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Tauri

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For other uses, seeTauri (disambiguation).
Map of the Roman empire underHadrian(ruled 117–38 AD), showing the location of the Chersonnesos Taurike (Crimean peninsula), the home of the Tauri

TheTauri(/ˈtaʊəri/;ΤαῦροιinAncient Greek), orTaurians,alsoScythotauri,Tauri Scythae,Tauroscythae(Pliny,H. N.4.85) were an ancient people settled on the southern coast of theCrimeapeninsula, inhabiting theCrimean Mountainsin the 1st millennium BC and the narrow strip of land between the mountains and theBlack Sea.[1]According to the sources, the Tauri (Tawri, Tanwri) were the first inhabitants of the Crimean peninsula and never abandoned its borders.[2]They gave their name to the peninsula, which was known in ancient times asTaurica,TauridaandTauris.

Assimilation[edit]

Taurians intermixed with theScythiansstarting from the end of 3rd century BC, and were mentioned as Tauroscythians and Scythotaurians in the works of ancient Greek writers. The Taurians underwent the rule of thePontic Kingdomin the 2nd century BC. As a result ofRomanoccupations, Taurians were romanized in the first century AD. Later the Taurians were subsumed by theAlansandGoths,and existed till the 4th century.[1]

History[edit]

In hisHistories,Herodotusdescribes the Tauri as living "by plundering and war". They became famous for their worship of a virgin goddess, to whom they sacrificed shipwrecked travellers and waylaid Greeks.[3]He makes a point of them living inScythiageographically without themselves beingScythians.[4]InGeographica,Straborefers to the Tauri as a Scythian tribe.[5]

The Greeksidentifiedthe Tauric goddess withArtemis Tauropolosor withIphigeneia,daughter ofAgamemnon.The Tauric custom ofhuman sacrificeinspired the Greek legends ofIphigeneiaandOrestes,recounted inIphigeneia in Taurisby the playwrightEuripides.[6][7][8]The original Greek title given byEuripidesliterally meansIphigeneia among the taurians.Such a place as "Tauris" does not exist.

According to Herodotus, the manner of their sacrifice was to beat the head with a club and remove the head; then they either buried the body or threw it off a cliff, and lastly nailed the head to a cross. Prisoners of war likewise had their heads removed, and the head was then put onto a tall pole and placed at their house "in order that the whole house may be under their protection".

Although the Crimean coast eventually came to be dominated by Greek (and subsequentlyRoman) colonies, notably the one atChersonesos,the Tauri remained a major threat to Greek power in the region. They engaged in piracy against ships on the Black Sea, mounting raids from their base at Symbolon (today'sBalaklava). By the 2nd century BC they had become subject-allies of the Scythian kingScilurus.

In the 4th century AD, the historianAmmianus Marcellinus,mentioned the names of the 3 tribes (Arichi, Sinchi, and Napaei) of the Taurians known for their "extraordinary severity".[2]

Taurians also played a major role in the development and settlement of theKizil-Koban Culture(KKC) in the 8th-4th century BC. Osmolovsky, who conducted a research in the Krasnaya (Red) Cave in 1921, pointed out that the arrowheads, ceramics and necklaces found in the Cave were owned by the Taurians. There are several indications that this culture belongs to the Tauris, such as:

  • Firstly, in the written sources of the earlier times than the 2nd century BC, there is no mention of any other society living in the Crimean foothills and mountains apart from the Taurians.
  • Secondly, many artifacts found in Taurians territory and cemeteries were also found in the Kizil-Koba sites.[9][10][11][2][12][13]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ab"Taurians".encyclope điểu fukraine.Retrieved2019-02-06.
  2. ^abc"The Taurians - Ancient period - Outlying areas - About Chersonesos".chersonesos.org.Retrieved2019-02-06.
  3. ^Hdt. 4.103 "the Tauri have the following customs: all ship-wrecked men, and any Greeks whom they capture in their sea-raids, they sacrifice to the Virgin goddess1 as I will describe: after the first rites of sacrifice, they strike the victim on the head with a club; according to some, they then place the head on a pole and throw the body off the cliff on which their temple stands; others agree as to the head, but say that the body is buried, not thrown off the cliff. The Tauri themselves say that this deity to whom they sacrifice is Agamemnon's daughter Iphigenia. As for enemies whom they defeat, each cuts his enemy's head off and carries it away to his house, where he places it on a tall pole and stands it high above the dwelling, above the smoke-vent for the most part. These heads, they say, are set up to guard the whole house. The Tauri live by plundering and war." (trans. Godley)
  4. ^4.99 "Beyond this place [Carcinitis on the Ister], the country fronting the same sea is hilly and projects into the Pontus; it is inhabited by the Tauric nation as far as what is called the Rough Peninsula; and this ends in the eastern sea. For the sea to the south and the sea to the east are two of the four boundary lines of Scythia, just as seas are boundaries of Attica; and the Tauri inhabit a part of Scythia like Attica, as though some other people, not Attic, were to inhabit the heights of Sunium from Thoricus to the town of Anaphlystus, if Sunium jutted farther out into the sea. I mean, so to speak, to compare small things with great. Such a land is the Tauric country. But those who have not sailed along that part of Attica may understand from this other analogy: it is as though in Calabria some other people, not Calabrian, were to live on the promontory within a line drawn from the harbor of Brundisium to Tarentum. I am speaking of these two countries, but there are many others of a similar kind that Tauris resembles." (trans. A. D. Godley)
  5. ^Strabo. Geographica. 7. 4. 2."... generally speaking, the Tauri, a Scythian tribe...
  6. ^Ridgeway, William (1910).The Origin of Tragedy with Special Reference to the Greek Tragedians.University Press.
  7. ^Mangieri, Anthony F. (2017-09-22).Virgin Sacrifice in Classical Art: Women, Agency, and the Trojan War.Routledge.ISBN978-1-351-86321-6.
  8. ^Ewans, Michael (2017-07-05).Opera From the Greek: Studies in the Poetics of Appropriation.Routledge.ISBN978-1-351-55576-0.
  9. ^The Kizil-Koba Culture in the Western Crimea, The Kizil-Koba Culture in the Western Crimea (2011)."Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia".Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia.6:361–365. Archived fromthe originalon 2013-03-13.Retrieved2019-02-06.
  10. ^Кизил-кобинська культура у Західному Криму.Інститут археології НАН України. 2010.ISBN978-966-02-5745-0.
  11. ^The Human Use of Caves, The Human Use of Caves (1997).The Human Use of Caves.Oxford: Archaeopress. pp. 128–130.ISBN0860548597.
  12. ^"Krasnaya (Red) Cave, Kizil-Koba Cave".worldwalk.info.Retrieved2019-02-06.
  13. ^"Kizil-Koba Culture".TheFreeDictionary.Retrieved2019-02-06.
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