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Tenmei eruption

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Tenmei eruption
Bình minh đại phun hỏa
VolcanoMount Asama
Start dateMay 9, 1783(1783-05-09)[1]
End dateAugust 5, 1783(1783-08-05)[1]
TypePlinian eruption
VEI4[1][2]
Deaths1,500–1,624 dead
Map of lava and mud flows, and ash depths:
  • Onioshidashi Lava Flow
  • Azuma pyroclastic flow
  • Kanbara Pyroclastic Flow/Debris Avalanche
  • Tenmei mudflow (sedimentation)
  • Tenmei mudflow (muddy water)

TheTenmei eruption(Japanese:Bình minh đại phun hỏa,Tenmei daifunka)was a largeeruptionofMount Asamathat occurred in 1783 (Tenmei3).[3][4][5]This eruption was one of the causes of theTenmei famine.[6][7]It is estimated that about 1,500–1,624 people were killed in the eruption.[8][9]The event is known in Japanese asThe Burning of Asama in Tenmei(Bình minh の thiển gian thiêu け,Tenmei no Asamayake).[10][11][12]

Background

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Japan is situated along a zone of convergence between at least four major and minor tectonic plates. ThePhilippine Sea Platedives beneath theAmurian PlateandOkinawa Platealong theNankai TroughandRyukyu Trenchin southern Japan. In northern Japan, thePacific Platesubducts beneath theOkhotsk Plate,part of the larger North American Plate, along theJapanandKuriltrenches. Thesubductionprocess is related to the production of volcanoes in Japan as the downgoing oceanic slab undergoes dehydration at depths of roughly 90 to 100 km beneath the overriding plate.[13]Water in the structure of hydrated minerals interact with the upper mantle, lowering its melting point. As the mantle begins to melt, its density decreases and rises through the upper crust, forming a volcanic vent.

1783 eruption of Mount Asama

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Bijzonderheden over Japan(1824). Illustration of the eruption ofMt. Asama.

Mount Asama erupted in 1783, causing widespread damage.[14][15][16]The three-month-longPlinian eruptionthat began on 9 May 1783, producedandesiticpumice falls,pyroclasticflows, lava flows, and enlarged the cone. The climactic eruption began on 4 August and lasted for 15 hours,[17]and contained pumice falls and pyroclastic flows. The complex features of this eruption are explained by rapid deposits of coarse pyroclastic ash near the vent and the subsequent flows of lava; and these events which were accompanied by a higheruption plumewhich generated further injections of pumice into the air.[18]

Dutch diplomatIsaac Titsingh's account of the Asama-Yama eruption was posthumously published in French in Paris in 1820;[19]and an English translation was published in London in 1822.[20]These books were based on Japanese sources, and the work represented the first of its kind to be disseminated in Europe and the West.[21]

The volcano's devastation exacerbated what was already known as the "Tenmei famine".[22]Much of the agriculturally productive land inShinanoandKōzukeprovinces would remain fallow or under-producing for the next four or five years.[23]The effects of this eruption were made worse because, after years of near or actual famine, neither the authorities nor the people had any remaining reserves.[24]The 4 August eruption killed up to 1,400 people,[25]with an additional 20,000 more deaths caused by the famine.[26]

Due to the Tenmei eruption, alava flowcalled "Onioshidashi"flowed along the northern slope of Mt. Asama.[27]Now, it is known as a tourist destination.[28]

Kanbara tragedy

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Kanbara site[ja]

The most seriously damaged area by Tenmei eruption was theKanbara[ja](nowTsumagoi,Gunma Prefecture). Kanbara was destroyed by avalanche by eruption, 477 people were killed.[29][30]Because of it, Kanbara is also called "Japan'sPompeii".[31]

References

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  1. ^abc"Asamayama".Global Volcanism Program.Smithsonian Institution.Retrieved2021-05-14.
  2. ^"Thiển gian sơn có sử lấy hàng の núi lửa hoạt động".data.jma.go.jp.Khí tượng sảnh.Retrieved2021-04-26.
  3. ^Bình minh 3 năm thiển gian sơn phun hỏa の kinh quá と tai hoạ
  4. ^"Lịch sử đại quy mô thổ sa tai hoạ địa điểm を bộ く - いさぼうネット".isabou.net.Retrieved2021-04-26.
  5. ^1783 năm thiển gian sơn bình minh đại phun hỏa
  6. ^"Thiển gian sơn が phun hỏa １７８３ năm に hỏa 砕 lưu で ước １５００ người tử vong, bình minh の đại đói cận も khởi こした cường bạo núi lửa ( tốn hảo hạnh ) - Yahoo!ニュース".Yahoo!ニュース cá nhân(in Japanese).Retrieved2021-05-09.
  7. ^Bình minh 3 năm thiển gian sơn phun hỏa
  8. ^"Báo cáo thư ( 1783 bình minh thiển gian sơn phun hỏa )".bousai.go.jp.Nội Các phủ.Retrieved2022-04-16.
  9. ^"Bình minh thiển gian sơn phun hỏa とは".コトバンク(in Japanese).Retrieved2021-05-09.
  10. ^"Asamayamayake".National Archives of Japan Digital Archive(in Japanese).National Archives of Japan.Retrieved2022-04-16.
  11. ^Thế giới đại bách khoa sự điển nội ngôn cập."Bình minh の thiển gian thiêu けとは".コトバンク(in Japanese).Retrieved2022-04-16.
  12. ^"Thiên hạ đại 変－ động đất と phun hỏa".archives.go.jp.National Archives of Japan.Retrieved2022-04-16.
  13. ^Tatsumi, Y.; Suenaga, N.; Yoshioka, S. (14 September 2020)."Contrasting volcano spacing along SW Japan arc caused by difference in age of subducting lithosphere".Scientific Reports.10(15005): 15005.doi:10.1038/s41598-020-72173-6.PMC7490715.PMID32929150.
  14. ^Titsingh, Isaac. (1834).Annales des empereurs du japon,p. 420.
  15. ^"Tai hoạ sử に học ぶ ( núi lửa biên )"(PDF).Retrieved2022-02-27.
  16. ^"Thiển gian sơn ・ bình minh đại phun hỏa ( bình minh 3 năm 7 nguyệt 7 ngày ) ｜ tai hoạ カレンダー".Yahoo! Thiên khí ・ tai hoạ(in Japanese).Retrieved2021-05-09.
  17. ^Richards, John F. (2003).The Unending Frontier: An Environmental History of the Early Modern World.University of California Press. p. 177.ISBN9780520939356.Retrieved2 August2013.
  18. ^Yasui, Maya and Takehiro Koyaguchi."Sequence and eruptive style of the 1783 eruption of Asama Volcano, central Japan: a case study of an andesitic explosive eruption generating fountain-fed lava flow, pumice fall, scoria flow and forming a cone,"Journal Bulletin of Volcanology(Kasan). Vol. 66, No. 3 (March 2004). pp. 243–262.
  19. ^Titsingh, Isaac. (1820).Mémoires et Anecdotes sur la Dynastie régnante des Djogouns, Souverains du Japon.
  20. ^Titisngh, Isaac. (1822).Illustrations of Japan: consisting of private memoirs and anecdotes of the reigning dynasty of the Djogouns, or sovereigns of Japan.
  21. ^Screech, T. (2006),Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779–1822,pp. 146–148.
  22. ^"Bình minh 3 năm ( 1783 năm ) thiển gian sơn phun hỏa | lợi căn xuyên thủy hệ sa phòng văn phòng | quốc thổ giao thông tỉnh quan đông địa phương chỉnh đốn và sắp đặt cục".ktr.mlit.go.jp.Retrieved2021-05-09.
  23. ^Hall, John. (1955).Tanuma Okitsugu, 1719–1788: Forerunner of Modern Japan,p. 122.
  24. ^Hall, p. 170.
  25. ^Stoltman, Joseph P.; Lidstone, John; Dechano, Lisa M. (11 March 2007).International Perspectives on Natural Disasters: Occurrence, Mitigation, and Consequences: Occurrence, Mitigation, and Consequences.Springer. pp. 172–73.ISBN9781402028519.Retrieved2 August2013.
  26. ^Bowman, John Stewart (2000).Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture.Columbia University Press. p. 185.ISBN9780231110044.Retrieved2 August2013.
  27. ^Nhật Bản đại bách khoa toàn thư (ニッポニカ), bách khoa sự điển マイペディア, thế giới đại bách khoa sự điển nội ngôn cập."Quỷ áp ra しとは".コトバンク(in Japanese).Retrieved2022-02-27.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  28. ^Tiểu hạng mục sự điển, ブリタニカ quốc tế đại bách khoa sự điển."Quỷ áp ra nham とは".コトバンク(in Japanese).Retrieved2022-02-27.
  29. ^"Thiển gian sơn bình minh 3 năm phun hỏa の phát quật điều tra triển: Mặt trời mới mọc tin tức デジタル".Mặt trời mới mọc tin tức デジタル(in Japanese). 24 July 2021.Retrieved2022-02-27.
  30. ^"１７８３ năm に４７７ người tử vong した “Nhật Bản の ポンペイ”… Thiển gian sơn phun hỏa, tập lạc phát quật へ: Xã hội: ニュース ".Đọc bán tin tức オンライン(in Japanese). 2021-11-04.Retrieved2022-02-27.
  31. ^Bách khoa sự điển マイペディア."Liêm nguyên thôn とは".コトバンク(in Japanese).Retrieved2022-02-27.
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