Tangshan
Tangshan
Đường sơn thị | |
|---|---|
From top, left to right:Eastern Qing tombs,Tangshan Southlake Convention & Exhibition Center, Dachengshan Park, Cao Xueqin Cultural Park, Tangshan Art Museum | |
| Nickname: Phoenix City (Phượng Hoàng Thành) | |
 | |
 Location of Tangshan City jurisdiction in Hebei | |
  Tangshan Location of the city centre in Hebei  Tangshan Tangshan (Northern China)  Tangshan Tangshan (China) | |
| Coordinates (Tangshan government):39°37′46″N118°10′26″E/ 39.62944°N 118.17389°E | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Hebei |
| Established | January 28, 1938 |
| Municipal seat | Lubei District |
| Government | |
| •Party Secretary | Jiao Yanlong(Tiêu ngạn long) |
| • Mayor | Ding Xiufeng(Đinh thêu phong) |
| Area | |
| •Prefecture-level city | 13,472 km2(5,202 sq mi) |
| • Urban | 3,874 km2(1,496 sq mi) |
| • Metro | 3,874 km2(1,496 sq mi) |
| Population (2020 census)[1] | |
| •Prefecture-level city | 7,717,983 |
| • Density | 570/km2(1,500/sq mi) |
| •Urban | 3,687,607 |
| • Urban density | 950/km2(2,500/sq mi) |
| •Metro | 3,687,607 |
| • Metro density | 950/km2(2,500/sq mi) |
| GDP[2] | |
| •Prefecture-level city | CN¥891 billion US$100 billion |
| • Per capita | CN¥ 86,667 US$12,563 |
| Time zone | UTC+8(China Standard) |
| Postal code | 063000 |
| Area code | 315 |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-HE-02 |
| License PlatePrefix | Ký B |
| Website | tangshan |
| Tangshan | |||||||||||||||||||
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| Chinese | Đường sơn | ||||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | "Mountain ofTang"(Dacheng Hill) | ||||||||||||||||||
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Tangshan(Chinese:Đường sơn;pinyin:Tángshān) is a coastal, industrialprefecture-level cityin the northeast ofHebeiprovince. It is located in the eastern part of Hebei Province and the northeastern part of the North China Plain. It is located in the central area of theBohai Rimand serves as the main traffic corridor to theNortheast.The city faces theBohai Seain the south, theYan Mountainsin the north,Qinhuangdaoacross theLuan Riverto the east, andTianjinto the west.
Much of the city's development is thanks to the industrialization, beginning in 1870, whenKailuan Groupestablished coal mines in the region. It's the birthplace of China's firststandard-gauge railway,[3]the first railway plant,[4]the firststeam locomotive,[5]and the first cement factory.[6]It was hailed as China's "cradle of industrialization". Even today, Tangshan is a hub of steel, energy,chemical,and ceramics production.[7]Ping opera,which originated from the city'sLuanzhoucounty, is one of the five most popular Chinese operas.
The city has also become known for the1976 Tangshan earthquakewhich measured 7.8 on theRichter scale,flattened much of the city, and killed at least 255,000 residents according to official estimates. The city has since been rebuilt, has become a tourist attraction, and is among the10 largest ports in China.[8]
The city of Tangshan is approximately 149 km (93 mi) east by south east of Beijing and 110 km (68 mi) northwest ofTianjin.[9]Tangshan's prefecture population was 7,717,983 at the 2020 census, with 3,687,607 in the built-up (or metro) area made of the 7 urban core districts.
Etymology
[edit]Tangshan is named afterDacheng Hill(Đại thành sơn), which was called Mount Tang ( đường sơn ), in the middle of the city.
In A.D. 645,Li Shimin,anemperor of Tang dynastyand his army were stationed at Dacheng Hill on his way back from theKorean Peninsula.Unfortunately, Caofei, his beloved concubine, died there. In order to commemorate her, he named the mountain with the name of the empire — Tang. Later, the city took the name of the mountain.[citation needed]
History
[edit]Early history
[edit]Tangshan has a long history, with ancient humans living in the area as early as 4,000 years ago. It fell within the territory of theGuzhuKingdom (1600BC) at the time of theShang dynastyand later became a part of theState of Yan,one of theseven Warring States(403 – 221BC). During theHan dynasty(206BC – 220AD) it became part of the ancient province ofYouzhou.It was under the jurisdiction ofZhili provinceand Zunhua State successively during theQing dynasty.
Tang, Ming and Qing dynasties
[edit]Tangshan was a village at the time of theTang dynasty(619–907) and developed further in agriculture, oil exploitation and ceramics during theMing dynasty(1368–1644).
During the Hundred Days' Reform in the late Qing dynasty, the Kaiping Mining Administration was established in the third year of theGuangxu Emperor(1877). In 1878, Qiaotun town was established at Tangshan and renamed Tangshan Town in 1889. In 1938, Tangshan City was formally founded. The administrative system of Tangshan during the Republic of ChinaRepublican eracontinued to follow the Qing system. In 1929,Zhili Provincechanged its name toHebei Province.On January28, 1939, because of Tangshan's special economic and political position, theEast Hebei Autonomous Governmentestablished Tangshan City which was initially called “Tangshan Municipal Government” and later changed to “Tangshan Municipal Office”. After Japan surrendered in 1945, the Chinese Nationalist Party in Peking (now known asBeijing) took over the political control of Tangshan from Japan and set up an Administration Inspectors Office. In April 1946, it was decided at the 132nd Meeting of theChinese Communist PartyHebei Provincial Committee to set up Tangshan City and on May5 of the same year, the Tangshan Municipal government was founded.
People's Republic
[edit]After the establishment of the People's Republic of China on October1, 1949, Tangshan remained a provincially administered municipality with 12 areas under its jurisdiction. In March 1955, it was decided at the 2nd session of the first People's Congress of Tangshan City to change Tangshan Municipal people's government to Tangshan people's committee without changing its administration areas.
On April28, 1958, theState Councilapproved the establishment of Tangshan prefecture. On August29, 1958, it was decided at the Seventh Session of the first People's Congress of Hebei Province to move the Tangshan Commissioner Office from Changli County to Tangshan City.
The CPC Central Committee decided to designate Tangshan city as one of the 45 cities open to the world on June3, 1959. On June 8, 1959, the CPC Hebei Provincial Committee and the Hebei Provincial People's Congress decided to combine the Tangshan Commissioners Office and the Tangshan People's Committee into the Tangshan People's Committee. On April2, 1960, the State Council officially approved the abolition of Tangshan prefecture. Qinhuangdao city, Qian'an, Changli, Laoting, Baodi, Yutian, Jixian County and Zunhua which were formerly administered by Tangshan Prefecture were incorporated into the Tangshan Municipality. Luanxian County, Fengrun County (formerly a district) and Baigezhuang Farm were also incorporated into Tangshan Municipality. Meanwhile, Tangshan became a provincially administered municipality.
On May23, 1961, the State Council approved the reinstatement of Tangshan prefecture, which was adopted at the 14th Meeting of the Hebei Provincial People's Committee on June3, 1959. Tangshan prefecture and Tangshan municipality were separated again and Tangshan turned into a specially administered municipality.
The Tangshan Municipal Revolutionary Committee affiliated to the Revolutionary Committee of Tangshan Region was set up on January6, 1968. On March 11, 1978, Tangshan turned to be a provincially administered municipality.
In October 1982, it was decided at the Seventh People's Congress of Tangshan city to abolish the Tangshan Municipal Revolutionary Committee and set up the Tangshan Municipal People's Government.
The State Council approved the move on March 3, 1983, and thereafter implemented the city-governing-county system. On May13, 1983, the Hebei Provincial People's Government announced the cancellation of the Civic Administration office of Tangshan region, which ceased operation on May15, 1983.
On December15, 1984, the State Council approved Tangshan city as one of 13 national “comparatively big” cities.
1976 Tangshan earthquake
[edit]Tangshan suffered anearthquakeofmagnitude7.8 (7.5 according to official reports) at 3:42am on July28, 1976, which resulted in many casualties. The official death toll was 255,000, but many experts believe that the actual number of fatalities was two to three times that number, making it the most destructive earthquake in modern history. As a result of the earthquake, most of the town had to be rebuilt. The earthquake was depicted in the 2010 movieAftershock.
Geography
[edit]Tangshan is located in the central section of theBohai Economic Rim,facing theBohai Seato the south. Lying on theNorth China Plain,Tangshan is adjacent to theYan Mountainsto the north, borders theLuan RiverandQinhuangdaoto the east, and to the west and southwest bordersTianjin.Because of its location in the northeast of Hebei, it is a strategic area and a corridor linking two China'snorthandnortheastregions. The largest river in the prefecture is the Luan River.
Climate
[edit]Tangshan has amonsoon-influenced,humid continental climate(KöppenDwa), with cold and very dry winters, and hot, rainy summers. Spring and autumn are short with some rainfall. The monthly 24-hour average temperature in January is −3.6 °C (25.5 °F), and 26.9 °C (80.4 °F) in July, and the annual mean is 12.8 °C (55.0 °F). Close to 60% of the annual precipitation of 590 mm (23.2 in) falls in July and August alone. The frost-free period lasts 180−190 days, and the area receives 2,600−2,900 hours of sunshine annually.
| Climate data for Tangshan (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 12.9 (55.2) |
19.5 (67.1) |
28.3 (82.9) |
32.8 (91.0) |
38.8 (101.8) |
39.6 (103.3) |
40.1 (104.2) |
36.0 (96.8) |
35.3 (95.5) |
31.4 (88.5) |
22.7 (72.9) |
13.2 (55.8) |
40.1 (104.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 1.5 (34.7) |
5.4 (41.7) |
12.3 (54.1) |
20.2 (68.4) |
26.3 (79.3) |
29.8 (85.6) |
31.1 (88.0) |
30.2 (86.4) |
26.5 (79.7) |
19.3 (66.7) |
10.0 (50.0) |
2.9 (37.2) |
18.0 (64.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −4.6 (23.7) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
5.9 (42.6) |
13.8 (56.8) |
20.0 (68.0) |
24.1 (75.4) |
26.4 (79.5) |
25.4 (77.7) |
20.6 (69.1) |
13.0 (55.4) |
4.2 (39.6) |
−2.6 (27.3) |
12.1 (53.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −9.5 (14.9) |
−6.2 (20.8) |
0.2 (32.4) |
7.7 (45.9) |
13.9 (57.0) |
19.1 (66.4) |
22.4 (72.3) |
21.3 (70.3) |
15.5 (59.9) |
7.6 (45.7) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
−7.1 (19.2) |
7.0 (44.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −22.7 (−8.9) |
−19.8 (−3.6) |
−14.6 (5.7) |
−4.7 (23.5) |
3.5 (38.3) |
9.4 (48.9) |
14.6 (58.3) |
11.2 (52.2) |
4.7 (40.5) |
−5.6 (21.9) |
−14.5 (5.9) |
−17.0 (1.4) |
−22.7 (−8.9) |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 2.7 (0.11) |
4.9 (0.19) |
7.0 (0.28) |
22.8 (0.90) |
40.8 (1.61) |
79.2 (3.12) |
158.7 (6.25) |
140.0 (5.51) |
49.0 (1.93) |
31.7 (1.25) |
12.8 (0.50) |
3.6 (0.14) |
553.2 (21.79) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 1.7 | 2.3 | 2.7 | 4.9 | 6.5 | 9.1 | 11.2 | 9.7 | 5.8 | 4.5 | 3.1 | 2.3 | 63.8 |
| Average snowy days | 2.9 | 2.4 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.7 | 2.9 | 11.1 |
| Averagerelative humidity(%) | 55 | 53 | 49 | 49 | 53 | 64 | 75 | 77 | 70 | 65 | 62 | 58 | 61 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 178.2 | 186.5 | 233.8 | 246.9 | 270.0 | 230.5 | 190.3 | 204.4 | 214.0 | 202.6 | 166.5 | 167.9 | 2,491.6 |
| Percentpossible sunshine | 59 | 61 | 63 | 62 | 61 | 52 | 42 | 49 | 58 | 59 | 56 | 58 | 57 |
| Source 1:China Meteorological Administration[10][11] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather China[12] | |||||||||||||
Air pollution
[edit]Asair pollution in Chinahas worsened in recent years, reports suggest cities in Hebei among the most polluted in the country, with Tangshan being no exception. According to a survey made by "Global voices China" in February 2013, 7 cities in Hebei includingXingtai,Shijiazhuang,Baoding,Handan,Langfang,Hengshuiand Tangshan, are among China's 10 most polluted cities.[13]
Economy
[edit]
Tangshan is an important heavy industrial city in North China. Its output include machinery, motor vehicles, chemicals, textiles, glass, petroleum products, and cement. It has been a coal-mining center since lateQing dynasty,as Guangdong merchantTong King-singopened the firstcoal mineusing modern techniques in Kaiping in 1877.[14]Since the construction of theCaofeidian Project,it has hosted large iron and steel plants, chemical projects, and electricity plants. It is China's largest steel-producing city.[15]Tangshan is also called the "porcelain capital of North China."[16]
Modern industry in China first arose in Tangshan. The second railway in China – after the abortiveWoosung RailwayinShanghai– was the six-mile track laid betweenHsuko giườngand Tangshan which opened in 1881;[17]this eventually grew into theImperial Railroad of North Chinaand China's modernJingshanandJingha Railways.The first fire-resistant material manufactory and the first and largestcementmanufactory were constructed in Tangshan as well.
Tangshan has experienced near-constant GDP growth in recent years, but has slowed down in the latter-half of the 2010s.[18]In 2008, theGDPof Tangshan was ¥353.747 billion, which nearly doubled to ¥612.121 billion by 2013, and grew further to ¥695.500 billion in 2018.[18]Tangshan's GDP was ranked the 26th largest among Chinese cities according to data from 2017.[19]The city's exports were valued at $7.109 billion in 2016.[20]Government figures for 2017 show that the city's economy was largely dominated by thesecondary industry,contributing ¥408.14 billion to the city's economy.[21]
Industrial zone
[edit]- CaofeidianNew Zone.
Demographics
[edit]Government data from 2017 shows that 7.897 million people live in Tangshan, of which, 61.64% live in an urban area.[22]The city's residents had a meandisposable incomeof ¥27,786, which was ¥36,415 among urban residents.[22]
Ethnic composition
[edit]Tangshan, like many other locations in China, is largelyHan Chinese,who account for 95.25% of the city's population.[23]In Zunhua City, there are 3ethnic townshipsandethnic towns.[23]The following table shows the city's ethnic breakdown:
| Ethnic Group | Population (total) | Population (percent) |
|---|---|---|
| Han Chinese | 7,194,200 | 95.25% |
| Manchu | 287,700 | 3.81% |
| Hui | 32,800 | 0.43% |
| Mongol | 14,100 | 0.19% |
| Zhuang | 12,900 | 0.17% |
| Other | 13,700 | 0.18% |
Administration
[edit]Theprefecture-level cityof Tangshan administers 14 county-level divisions including 7districts,4countiesand 3county-level cities.
| Map | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Hanzi | Hanyu Pinyin | Population (2010 census)[24] | Area (km2) | Density (/km2) | Seat |
| Lubei District | Lộ bắc khu | Lùběi Qū | 743,504 | 112 | 6,638 | Qiaotun Subdistrict |
| Lunan District | Lộ nam khu | Lùnán Qū | 311,076 | 355 | 876 | South Xueyuan Road Subdistrict |
| ↳Hangu Administration Zone* | Hán cô quản lý khu | Hàngū Guǎnlǐqū | ||||
| ↳Lutai Economic Development Zone* | Lô đài kinh tế kỹ thuật khai phá khu | Lútái Jīngjì Jìshù Kāifāqū | ||||
| Guye District | Cổ dã khu | Gǔyě Qū | 358,461 | 253 | 1,417 | Jinghua Subdistrict |
| Kaiping District | Khai bình khu | Kāipíng Qū | 262,571 | 252 | 1,042 | Kaiping Subdistrict |
| Fengrun District | Nở nang khu | Fēngrùn Qū | 916,092 | 1,334 | 687 | Taiping Road Subdistrict |
| Fengnan District | Phong nam khu | Fēngnán Qū | 595,467 | 1,568 | 380 | Qingnian Road Subdistrict |
| Built-up area | 3,187,171 | 3,874 | 823 | |||
| Caofeidian District | Tào phi điện khu | Cáofēidiān Qū | 184,931 | 700 | 264 | Tanghai Town |
| Zunhua City | Tuân hóa thị | Zūnhuà Shì | 737,011 | 1,521 | 485 | Wenhua Road Subdistrict |
| Qian'an City | Dời an thị | Qiān'ān Shì | 728,160 | 1,208 | 603 | Yongshun Subdistrict |
| Luanzhou City | Loan Châu thị | Luánzhōu Shì | 554,315 | 999 | 555 | Luanhe Subdistrict |
| Luannan County | Loan nam huyện | Luánnán Xiàn | 584,518 | 1,270 | 460 | Youyilu Subdistrict |
| Laoting County | Nhạc đình huyện | Làotíng Xiàn | 526,222 | 1,308 | 402 | Lean Subdistrict |
| Qianxi County | Dời tây huyện | Qiānxī Xiàn | 390,128 | 1,439 | 271 | Lixiang Subdistrict |
| Yutian County | Ngọc điền huyện | Yùtián Xiàn | 684,833 | 1,165 | 588 | Wuzhong Subdistrict |
| *Hangu Administration ZoneandLutai Economic Development Zoneis subordinate toLunan Districtbut formally part ofBinhai New AreaorNinghe DistrictinTianjin. | ||||||
Education
[edit]
Universities and colleges
[edit]- North China University of Science and Technology (formerly named Hebei United University), which was co-established byHebei Polytechnic UniversityandNorth China Coal Medical Collegein May 2010[25]
- Tangshan Normal University
- Tangshan College
- Hebei University of Science and TechnologyTangshan Branch
High schools
[edit]- Tangshan No.1 high school(founded 1902), one of the most famous high schools in China
- Hebei Tangshan Foreign Language School
Culture
[edit]
Specialty
[edit]- Diet
- Wanlixiangroast rhicken(Vạn dặm hương thiêu gà)
- Chessboard pancake(Quân cờ thiêu bính)
- Honey sugar candy (Mật ong ma đường)
- Peanut crisp (Đậu phộng kẹo đậu phộng)
- Big gezhe (Đại cách gấp)
- Small gezhe (Tiểu cách gấp)
- Dried fruits
- Chinese chestnut(Hạt dẻ)
- Walnut
Traditional arts
[edit]- Ping opera,or Pingju, one of the most popular operas in China
- TangshanShadow Play(Đường sơn da ảnh)
- Laotingdrums (Nhạc đình trống to)
Tourism
[edit]- Eastern Qing tombs
- Anti-Seismic Monument,located in Anti-Seismic Square
- Tangshan Nanhu Park(Lunan District)
- Kailuan National Mine Park(Lunan District)
- Tangshan science and Technology Museum(Lubei District)
Religion
[edit]- Datang Xingguo Chan Temple (Đại Đường hưng quốc thiền chùa), aBuddhisttemple
- Jingzhong Mountain,a joint religious shrine for the believers ofConfucianism,Buddhism, andTaoism,respectively.
- Two Christian churches.
Transport
[edit]
As of 2017, Tangshan has 18,000 kilometers of roads, of which, 16,000 were in rural areas.[26]The city's roads served 410 million tons of freight, and the city's port served 570 million tons.[26]As of 2023, Tangshan is the largest city in China without an operating or planned metro system.
Air
[edit]- Tangshan Sannühe Airport,20 kilometers (12 mi) from the city center, in Fengrun District
Rail
[edit]- Beijing–Harbin Railway
- Tianjin–Shanhaiguan Railway
- Beijing-Qinhuangdao Railway
- Tianjin-Shanxi Railway
Roads
[edit]- China National Highway 102,in the south of Fengrun District
- China National Highway 112,ring road encircling Beijing, traversing the west side of Tangshan's urban area
- China National Highway 205,which runs along the eastern and southern front of the urban area
- G1 Beijing–Harbin Expressway,on the northern side of the urban area
- G25 Changchun–Shenzhen Expressway,on the western side of the urban area
Notable people
[edit]- Li Dazhao- early founder and leader of Chinese Communist Party
- Jiang Wen- a contemporary director and actor
- Cao Xueqin- author ofDream of the Red Chamber
- Liu Wenjin- classical Chinese music composer
- Zhang Tielin- Chinese-born British actor
- Zhao Li gian- Chinese spokesman of theMinistry of Foreign Affairs
- Gao Yuanyuan- Chinese actress and model
- Tseng Cheng- businessman and philanthropist
- Wu Guiying- Chinese Communist Party Secretary ofChangsha
- Zhang Xudong- General of thePLAand former commander of theWestern Theater Command
- Fu Zhenghua- Former politician andMinister of Justice
See also
[edit]- List of twin towns and sister cities in China
- 1976 Tangshan earthquake
- 2022 Tangshan restaurant attack
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- ^abĐường sơn thị 2017 năm kinh tế quốc dân cùng xã hội phát triển thống kê công báo _ Trung Quốc thống kê tin tức võng.cnstats.org.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-11-30.Retrieved2020-04-24.
- ^abcDân cư dân tộc - đường sơn thị chính phủ nhân dân.Tangshan People's Government. 2019-07-28. Archived fromthe originalon 2019-07-28.Retrieved2020-04-24.
- ^"China: Hébĕi (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map".Archivedfrom the original on 2015-01-02.Retrieved2015-01-02.
- ^"A Brief Introduction to Hebei United University".Archived fromthe originalon 2014-09-10.
- ^abĐường sơn thị 2017 năm kinh tế quốc dân cùng xã hội phát triển thống kê công báo _ Trung Quốc thống kê tin tức võng.cnstats.org.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-11-30.Retrieved2020-04-24.
External links
[edit]- Official website of Tangshan GovernmentArchived2009-04-17 at theWayback Machine
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List of major cities and ports in theBERregion | ||
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