Taosi

Taosi
Đào chùa
	Location in north China
Location	China
Region	Shanxi
Coordinates	35°53′26.17″N111°29′49.82″E/ 35.8906028°N 111.4971722°E
Area	280 ha
History
Founded	c. 2300BC
Abandoned	c. 1900BC
Cultures	Longshan culture

Taosi(Chinese:Đào chùa;pinyin:Táosì) is an archaeological site inXiangfen County,Shanxi,China.Taosi is considered to be part of the late phase of theLongshan culturein southern Shanxi, also known as theTaosi phase(2300 BC to 1900 BC).

Archaeology

Taosi was surrounded by a gigantic rammed-clay enclosure. This was discovered from 1999 to 2001 by the archaeologists from theInstitute of Archaeology,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences;they attributed this wall to the Middle Taosi period (4,100 to 4,000 BP). Rectangular in form with an inner area of 280 ha.^[1]

An internal rammed-earth wall separated the residential and ceremonial areas of the elite from the areas inhabited by commoners, signifying the development of a stratified society.^[2]^[3]

A painted stick discovered from a prehistoric dating from 2300 BCE excavated at the astronomical site of Taosi is the oldestgnomonknown in China.^[4]The gnomon was widely used in ancient China from the second century BC onward in order determine the changes in seasons, orientation, and geographical latitude. The ancient Chinese used shadow measurements for creating calendars that are mentioned in several ancient texts. According to the collection of Zhou Chinese poetic anthologiesClassic of Poetry,one of the distant ancestors ofKing Wen of the Zhou dynastyused to measure gnomon shadow lengths to determine the orientation around the 14th-century BC.^[5]^[6]^[7]

TheHuaxiasettlement outgrew the perimeter of the wall. The settlement is the largest Longshan site discovered in the Linfen basin of the Yellow River, and is possibly a regional center. The settlement represents the most politically organized system on the Central Plains at the time. The polities in the Taosi site are considered an advanced chiefdom, but may not have developed into a higher political organization. It was not the Taosi polities but the less socially complex Central Plains Longshan sites, the scattered, multi-system competing systems that gave rise to early states in this region.^[8]

Ancient observatory

Taosi also contained an astronomical observatory, the oldest in East Asia.^[9]

This was discovered in 2003-2004. Archaeologists unearthed a Middle Taosi period semi-round foundation just beside southern wall of the Middle Taosi enclosure, which could be used for astronomical observations. The structure consists of an outer semi-ring-shaped path, and a semi-round rammed-earth platform with a diameter of about 60 m. The platform is 42m in diameter and over 1000 sq m in area, and can be reconstructed as a three-level altar.

On the top of the altar, an arch-shaped rammed earth foundation facing the east with 12 slots, each 0.15 to 0.2 m wide and 1.4 m between each other were discovered; standing in the center of the altar and watching through the slots, one can find that most of slots respectively orientate to a given point of the Chongfen Mountain to the east.^[10]

In a given period in the ancient times, the midwinter sunrise of thewinter solsticewould have been in the middle of the second eastern slot, the midsummer sunrise of thesummer solsticewould have been in the middle of the westmost slot, and during the seasons the sun would rise within each of the slots from west to east, marking the passage of time between the winter solstice and the summer solstice. This means these slots shares a similar function of the Thirteen Towers of theChankillo Observatory,and they might have been intentionally constructed in for astronomical observation of the sunrise on a particular point in a given day, in order to establish the local solar calendar, which is crucial for the practice of agriculture at that time.^[11]

Necropolis

The cemetery of Taosi covered an area of 30,000 square meters (3ha) at its height.^[12]

The cemetery contained over 1,500 burials. The burials at Taosi were highlystratified(the most stratified of Longshan sites), with burial wealth concentrated in the graves of a few males (nine large graves). The largest graves were placed in separated rooms with murals, had a large cache of grave goods (some with over 200 objects, including jades, copper bells, wooden and crocodile skin musical instruments); middle-size graves featured painted wooden coffins and luxury objects; most of the small graves did not have grave goods.^[13]A single bronze bell was also found at a Taosi grave.

Emperor Yao connection

Several Chinese archaeologists postulate that Taosi was the site where the state ofTang(Có đường) was conquered byEmperor Yao(traditionally c. 2356–2255 BC), who later instituted Taosi as the capital.^[14]

In Chinese classic documentsYao Dian(Document of Yao) inShang Shu(Book of Ancient Time), andWudibenji(Records for the Five Kings) inShiji(Historic Records), King Yao assigned astronomic officers to observe celestial phenomena, including time and position of sunrise, sunset, and stars in culmination, in order to systematically establish alunisolarcalendar with 366 days a year with leap month. The observatory found at Taosi coincides with these records.^[15]It is theorized that the city collapsed with a rebellion against the ruling class.^[16]^[17]^[18]

Notes

^He Nu, Wu Jiabi (2005),Astronomical date of the "observatory" at Taosi site.Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (IA CASS)
^He 2013; Ren 1998; Zhongguo et al. 2005
^Higham, C.; Higham, T.; Ciarla, R.; Douka, K.; Kijngam, A.; Rispoli, F. (2011)."The Origins of the Bronze Age of Southeast Asia".Journal of World Prehistory.24(4): 227.doi:10.1007/s10963-011-9054-6.S2CID 162300712.
^Li, Geng (2014). "Gnomons in Ancient China". In Ruggles, Clive (ed.).Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy.Springer New York (published July 7, 2014). p. 2095.ISBN 978-1-4614-6141-8.
^Li, Geng (9 July 2017).Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy.p. 2095.Bibcode:2015hae..book.2095L.doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6141-8_219– via NASA ADS.
^Li, Geng (2014). "Gnomons in Ancient China". In Ruggles, Clive (ed.).Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy.Springer New York (published July 7, 2014). pp. 2095–2096.ISBN 978-1-4614-6141-8.
^The 2nd-century Chinese bookNine Chapters on the Mathematical Artclaims gnomons were used by theDuke of Zhou(11th century BC).Laertius, Diogenes. "Life of Anaximander".
^Liu, Li (2005).The Chinese Neolithic: Trajectories to Early States.p.191.
^David Pankenier, et al. (2008),The Xiangfen, Taosi site: A Chinese Neolithic 'observatory'?.Archaeologica Baltica 10
^He Nu, Wu Jiabi (2005),Astronomical date of the "observatory" at Taosi site.The Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (IA CASS)
^He Nu, Wu Jiabi (2005),Astronomical date of the "observatory" at Taosi site.The Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (IA CASS)
^Thư lược * truy mưu sâu * cổ DNA biểu hiện: Hiện đại dân tộc Hán chính là cổ đại Trung Nguyên nhân trực hệ hậu đại Archived2011-07-18 at theWayback Machine
^K.C.Chang in Cambridge History of Ancient China, 1999, p.60.
^Nghiêu chính trị trung tâm di chuyển và ý nghĩa Archived2011-09-06 at theWayback Machine
^He Nu, Wu Jiabi (2005),Astronomical date of the "observatory" at Taosi site.The Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (IA CASS)
^Luận đào chùa cổ thành phát triển giai đoạn cùng tính chất Archived2011-07-07 at theWayback Machine
^Từ đào chùa để lại nhìn trúng quốc lúc đầu quốc gia chi hình thành —— Trung Quốc lúc đầu văn minh nghiên cứu ghi chú chi năm Archived2011-07-11 at theWayback Machine
^Từ đào chùa di chỉ khảo cổ thu hoạch nhìn trúng quốc lúc đầu quốc gia đặc thù

References

Chang, Kwang-chih.The Archaeology of Ancient China,ISBN 0-300-03784-8
He, Nu and Wu, Jiabi.Astronomical date of the "observatory" at Taosi site
Higham, Charles,The Bronze Age of Southeast Asia,ISBN 0-521-56505-7
Liu, Li.The Chinese Neolithic: Trajectories to Early States,ISBN 0-521-81184-8

[1] He Nu, Wu Jiabi (2005),Astronomical date of the "observatory" at Taosi site.Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (IA CASS)

[2] He 2013; Ren 1998; Zhongguo et al. 2005

[3] Higham, C.; Higham, T.; Ciarla, R.; Douka, K.; Kijngam, A.; Rispoli, F. (2011)."The Origins of the Bronze Age of Southeast Asia".Journal of World Prehistory.24(4): 227.doi:10.1007/s10963-011-9054-6.S2CID 162300712.

[4] Li, Geng (2014). "Gnomons in Ancient China". In Ruggles, Clive (ed.).Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy.Springer New York (published July 7, 2014). p. 2095.ISBN 978-1-4614-6141-8.

[5] Li, Geng (9 July 2017).Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy.p. 2095.Bibcode:2015hae..book.2095L.doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6141-8_219– via NASA ADS.

[6] Li, Geng (2014). "Gnomons in Ancient China". In Ruggles, Clive (ed.).Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy.Springer New York (published July 7, 2014). pp. 2095–2096.ISBN 978-1-4614-6141-8.

[7] The 2nd-century Chinese bookNine Chapters on the Mathematical Artclaims gnomons were used by theDuke of Zhou(11th century BC).Laertius, Diogenes. "Life of Anaximander".

[8] Liu, Li (2005).The Chinese Neolithic: Trajectories to Early States.p.191.

[9] David Pankenier, et al. (2008),The Xiangfen, Taosi site: A Chinese Neolithic 'observatory'?.Archaeologica Baltica 10

[10] He Nu, Wu Jiabi (2005),Astronomical date of the "observatory" at Taosi site.The Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (IA CASS)

[11] He Nu, Wu Jiabi (2005),Astronomical date of the "observatory" at Taosi site.The Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (IA CASS)

[12] Thư lược * truy mưu sâu * cổ DNA biểu hiện: Hiện đại dân tộc Hán chính là cổ đại Trung Nguyên nhân trực hệ hậu đại Archived2011-07-18 at theWayback Machine

[13] K.C.Chang in Cambridge History of Ancient China, 1999, p.60.

[14] Nghiêu chính trị trung tâm di chuyển và ý nghĩa Archived2011-09-06 at theWayback Machine

[15] He Nu, Wu Jiabi (2005),Astronomical date of the "observatory" at Taosi site.The Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (IA CASS)

[16] Luận đào chùa cổ thành phát triển giai đoạn cùng tính chất Archived2011-07-07 at theWayback Machine

[17] Từ đào chùa để lại nhìn trúng quốc lúc đầu quốc gia chi hình thành —— Trung Quốc lúc đầu văn minh nghiên cứu ghi chú chi năm Archived2011-07-11 at theWayback Machine

[18] Từ đào chùa di chỉ khảo cổ thu hoạch nhìn trúng quốc lúc đầu quốc gia đặc thù

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v t e Prehistoric cultures of China
Paleolithic Neolithic Bronze Age
Northeastern China	Xinglongwa Xinglonggou Xinle Zhaobaogou Hongshan Xinglonggou Niuheliang Xiaoheyan Lower Xiajiadian Xinglonggou Laohushan (Xituanshan) Upper Xiajiadian Baijinbao Liaoning bronze dagger Jinggouzi
Upper Yellow River	Dadiwan Xishanping Majiayao Xishanping Banshan Qijia Xishanping Lajia Zhukaigou Xindian Xicha Siwa Kayue Ordos Maoqinggou (Majiayuan)
Middle Yellow River	(Nanzhuangtou) Peiligang Jiahu Cishan Dadiwan Baijia Yangshao Banpo Jiangzhai Yangguanzhai Longshan Taosi Shimao Erlitou Xinzhai Erligang Zhengzhou Xiaoshuangqiao (Huanbei)
Lower Yellow River	Houli Beixin Yangshao Xishuipo Dawenkou Longshan Chengziya Yueshi
Middle and Upper Yangtze	Pengtoushan Bashidang Chengbeixi Daxi Tangjiagang Qujialing Shijiahe Baodun San xing dui Jinsha Erligang Panlongcheng Feijiahe
Lower Yangtze and Huai	(Kuahuqiao) Hemudu Majiabang Songze Lingjiatan Liangzhu Guangfulin Maqiao
Southern China	(Zengpiyan) Shixia Wucheng Dayangzhou Fanchengdui Fanchengdui
Tibet	Karuo Qugong
Xin gian g	(Xiaohe) Tarim Subeshi Shirenzigou
Taiwan	Dabenkeng Beinan
Other	(Beifudi) Yumin Xichengyi Siba Shanma Shajing
Liao civilization Yellow River civilization Yangtze civilization
History Archaeology History