Phaseolus acutifolius
| Phaseolus acutifolius | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Faboideae |
| Genus: | Phaseolus |
| Species: | P. acutifolius
|
| Binomial name | |
| Phaseolus acutifolius | |
| Synonyms[2][3] | |
| |
Phaseolus acutifolius,also known as thetepary bean,is alegumenative to thesouthwestern United StatesandMexicoand has been grown there by the native peoples since pre-Columbian times. It is moredrought-resistantthan thecommon bean(Phaseolus vulgaris) and is grown in desert and semi-desert conditions fromArizonathrough Mexico toCosta Rica.The water requirements are low. The crop will grow in areas where annual rainfall is less than 400 mm (16 in).
Description[edit]
The tepary bean is an annual and can be climbing, trailing, or erect, with stems up to 4 m (13 ft) long. Thespecific epithet,acutifolius,is derived fromLatinacutus(pointed, acute), and-folius(-leaved).[4]A narrow leafed, varietytenuifolius,and a broader leafed, varietylatifolius,are known. Domestic varieties are derived fromlatifolius.Observation of "a limited number" of wild specimens suggested that "the flowers concur with the summer rains, first appearing in late August, with the pods ripening early in the fall dry season, most of them in October".[5]: 6 The beans can be of nearly any color. There are many locallandraces.Beans vary in size but tend to be small. They mature 60 to 120 days after planting.[6]
Other names for this native bean includePawi,Pavi,Tepari,Escomite,Yori mui,YorimuniandYori muni.The nameteparymay derive from theTohono O'odhamphrasetʼpawior "It's a bean".[7]The name for a small bean was recorded in the 17th century, in the now extinctEudeve languageof northern Mexico, astépar(accusative case,tépari).[8]Names that containyoriin them typically refer to non-native species of beans, since those names mean "non-Indian person's bean".[9]
Cultivation[edit]
Tepary beans have been grown byNative Americansfor thousands of years; cultivated beans have been found dating to 500 BCE in theTehuacánValley in Mexico. Tepary beans appear to have been domesticated in a single event in northern Mexico, based on genetic evidence.[10]
Tepary beans are very drought tolerant. Germination requires wet soil, but plants will flourish in dry conditions once established.[10]Too much water inhibits bean production. They were cultivated by various methods, most commonly after an infrequent rain in the desert or after flood waters along a river or ephemeral stream had subsided. The tepary bean is relatively disease free, except under conditions of high humidity.
The tepary bean was a major food staple of natives in the Southwestern United States and northern Mexico. In addition to being grown in floodplains, it was often grown alongside squash and corn. Growing these plants together, known asThree Sisters agriculture,enhances their growth and provides more balanced nutrition.
In the United States, the tepary bean was introduced to Anglo farmers in the 19th century byTohono O'Odham(Papago) farmers.[5]: 8–15 [failed verification]The Native American method of planting in the American Southwest was to plant three to five seeds in hills six to eight feet apart. Beans were planted inarroyosthat had been recently flooded by summer rain.[11]
Cultivation of tepary beans is possible under the most extreme conditions. The Sand Papago (Hia C-eḍ O'odham) were mainly hunter-gatherers but cultivated tepary beans and other crops when moisture made it possible for them to do so. In 1912, ethnographerCarl Lumholtzfound small cultivated fields primarily of tepary beans in thePinacate Peaksarea of Sonora. In the Pinacate, with an average annual precipitation of 75 mm (3.0 in) and temperatures up to 48 °C (118 °F), Papago and Mexican farmers utilized runoff from sparse rains to grow crops. In the 1980s, authorGary Paul Nabhanvisited this area, and found one farm family taking advantage of the first large rain in six years, planting seeds in the wet ground and harvesting a crop two months later. The most successful crops were tepary beans and a drought-adapted squash. Nabhan calculated that the cultivation in the Pinacate was the most arid area in the world where rain-fed agriculture is practiced.[12]
Northwestern Mexico is the primary area of production for tepary beans. The tepary is also cultivated in many countries in Africa, Australia, and Asia. In India, tepary beans are an ingredient in the snacks "bhujia"and Punjabi Tadka byHaldiram's.[7]
As of 2015[update],theInternational Center for Tropical AgricultureinColombiais testingcrossbreedsof the tepary bean andcommon bean,in order to impart the tepary's drought and heat resistance. The latter could be especially helpful givenclimate change's effects on agriculture.[13]
Heat stress resistance[edit]
P. acutifoliusis a sister species ofP. vulgaris;genomic studies estimate that it diverged fromP. vulgarisaround ~2.1 Mya. As part of this divergence, the species duplicated genes that supported resistance to abiotic stress in arid zones: binding genes coding for chitin-binding proteins, kinase activity, cell wall macromolecule catabolic/metabolic processes and amino sugar metabolism (Example:Glucosamine). The tepary bean uses these amino sugars as a protection mechanism against heat stress, preventing proteins within the body of the plant from starting a denaturation process.[14]
A study, published in 2021, showed that when the tepary bean plant is exposed to high temperatures there is a negative regulation of the genes involved in cell division (GO:0048523;GO:0045786) and a positive regulation of those involved in arrest (GO: 0007050). This suggests that above 37°C cells that are in the cell division cycle is arrested in the G1-S phase; it seems that this is done by the cell in order to avoid the development of organism and thus conserve energy.Trehalosesynthesis genes were also found to be overexpressed; trehalose is a sugar that in high concentrations is capable of protecting cell membranes and proteins from the denaturation process. Asyntenyanalysis revealed that there is an intrachromosomal rearrangement on chromosomes 2 and 9; this could be a factor in the difficulties in developing fertile hybrids[14]
Medical uses[edit]
Research in the United States and Mexico suggests thatlectintoxins and other compounds from tepary beans may be useful in chemotherapy for treating cancer. However, further research is needed.[7]
References[edit]
- ^Delgado-Salinas, A.; Alejandre-Iturbide, G.; Contreras, A. (2019)."Phaseolus acutifolius".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2019:e.T79087660A79087761.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T79087660A79087761.en.Retrieved25 December2022.
- ^"Phaseolus acutifolius".ThePlantList.org.
- ^"Phaseolus acutifolius".Tropicos.org.
- ^Eggli, Urs; Newton, Leonard E. (2004)."acutifolius".Etymological Dictionary of Succulent Plant Names.Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. p. 2.ISBN978-3-540-00489-9.Retrieved19 November2018.
- ^abNabhan, Gary P.;Felger, Richard S. (Jan–Mar 1978). "Teparies in Southwestern North America: A Biogeographical and Ethnohistorical Study of Phaseolus acutifolius".Economic Botany.32(1): 2–19.JSTOR4253886.
- ^"Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray".PROTA4U.org.Archived fromthe originalon 2016-12-20.Retrieved2012-07-09.
- ^abc"Tepary Bean".agriculturalproductsindia.Agro Products. Archived fromthe originalon 2012-07-06.Retrieved2012-07-08.
- ^Pennington, Campbell W. (1981).Arte y vocabulario de la lengua dohema, heve o eudeva(in Spanish). Mexico City: UNAM. p. 230.
- ^Felger, Richard Stephen; Beck Moser, Mary (1985).People of the Desert and Sea: Ethnobotany of the Seri Indians.Tucson: University of Arizona Press. p. 342.
- ^abGray, A. (September 2018)."Plant Guide for Tepary Bean, Phaseolu acutifolius"(PDF).plants.USDA.gov.Natural Resources Conservation Service.
- ^"Tepary: the Bean that Laughs at Drought".Mother Earth News.July–August 1983.Retrieved2012-07-08.
- ^Nabhan, Gary Paul (1990).Gathering the Desert.Tucson: University of Arizona Press. pp. 107–116.
- ^Charles, Dan (25 March 2015)."Meet The Cool Beans Designed To Beat Climate Change".NPR.org.Retrieved25 March2015.
- ^abMoghaddam, Samira Mafi; Oladzad, Atena; Koh, Chushin; et al. (2021-05-11)."The tepary bean genome provides insight into evolution and domestication under heat stress".Nature Communications.12(1): 2638.doi:10.1038/s41467-021-22858-x.ISSN2041-1723.PMC8113540.PMID33976152.S2CID234472801.
External links[edit]
- The Tepary Beanat slowfoodusa.org (archived)
- Bean, Tepary —Phaseolus acutifoliusA. GrayArchived2016-03-04 at theWayback Machineat ufl.edu
- Papago (Tohono O'odham) Tepary Bean Soupat ocbtracker (archived)
- NRCS: USDA Plants ProfilePhaseolus acutifoliusA. Gray,var.acutifolius,var.latifoliusFreeman
- Reynoso-Camacho R, González de Mejía E, Loarca-Piña G (January 2003). "Purification and acute toxicity of a lectin extracted from tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius) ".Food Chem. Toxicol.41(1): 21–7.doi:10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00215-6.PMID12453724.
- García-Gasca T, Salazar-Olivo LA, Mendiola-Olaya E, Blanco-Labra A (June 2002). "The effects of a protease inhibitor fraction from tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius) on in vitro cell proliferation and cell adhesion of transformed cells ".Toxicol in Vitro.16(3): 229–33.doi:10.1016/S0887-2333(02)00006-1.PMID12020595.
- Valadez Vega MD, Alvarez M, Dubón G, García CA, Abdullaev F (July 12–16, 2004)."Cytotoxicity of tepary bean lectins (Phaseolus acutifoliuslectins) on human malignant cells ".IFT Annual Meeting.Las Vegas, NV. 49I-2. Archived fromthe originalon 2004-09-29.