Tavan Bogd
| Tawan Bogd ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ ᠪᠣᠭᠳᠠ | |
|---|---|
 View of Tawan Bogd from Russian Altai | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 4,374 m (14,350 ft) |
| Prominence | 2,342 m (7,684 ft) |
| Listing | Ultra |
| Coordinates | 49°8′45″N87°49′9″E/ 49.14583°N 87.81917°E[1] |
| Naming | |
| Pronunciation | [ˈtaw̜əɴˈpɔɢət] |
| Geography | |
  Tawan Bogd ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ ᠪᠣᠭᠳᠠ Location in Mongolia | |
| Location | Ulaankhus soumandTsengel soum,Bayan-Ölgii Province,Mongolia |
| Parent range | Mongol-Altai Mountains |
| Climbing | |
| First ascent | 1956 |
| Easiest route | Hiking |
| Official name | Petroglyphic Complexes of the Mongolian Altai |
| Type | Cultural |
| Criteria | iii |
| Designated | 2011(35thsession) |
| Reference no. | 1382 |
| Region | Asia |
TheTawan Bogd(Mongolian:Таван богд,[ˈtaw̜əɴˈpɔɢət];lit."Five saints" ) is a mountainmassifinMongolia,near thetriple borderwith China and Russia. Its highest peak, theKhüiten Peak(formerly also known as Nairamdal Peak), is the highest point of Mongolia at 4374 meters above sea level.
The Tavan Bogd massif is located mostly within theBayan-Ölgii Provinceof Mongolia; its northern slopes are in Russia'sAltai Republic,and western, in China'sBurqin County.
Besides the Khüiten Peak, the Tavan Bogd massif includes four other peaks:Nairamdal,Malchin,Bürged (eagle) and Ölgii (motherland).[2]
International borders
[edit]According to the relevant trilateral agreements and published topographic maps, the junction point of theChina–Russia border,theChina–Mongolia border,and theMongolia–Russia borderis the top of a peak with the elevation of 4081 or 4104 m, at the coordinates49°10′13.5″N87°48′56.3″E/ 49.170417°N 87.815639°E[3][4][5] The mountain peak is referred to in the agreements and maps as the Tavan Bogd Peak (Russian:Таван-Богдо-Ула,Tavan-Bogdo-Ula;Mongolian:Таван Богд Уул,Tavan Bogd Uul), or Mount Kuitun (Chinese:Khuê truân sơn;pinyin:Kuítún shān).[3][4][6]
Due to its remote and hard to access location, on a mountain covered with perpetual snows, the three states have agreed not to install a border marker at the tripoint.[3]
Other sources claim that the tripoint is calledNairamdal Peak,but this is not confirmed either by official agreements or by maps.
Some other peaks of the Tavan Bogd massif are located on theChina–Mongolia borderor theMongolia–Russia border.In particular, the massif tallest point, theKhüiten Peak,is located on the China–Mongolia border, about 2.5 km south of the tripoint. In the past, it was known as the "Friendship Peak" (Nairamdal Uul in Mongolian, or Youyi Feng hữu nghị phong in Chinese).[7]
Peaks
[edit]The main peaks of the Tavanbogd massif are:
| Name | Height (metres) |
|---|---|
| Khüiten Peak | 4,374 |
| Nairamdal Peak | 4,180 |
| Bürged Peak | 4,068 |
| Malchin Peak | 4,050 |
| Olgii Peak | 4,050 |
Glaciation
[edit]
According to satellite measurements, the total area of the glaciation in the Tavan Bogd massif area amounted to 204 km2in 2009.[8]The glaciates area was 213 km2in 1989; in other words, the glaciers lost 4.2% of their area over those 20 years.[9]
Out of the countries that share the massif, the largest glaciated area is in Mongolia; it includes thePotanin Glacier(Mongolia's longest) and theAlexandra Glacier.
According to a 2011 estimate, the northern (Russian) slope of the Tavan Bogd massif contains 12glaciers,which cover the total of 22.8 km2.[10]According to the Russian researchers, the glaciers of the massif's northern slope lost 11% of their area between 1962 and 2002, and another 12% in 2002–2009.[11]
National Parks and protected areas
[edit]Special protected areas have been designated in all three nations sharing the Tavan Bogd.
The Mongolian part of the Tavan Bogd massif is within theAltai Tavan Bogd National Park.The park covers 6,362 km2.It includes the lakes Khoton, Khurgan, and Dayan. The protected area offers a home for many species of alpine animal, such as the Argali sheep, Ibex, Red deer, Beech marten, Moose, Snow cock, and Golden eagle.
On the Russian side of the border, theUkok Plateau,adjacent to the Tavan Bogd massif from the north, is part of theUNESCO World Heritage Sitecalled theGolden Mountains of Altai.
The glacier-fed stream on the western, Chinese, slope of the massif flow into the small Akkul Lake (A khắc kho lặc hồ), which in its turn drains into theKanas Lakefarther south; the Kanas Lake area has been designatedAAAAA scenic areaby theChina National Tourism Administration.[12]An area of 5,588 km2has been designated as the Kanas Nature Reserve (zh: Kanas hồ tự nhiên phong cảnh bảo hộ khu).
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^Peaklist source
- ^Yuducom source
- ^abcПРОТОКОЛ-ОПИСАНИЕ ТОЧКИ ЗАПАДНОГО СТЫКА ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫХ ГРАНИЦ ТРЕХ ГОСУДАРСТВ МЕЖДУ ПРАВИТЕЛЬСТВОМ Российской Федерации, ПРАВИТЕЛЬСТВОМ МОНГОЛИИ и ПРАВИТЕЛЬСТВОМ КИТАЙСКОЙ НАРОДНОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКИ (ПОДПИСАН в г. ПЕКИНЕ 24.06.1996)Archived2018-02-16 at theWayback Machine(Protocol between the Government of the Russian Federation, the Government of Mongolia, and the Government of the People's Republic of China, describing the western junction point of the borders of the three states. Signed in Beijing, June 24, 1996)(in Russian)
- ^abСоглашение между Правительством Российской Федерации, Правительством Китайской Народной Республики и Правительством Монголии об определении точек стыков государственных границ трех государств (Заключено в г. Улан-Баторе 27 января 1994 года)Archived2016-03-05 at theWayback Machine(The Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation, the Government of the People's Republic of China, and the Government of Mongolia on the determination of the points of junction of the national borders of the three states)(in Russian)
- ^SovietTopo map M45-104,scale 1:100,000,(in Russian)
- ^Trung Hoa nhân dân nước cộng hoà cùng Nga Liên Bang về trung nước Nga giới tây đoạn hiệp định(Agreement between the PRC and RF in regard to the western section of the China-Russia border), 1994-09-03(in Chinese)
- ^See e.g. the index inKrumwiede et al. 2014
- ^Krumwiede et al. 2014,p. 499
- ^Krumwiede et al. 2014,p. 505
- ^ Chistyakov & Ganiushkin 2015,p. 210
- ^ Chistyakov & Ganiushkin 2015,p. 207
- ^"AAAAA Scenic Areas".China National Tourism Administration.16 November 2008. Archived fromthe originalon 4 April 2014.Retrieved9 April2011.
Bibliography
[edit]- Chistyakov, K. V.; Ganiushkin, D. A. (2015), "Glaciation and Thermokarst Phenomena and Natural Disasters in the Mountains of North-West Inner Asia", in Culshaw, Martin; Osipov, Victor; Booth, S.J.; et al. (eds.),Environmental Security of the European Cross-Border Energy Supply Infrastructure NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security,Springer, pp. 207–218,ISBN940179538X
- Krumwiede, Brandon S.; Kamp, Ulrich; Leonard, Gregory J.; Kargel, Jeffrey S.; Dashtseren, Avirmed; Walther, Michael (2014), "Recent Glacier Changes in the Mongolian Altai Mountains: Case Studies from Munkh Khairkhan and Tavan Bogd", in Kargel, Jeffrey Stuart (ed.),Global Land Ice Measurements from Space,Springer-Praxis series in geophysics, Springer, pp. 481–509,ISBN3540798188
External links
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