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The Stranglers

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This article is about a punk rock band. For the true crime podcast, seeStranglers (podcast).

The Stranglers
The Stranglers performing in Chicago in 2013
Background information
OriginGuildford,Surrey,England
Genres
DiscographyThe Stranglers discography
Years active1974(1974)–present
Labels
Members
Past members
Websitethestranglers.co.uk

The Stranglersare an English rock band. Scoring 23UK top 40singles and 20 UK top 40 albums to date in a career spanning five decades, the Stranglers are one of the longest-surviving bands to have originated in the UK punk scene.

Formed as the Guildford Stranglers inGuildford,Surrey,in early 1974,[4]they originally built a following within the mid-1970spub rockscene. While their aggressive, no-compromise attitude had them identified by the media with the emerging UKpunk rockscene that followed, their idiosyncratic approach rarely followed any singlemusical genre,and the group went on to explore a variety of musical styles, fromnew wave,art rockandgothic rockthrough thesophisti-popof some of their 1980s output. They had major mainstream success with their 1982 single "Golden Brown".Their other hits include"No More Heroes","Peaches","Always the Sun","Skin Deep"and"Big Thing Coming".

The Stranglers' early sound was driven byJean-Jacques Burnel's melodic bass, but also gave prominence toDave Greenfield's keyboards. Their early music was also characterised by the growling vocals and sometimesmisanthropiclyrics of both Burnel andHugh Cornwell.[5]Over time, their output gradually grew more refined and sophisticated. Summing up their contribution to popular music, critic Dave Thompson later wrote: "From bad-manneredyobsto purveyors of supreme pop delicacies, the group was responsible for music that may have been ugly and might have been crude – but it was never, ever boring. "[6]

Keyboard player Dave Greenfield died on 3 May 2020 after contractingCOVID-19while receiving treatment for a heart ailment.[7]The remaining band members completed a new album recorded with Greenfield,Dark Matters,and confirmed that they would proceed with their "Final Full UK Tour", initially announced in January 2020, in his honour.[8][9]The band has continued to tour Europe, playing France and Spain in 2023; a 50th Anniversary Tour has been announced for October 2024. On 11 May 2024, the band played at the Cruel World Festival in Los Angeles California.[10]

History

[edit]

Formation and mainstream success (1974–1979)

[edit]

Prior to forming the band,Jet Black(Brian Duffy) had run various businesses, including a fleet of ice cream vans,[11]and later ran The Jackpot,[12]a Guildfordoff-licencethat would serve as the base for the early Stranglers.[13][14]Black had also been a semi-professional drummer in the late 1950s and early 1960s. After attaining a degree of financial stability due to his business successes, by 1974 he decided to return to drumming and assemble a band. The Stranglers came to be an influential band in the British punk and new wave scene of the mid-1970s. Black drove the ice cream vans that would serve as the Stranglers' early tour buses.[15]

The group that eventually formed between 1974 and 1975 was originally named The Guildford Stranglers, but they soon dropped the geographical prefix and the name,The Stranglers,was registered as a business on 11 September 1974 by Black.[4][16]The other original personnel were bass player/vocalistJean-Jacques Burnel,guitarist/vocalistHugh Cornwelland keyboardist/guitaristHans Wärmling,who was replaced by keyboardistDave Greenfieldwithin a year.[17]None of the band came from the Guildford area apart from Burnel, who was originally fromNotting Hillbut moved toGodalmingduring his childhood. Black is fromIlford,Cornwell fromKentish Townand Greenfield fromBrighton,while Wärmling came fromGothenburgand returned there after leaving the band.

Cornwell was abluesmusician before forming the band and had briefly been a bandmate ofRichard Thompson,[18]Burnel had been a classical guitarist who had performed with symphony orchestras,[19]Black's musical background was as a jazz drummer,[20]and Greenfield had played at military bases in Germany.[21]Their early influences included pre-punkpsychedelic rockbands such asthe Doors[22][23]andthe Music Machine.

From 1976 the Stranglers became associated with the burgeoning punk rock movement, due in part to their opening for the first British tours of American punksthe RamonesandPatti Smith.[24][25]Notwithstanding this association, some of the movement's champions in the British musical press viewed the band with suspicion on account of their age and musical virtuosity and the intellectual bent of some of their lyrics. However, Burnel was quoted saying, "I thought of myself as part of punk at the time because we were inhabiting the same flora and fauna... I would like to think the Stranglers were more punk plus and then some."[26]

The band's early albums,Rattus Norvegicus,No More HeroesandBlack and White,all released within a period of 13 months, were highly successful with the record-buying public and singles such as "Peaches","Something Better Change"and"No More Heroes"became instant punk classics. Meanwhile, the band received a mixed reception from some critics because of their apparent sexist and racist innuendo. However, critic Dave Thompson argued that such criticism was oblivious to the satire and irony in the band's music, writing:" the Stranglers themselves revelled in an almostMonty Python-esque grasp ofabsurdity(and, in particular, the absurdities of modern 'men's talk'). "[27] These albums went on to build a strong fan-following, but the group's confrontational attitude towards the press was increasingly problematic and triggered a severe backlash when Burnel, a martial arts enthusiast, punched music journalistJon Savageduring a promotional event.[28]

In February 1978 the Stranglers began a mini-tour, playing three secret pub gigs as a thank-you to those venues and their landlords for their support during the band's rise to success. The first was at The Duke of Lancaster inNew Barneton Valentine's Day,[29]with further performances at The Red Cow,Hammersmith,and The Nashville Rooms,West Kensington,in early September.[30]

During their appearance at theUniversity of Surreyon the BBC TV programmeRock Goes to College,on 11 October 1978,[31]and aired on the 19 October, the group walked off stage because an agreement to make tickets available to non-university students had not been honoured.[32]

In the later half of the 1970s, the Stranglers toured Japan twice, joining the alternative music scene of Tokyo, which was evolving from the punk sound of Kyoto-based band Murahachibu ( thôn tám phần,Ostracism), whose music influence spread to Tokyo in 1971. The Stranglers were the only foreign band to take part in a landmark scene focused around S-KEN Studio inRoppongiand The Loft venues inShinjukuandShimokitazawafrom 1977 to 1979.[33]The scene included bands such asFriction,and they became friends with the band Red Lizard, whom they invited back to London, where the band became known as Lizard.[34]In 1979, while still in Japan, Burnel also became close friends with Keith, co-founder and drummer forARB.At the end of 1983, ARB's bassist was imprisoned, leaving the band with a problem for their forthcoming tour. Burnel took time out from the Stranglers to fly out to Japan at short notice and join ARB to cover the tour, including appearing at the All Japan Rock Festival at Hibaya park, becoming the first non-Japanese to ever appear at the festival.[35][36][37]Burneltoured withARBfor five weeks and played on two studio tracks, "Yellow Blood" and "Fight it Out", both of which appeared on the RCA VictorARBalbumYellow Blood.[38]

Second phase (1979–1982)

[edit]
The Stranglers performing in France on The Raven tour, 1979

In 1979, one of the Stranglers' two managers advised them to break up as he felt that the band had lost direction, but this idea was dismissed and they parted company with their management team.[39]Meanwhile, Burnel released an experimental solo albumEuroman Comethbacked by a small UK tour and Cornwell recorded the albumNosferatuin collaboration withRobert Williams.Later that year the Stranglers releasedThe Raven,which heralded a transition towards a more melodic and complex sound which appealed more to the album than the singles market. The songs onThe Ravenare multi-layered and musically complicated, and deal with such subjects as aViking's lonely voyage, heroin addiction, genetic engineering, contemporary political events in Iran and Australia and extraterrestrial visitors,"Meninblack".The Ravensaw a definite transition in the band's sound. TheHohnerCembaletwhich saw prominent use on the previous three albums, was dropped andOberheimsynthesizers used instead whilst acoustic piano was used on "Don't Bring Harry". A harmoniser was used to treat Burnel's vocal on the track "Meninblack", the recording of which led toMartin Rushent,who had produced their earlier albums, walking out, leaving the band to co-produce the album themselves withAlan Winstanley.[40]

We're never going to use a producer again. They are just shitty little parasites. All they're good for is telling jokes. And we know better jokes than any of 'em.

— Hugh Cornwell,NME– November 1979[41]

The Ravenwas not released in the US; instead a compilation albumThe Stranglers IVwas released in 1980, containing a selection of tracks fromThe Ravenand a mix of earlier and later non-album tracks.The Ravensold well, reaching No. 4 in theUK Albums Chart- it spawned one top 20 single, "Duchess",with" Nuclear Device "reaching No. 36 and theEP"Don't Bring Harry" reaching No. 41. This was followed by a non-album single, "Bear Cage", backed with "Shah Shah a Go Go" fromThe Raven.A 12-inch single, the band's first, containing extended mixes of both tracks was also released, but "Bear Cage" also only managed No. 36 in the chart.

Following the success of the Stranglers' previous four albums they were given complete freedom for their next,The Gospel According to the Meninblack,aconcept albumexploring religion and the supposed connection between religious phenomena and extraterrestrial visitors. It was preceded by a single "Who Wants the World", which did not appear on the album, and only just made the top 40. The album also included "Waltzinblack" which became adopted as a theme by TV chefKeith Floyd.The Gospel According to The Meninblackwas different from their earlier work and alienated many fans.[42]It peaked on the UK Albums Chart at No. 8, their lowest placing to date, and in 1981 was widely considered an artistic and commercial failure.[42]The track "Two Sunspots" had been recorded during theBlack And Whitesessions in 1978, but was shelved until 1980 when it was rediscovered and placed onThe Gospel According to the Meninblack.The "Meninblack" track fromThe Ravenis the "Two Sunspots" soundtrack slowed down.[40]

After a slow start, the Stranglers recovered their commercial and critical status withLa Folie(1981) which was another concept album, this time exploring the subject of love. At firstLa Foliecharted lower than any other Stranglers studio album, and the first single taken from it, "Let Me Introduce You to the Family", only charted at No. 42. However, the next single was "Golden Brown".The song is an evocative waltz-time ballad, with an extra beat in the fourth bar. Cornwell said the lyrics were" about heroin and also about a girl. She was ofMediterraneanorigin and her skin was golden brown. "[43]It became their biggest hit, charting at No. 2 in theUK Singles Chart.It was also named as "record of the week" onBBC Radio 2,despite the station not previously playing music associated with the punk genre. It remains a radio staple to this day. Following this success,La Folierecharted at No. 11 in the UK Albums Chart. "Tramp"was originally thought to be the ideal follow-up single to" Golden Brown "; however" La Folie "was chosen after Burnel convinced his bandmates of its potential.[44]Sung in French, it received negligible airplay and charted at No. 47. Shortly afterwards the Stranglers left EMI. As part of their severance deal, the Stranglers were forced to release a greatest hits collection,The Collection 1977–1982.[45]The track listing forThe Collection 1977–1982included the new single "Strange Little Girl",which had originally been recorded on a demo in '74 and rejected by EMI. It became a hit, charting at No. 7 in July 1982 and providing royalties to Warmling through his co-writing credit.

New label and sound (1983–1990)

[edit]
The Stranglers during the recording of French TV show "L'Echo des Bananes" in september 1983

Following the Stranglers' return to commercial success, many record companies lined up to sign them.Virgin Recordswas the most likely choice butEpic Recordsmade a last minute offer and secured the Stranglers' services. The Stranglers once again had complete artistic freedom and in 1983 released their first album for Epic,Feline,which included the UK No. 9 hit "European Female".The album was another change in musical direction, this time influenced by European music. It was the first Stranglers album to feature acoustic guitars, and it was on this album that Jet Black began to use electronic drum kits.[46]Hugh Cornwell stated, "OnLa Foliethere were three tracks – 'Golden Brown'... 'La Folie' and 'How to Find True Love and Happiness in the Present Day' – that sort of pointed us away from what we had been doing. It was strange doing those tracks, because we'd never really attempted that quite minimalistic recording technique. And when we started writing forFeline,things were coming out the same way. "[47]The album gained much critical success but fell well short ofLa Foliein terms of sales and failed to produce another hit after "European Female". NonethelessFelinebroke the Stranglers in Europe and reached No. 4 in the UK chart in January 1983.

The Stranglers during the Aural Sculpture tour in London,1985

1984 saw the release ofAural Sculpturewhich consolidated the band's success in Europe and established them inOceania.It included the UK No. 15 hit "Skin Deep"(which also reached No. 11 in Australia, No. 19 in New Zealand and Top 30 in the Netherlands). This was their first album to feature the three-piece horn-section which was retained in all their subsequent albums and live performances until Hugh Cornwell's departure in 1990.Aural Sculpturewas only a moderate success in the UK Albums Chart, peaking at No. 14 in November 1984.

Their 1986 album,Dreamtime,dealt with environmental concerns among other issues. Its signature track, and another radio staple for many years to come, was "Always the Sun"(a No. 15 hit in France and No. 16 hit in Ireland, No. 21 in Australia, No. 30 in the UK and No. 42 in the Netherlands). The only Stranglers album to chart in the US,Dreamtimewas again only a moderate hit in the UK, reaching No. 16 in November 1986.

The Stranglers' final album with Cornwell,10,was released in 1990. This was recorded with the intention of building on their "cult" status in America. Following the success of their cover ofThe Kinks' "All Day and All of the Night",a UK No. 7 hit in 1988, the Stranglers released another cover of a 1960s track,"96 Tears"as their first single from10;it reached No. 17 in the UK. Despite this success, the follow-up single "Sweet Smell of Success" only reached No. 65. "Man of the Earth", which the band had high hopes for, was due to be the third single from the album, but Epic Records decided against it. In August 1990, Hugh Cornwell abruptly left Stranglers to pursue a solo career, following the band's failure to attain a tour in the US.[48]In his autobiography, Cornwell stated that he felt that the Stranglers were a spent force creatively and cited various examples of his increasingly acrimonious relationship with his fellow band-members, particularly Burnel. Feelings were mutual; when Cornwell phoned Jet Black to say he was leaving the band, the drummer's response was blunt "OK, fine".[49]

Post-Cornwell era (1990s)

[edit]
Paul Roberts performing in 2004, Roberts replaced Hugh Cornwell in 1990

Following the departure of Cornwell, CBS-Sony dropped the Stranglers from its roster. The remaining members recruitedJohn Ellis,who had had a long-standing association with the band. He had opened for them in the 1970s as a member ofThe Vibrators,filled in for Cornwell during his time in prison for drug possession in 1980, worked with Burnel and Greenfield in their side-project Purple Helmets and been added to the Stranglers' line-up as a touring guitarist a short time before Cornwell's departure. Burnel and Ellis briefly took over vocal duties (for one television appearance onThe Word) before enlistingPaul Roberts,who sang on most songs live, even those originally sung by Burnel.

This line-up recorded four albums:Stranglers in the Night(1992),About Time(1995),Written in Red(1997) andCoup de Grace(1998).

2000s resurgence and reversion to a four-piece

[edit]

In 2000, Ellis left the band and a new guitarist,Baz Warne,was recruited.

The Stranglers achieved something of a critical and popular renaissance in 2004[50][51]with the albumNorfolk Coastand a subsequent sell-out tour, together with their first UK Top 40 hit (No. 31) in 14 years, "Big Thing Coming".The album also includedTuckers Graveabout a Somerset cider house named after the victim of a suicide in a nearby farm which members of the band now occupied. In 2005,Coast to Coast: Live on Tourwas released, the live album contained songs recorded during their tour the previous year. On their sellout UK tour they were supported byGoldblade.

In May 2006, Roberts left the band and the Stranglers were now back to a four-piece line-up: Burnel, Black, Greenfield and Warne, with the lead vocals shared between Warne and Burnel. In concert, Burnel returned to singing the songs he originally recorded as lead vocalist and Warne sang the numbers originally led by Hugh Cornwell.

Suite XVI,the follow-up album toNorfolk Coast,was released in September 2006 (the title is a pun on "Sweet 16" and also a reference to the fact that it was the band's sixteenth studio album) and continued the band's resurgence. Although partly a return to the band's heavier punk roots, the album featured a typically idiosyncratic mixture of musical styles which included a country and western style Johnny Cash pastiche/homage "I Hate You".

In 2007 it was reported that drummer Black was suffering fromatrial fibrillation,an ailment which subsequently forced him to miss a number of shows, particularly where extended travel was required. On such occasions Ian Barnard, Black's drum technician, deputised.[52]

On 4 November 2007, the band (with Black) played a sell-out gig at theRoundhouseinCamden,North London, marking the 30th anniversary of their headline run at the same venue in 1977. The set list was the same as the 1977 concert, with the addition of a couple of more recent songs as a final encore. The event is recorded on the DVDRattus at the Roundhouse.[53]

2010–present

[edit]

The Stranglers continued their resurgence in 2010 starting with an extensive UK tour, including a sold-out return to the Hammersmith Apollo in March, their first visit there since 1987. They were supported on the 16-date UK tour byMax Raptor.[54]

A double CDcompilation album,Decades Apart,containing a selection of tracks from the full career of the band, including at least one from each of their 16 studio albums and two new tracks, "Retro Rockets" and "I Don't See the World Like You Do", was released in February 2010. The download version ofDecades Apartincluded an unreleased recording from 1978, "Wasting Time", inspired by the band'sRock Goes To Collegeexperience earlier that year;[32]this track, originally titled "Social Secs", was never released, and the music ended up being reversed and released as "Yellowcake UF6", the B-side to "Nuclear Device" in 1979.

Across the summer the band played a number of festivals, includingWeyfestandGlastonburyandT in the Parkin the UK,Oxegen 2010in Ireland and concerts in Japan, Greece, Poland, Slovakia and Bulgaria. The band also released a new live album and DVD, recorded at theHammersmith Apolloin May 2010.[54]In March 2011, the band completed another UK tour. Burnel's long-term friendWilko Johnsonwas invited to bring The Wilko Johnson band on the tour. In April, the band began touring Europe, with many gigs and major festivals lined up for the entire year.

Jim Macaulay, the touring drummer, in 2013

On 23 September 2012, the band returned toLooe,Cornwall, fronted by Warne and Burnel. The band had originally spent time in Looe writingSuite XVI.[55]

Giantswas released in 2012, including the firstinstrumentalon an album since "Waltzinblack" onThe Gospel According to The Meninblack.The "deluxe" version consisted of a second disc containing tracks from the 'Weekend in Black' acoustic session in November 2011.

2013 saw the band play a full UK tour, with Black playing the second half at most gigs (Jim Macaulay taking the first half).[56]Several festivals were booked for 2013, including a session at theBBC Promson 12 August. For the North American tour Black was not present, with Macaulay playing the entire show.[57][58]

In 2014, the band celebrated its 40th birthday with a Ruby Tour, throughout the UK and Europe. In 2015, the March On tour had 18 dates around the United Kingdom. Where stage space allowed, a second drum kit was set up and Jet Black appeared for a set of four songs. A proposed gig in Moscow was announced and then cancelled due to visa difficulties, but a mini-tour of the UK took place in July. The band then played gigs throughout Europe, ending in November. In April 2016, they returned to New Zealand and Australia.[59]

Black ceased performing on stage with the band after some partial-set appearances in March 2015, although he remained an official member of the band until his retirement was confirmed in 2018.[60]Jim Macaulay appeared in a promotional photograph alongside Burnel, Greenfield and Warne for the first time in 2016 and has since been named as an official member of the group.

In August 2017, the Stranglers performed at an outdoor concert inHullas part of theUK City of Culturecelebrations. In July 2018, the band played at the LUNAR festival inTanworth-in-Arden.

During an interview withJanice Long,onBBC Radio Wales,on 10 July 2018, Burnel revealed that Black continued to be in fairly poor health and had suffered a minor stroke earlier in 2018.

Greenfield died on 3 May 2020, at the age of 71. He had contractedCOVID-19while in hospital for a heart ailment.[61]The band's 18th studio album,Dark Matters,features contributions from Greenfield and is also their first release following the retirement of Jet Black.[60]It was released on 10 September 2021,[62]and entered the UK Albums Chart at number 4, the highest position sinceFelinein 1983 and their first top 10 position since 1990.[63]

In November 2021, the band began what was billed as their last full tour with their new keyboard player, Toby Hounsham, who played withRialto,an English rock band formed in London in 1997, and subsequentlyMungo Jerryfor live and studio work since the early 2000s.

After many years of health problems, Black died on 6 December 2022 at the age of 84.[64]

Although the band had billed their 2021 dates as their final UK tour, The Stranglers continued to tour Europe in 2023. For 2024, a 50th Anniversary Tour was announced with dates in the UK and Europe.[10]

Legacy

[edit]

"No More Heroes"was featured in the first episode of theBBCfantasy crime drama seriesAshes to Ashesand in the third episode of the second season of the American TV showQueer as Folk.[65][66]The title was used for the 2007 video gameNo More Heroes,created by Japanese designerGoichi Suda,[67]who is also a fan of the band.[68]Despite the name, the cost of licensing the track prevented the song from appearing in the game.[68]A cover version byViolent Femmeswas used for the filmMystery Men.

The song "Let me Down Easy" was used as the opening credits theme forHardcore Henry."Peaches"appeared in the title sequence ofSexy Beastby directorJonathan Glazerand was used as the closing theme for many ofKeith Floyd's cooking programmes, with the instrumental track 'Waltzinblack' providing the title music.

"Golden Brown"featured inGuy Ritchie's filmSnatch(2000), was used extensively in the Australian filmHe Died with a Felafel in His Hand.It also featured in theBlack Mirrorepisode "Metalhead"[69]and in Season 2 ofThe Umbrella Academy.[citation needed]

More songs by the Stranglers have been licensed for use in commercials than from any other punk band.[70]"Always The Sun" was used for a tv and radio campaign by insurance companySun Alliancein 1992 and 1993.[71]"Peaches" has appeared on adverts forAdidas,HSBC,TescoandJBLspeakers[70]while "Waltzinblack" has been used forVodafoneand theCarphone Warehouse.[70]In 2002 "Hanging Around",a track from the 1977 debut albumRattus Norvegicuswhich was never released as a single, was used in several FrenchWonderbracommercials[70]featuring modelInna Zobova.[72]"Golden Brown" was used to advertiseOre-Idafrench fries and later used inWaitrose's 2008 Christmas campaign.[70]

Tori Amoscovered "Strange Little Girl"on her 2001Strange Little Girlsalbum.[73]

Members

[edit]

Current members

[edit]
  • Jean-Jacques Burnel– bass, backing vocals(1974–present),lead vocals(1974–1990, 2006–present)
  • Baz Warne– guitar, backing vocals(2000–present),lead vocals(2006–present)
  • Jim Macaulay – drums, percussion, backing vocals(2018–present, touring musician: 2012–2018)[74][75]
  • Toby Hounsham – keyboards, backing vocals(2021–present)

Former members

[edit]
  • Jet Black– drums, percussion(1974–2018; semi-retired from touring 2007–2018; died 2022)[76]
  • Hugh Cornwell– lead and backing vocals, guitar(1974–1990)
  • Hans Wärmling– keyboards, backing vocals, guitar(1974–1975; died 1995)
  • Dave Greenfield– keyboards, backing and lead vocals(1975–2020; died 2020)
  • John Ellis– guitar, backing vocals(1990–2000)
  • Paul Roberts– lead vocals(1990–2006)

Former touring musicians

[edit]
  • Ian Barnard – drums, percussion(2007–2012)

(In the late 1980s, the Stranglers regularly featured a three-piece brass section in their live line-up.)

Timeline

[edit]

Discography

[edit]
Main article:The Stranglers discography
Studio albums

References

[edit]
  1. ^Cartwright, Garth (17 May 2020)."Dave Greenfield: Keyboardist Who Defined the Sound of the Stranglers".The Independent.Retrieved5 June2021.
  2. ^abHughes, Rob (6 May 2020)."The Stranglers: A Guide to Their Best Album".Louder Sound.Retrieved5 June2021.
  3. ^"Dark Matters".Stranglers Official Online Store.TM Stores.Retrieved24 August2021.Surviving Stranglers band members, JJ Burnel, Baz Warne and newest member Jim Macaulay completed Dark Matters remotely during lockdowns, making it their first album since 2012.
  4. ^abBuckley 1997,p. 23.
  5. ^Hasted, Nick (6 November 2007),"The Stranglers, Roundhouse, London",The Independent
  6. ^Thompson, Dave."Biography"(DLL).The Stranglers.allmusic.Retrieved25 May2008.
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  10. ^ab"'Fifty Years in Black' anniversary tour comes to Europe! – the Stranglers (Official Site) ".
  11. ^Western Mail (Cardiff, Wales)– The Stranglers.(News)
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  13. ^Virgin Radio– Stranglers biography
  14. ^TRIBUTE – THE STRANGLERS: The stranglers' timeline.(Chronology)– Music Week
  15. ^The Stranglers on 40 years of fights, drugs, UFOs and 'doing all the wrong things'-The Guardian.12 March 2014. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
  16. ^"'74-'14: Forty years in photos-part 1 ".Stranglers Official Site.Retrieved25 June2020.
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  25. ^Buckley 1997,p. 49.
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  33. ^"マガジン".Bounce.Retrieved4 July2011.
  34. ^"V.A. ( PUNK ): ＜パンクロック の phong ấn を giải く＞" Đông Kinh ロッカーズ "の toàn cảnh に bách る『ROCKERS[ hoàn toàn bản ]』 / BARKS ニュース".Barks.jp[ja].8 August 2008.Retrieved4 July2011.
  35. ^Strangled. Vol: 2. No.: 18. June 1984
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  39. ^Buckley 1997,p. 135.
  40. ^abCornwell & Drury 2001,p. 131.
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  42. ^abBuckley 1997,p. 174.
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Sources

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