNative Americanfoodpemmican.With asmoke pointof 480 °F (249 °C), tallow is traditionally used indeep fryingand was preferred for this use until the rise in popularity of plant oils for frying. Before switching to pure vegetable oil in 1990,[9]McDonald'scooked itsFrench friesin a mixture of 93% beef tallow and 7%cottonseed oil.[10]According to a 1985 article inThe New York Times,tallow was also used for frying atBurger King,Wendy's,Hardee's,Arby's,Dairy Queen,Popeyes,andBob's Big Boy.[11]Tallow is, however, making a comeback in certain nutrition circles.[12]
Greaves[edit]
Greaves (alsograves) orcracklingsis the fibrous matter remaining from rendering,[1]typically pressed into cakes and used foranimal feed,especially for dogs and hogs, or asfish bait.[13]In the past, it has been both favored and shunned indog food.[2][3]
Fuel[edit]
Biodiesel[edit]
Tallow can be used for the production ofbiodieselin much the same way as oils from plants are currently used.[14]
Aviation fuel[edit]
TheUnited States Air Forcehas experimented successfully with the use of beef tallow inaviation biofuels.During five days of flight testing from August 23 to 27, 2010, atEdwards Air Force Base,California,a U.S. Air ForceC-17 Globemaster IIIflew usingJP-8conventionaljet fuelin three of its engines and a 50/50 blend of JP-8 and HRJbiofuelmade from beef tallow in one engine on August 23, followed by a flight with the same 50/50 blend in all four engines on August 24. On August 27, it flew using a blend of 50% JP-8, 25% HRJ, and 25%coal-based fuel made through theFischer–Tropsch process,becoming the firstUnited States Department of Defenseaircraft to fly on such a blend and the first aircraft to operate from Edwards using a fuel derived from beef tallow.[15]
Printing[edit]
Tallow also has a use in printmaking, where it is combined withbitumenand applied to metal print plates to resist acid etching.
The use of trace amounts of tallow as an additive to the substrate used inpolymer banknotescame to light in November 2016. Notes issued in 24 countries including Canada, Australia, and the United Kingdom were found to be affected, leading to objections from vegans and members of some religious communities.[16][17]
Candles[edit]
Tallow once was widely used to make moldedcandlesbefore more convenientwaxvarieties became available—and for some time after since they continued to be a cheaper alternative. For those too poor even to avail themselves of homemade, molded tallow candles, the "tallow dip" —a reed that had been dipped in melted tallow or sometimes a strip of burning cloth in a saucer of tallow grease—was an accessible substitute. Such a candle was often simply called a "dip" or, because of its low cost, a "farthing dip"[18]or "penny dip".[19]
Lubrication[edit]
Early in the development of steam-driven piston engines, the hot vapors and liquids washed away most lubricants very quickly. It was soon found that tallow was quite resistant to this washing. Tallow and compounds including tallow were widely used to lubricate locomotive and steamship engines at least until the 1950s. (During World War II, the vast fleets of steam-powered ships exhausted the supply, leading to the large-scale planting ofrapeseedbecause rapeseed oil also resisted the washing effect.) Tallow is still used in thesteelrolling industry to provide the required lubrication as the sheet steel is compressed through thesteel rollers.There is a trend toward replacing tallow-basedlubricationwith synthetic oils in rolling applications for surface cleanliness reasons.[20]
Another industrial use is as a lubricant for certain types of light engineering work, such as cutting threads on electrical conduit. Specialist cutting compounds are available, but tallow is a traditional lubricant that is easily available for cheap and infrequent use.
The use of tallow or lard to lubricate rifles was the spark that started theIndian Mutiny of 1857.To load the newPattern 1853 Enfield Rifle,thesepoyshad to bite the cartridge open. It was believed that the paper cartridges that were standard issue with the rifle were greased with lard (pork fat), which was regarded asunclean by Muslims,or tallow (cow fat), which is incompatible withHindu dietary laws.Tallow, along withbeeswax,was also used in the lubricant for American Civil War ammunition used in theSpringfield rifled musket.A combination of mutton tallow,paraffin waxand beeswax is still used as a patch or projectile lubricant in present-day black powder arms.
Tallow is used to make a biodegradable motor oil.[21]
Tallow is also used in traditionalbell foundry,as a separation for the false bell whencasting.[22]
Industrial[edit]
Tallow can be used asfluxforsoldering.[23]
Textiles[edit]
Mutton tallow is widely used as starch, lubricant and softener in textile manufacturing. Pretreatment processes in textiles include a process calledsizing.In sizing, a chemical is necessary to provide required strength to yarns mounted on the loom. Mutton tallow provides required strength and lubrication to the yarns.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ab"Greaves: a high-protein solid which is left following the extraction of tallow from animal by-products during the rendering process".Archived fromthe originalon 2019-06-22.Retrieved2018-10-28.
- ^abNicolas Jean Baptiste Boyard,Manuel du bouvier et zoophile: ou l'art d'élever de soigner les animaux1844, 327
- ^ab"The Sportsman's Dictionary; Or, The Gentleman's Companion: for Town and Country".G. G. J. and J. Robinson. December 6, 1785 – via Google Books.
- ^Ruth Winter (2007):A Consumerýs Dictionary of Household, Yard and Office Chemicals: Complete Information About Harmful and Desirable Chemicals Found in Everyday Home Products, Yard Poisons, and Office Polluters.364 pages.ISBN9781462065783
- ^United States Food and Drug Administration(2024)."Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels".FDA.Archivedfrom the original on 2024-03-27.Retrieved2024-03-28.
- ^National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium.The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).ISBN978-0-309-48834-1.PMID30844154.Archivedfrom the original on 2024-05-09.Retrieved2024-06-21.
- ^National Research Council, 1976,Fat Content and Composition of Animal Products,Printing and Publishing Office, National Academy of Science, Washington, D.C.,ISBN0-309-02440-4;p. 203,online edition
- ^Alfred Thomas (2002). "Fats and Fatty Oils".Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry.Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.doi:10.1002/14356007.a10_173.ISBN3527306730.
- ^"Mcdonald's Turns To Vegetable Oil For French Fries".chicagotribune.24 July 1990.
- ^Schlosser, Eric (2001).Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of All-American Meal.Houghton Mifflin.ISBN0-395-97789-4
- ^Irvin Molotsky (November 15, 1985)."Risk Seen in Saturated Fats Used in Fast Foods".The New York Times.
- ^Ramachandran, Divya; Kite, James; Vassallo, Amy Jo; Chau, Josephine Y; Partridge, Stephanie; Freeman, Becky; Gill, Timothy (September 21, 2018)."Food Trends and Popular Nutrition Advice Online – Implications for Public Health".Online Journal of Public Health Informatics.10(2): e213.doi:10.5210/ojphi.v10i2.9306.ISSN1947-2579.PMC6194095.PMID30349631.
- ^Oxford English Dictionary,s.v.
- ^Thamsiriroj (2011). "The impact of the life cycle analysis methodology on whether biodiesel produced from residues can meet the EU sustainability criteria for biofuel facilities constructed after 2017", Renewable Energy, 36, 50-63.
- ^"C-17 Conducts Flight Test With Biofuel - Aero-News Network".aero-news.net.
- ^"Why there is processed cow in Canada's money. Hint: you can blame it on the polymer".nationalpost.November 30, 2016.
- ^Petroff, Alanna (30 November 2016)."It's not just the U.K. These countries also have animal fat in their money".cnn.
- ^E. Cobham Brewer(2001).Wordsworth Dictionary of Phrase and Fable.Wordsworth Editions. p. 342.ISBN9781840223101.
- ^The Nautical Magazine and Naval Chronicle for 1866.Cambridge University Press. 2013. p. 153.ISBN9781108054904.
- ^"Cold rolling mill lubricant - US Patent 4891161".patentstorm.us.Archived fromthe originalon September 29, 2007.RetrievedApril 5,2007.
- ^Motavalli, Jim (February 5, 2009)."Oil Goes 'Green,' with the Help of Some Cows".The New York Times.
- ^Forschungen, Institut für kunst-und musikhistorische (2002)."Glockenguss".ISBN 978-3-7001-3043-7(in German).Retrieved2022-10-28.
- ^"Tech Help-Flux".fantasyinglass.