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The Unification Church and politics

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Since its founder's start in advocating for theKorean independence movement[1]theUnification Churchled bySun Myung Moonhas been highly politically active. The degree of involvement of the Unification Church, as well as some of its specific stances, have also been part of the reason for the movement's controversial status over the years. The belief in the establishment of a literalKingdom of Godon earth and church founderSun Myung Moon's teaching that religion alone is not enough to bring this about provides a motivation for political involvement.[2]

In the 1950s and 80s, the Unification Church set up media companies, research centers, and educational institutions that focused on anti-communist ideologies. The media heavily criticizeed them for possibly leading to nuclear war.[3][4][5]The Unification Church also took part in politics, particularly concerning thereunification of Korea.Moon had links to conservative politicians, including members of theAbe familyin Japan, leading to debates about the extent of the Unification Church's influence in political matters.[6]

The Unification Church has distinct teachings on politics as depicted in its central book, theDivine Principle.The book argues that God-centered governance will eventually replace existing political structures. This is envisioned as a family-like structure with Moon serving as the monarch and being referred to as the "True Parent."The Unification Church teaches about establishing a “Kingdom of Heaven on Earth,” which would be a religious monarchy.[7]

The Unification Church connections and activities in Japan was attention when the son of a member his mother of the Unification Church was implicated in theassassination of former Prime Minister Shinzo Abein 2022.[8][9][10]In the United States, the involvement of Moon's son,Hyung Jin Moon,in theJanuary 6 United States Capitol attack,[11]was another instance that highlighted the Unification Church's engagement in political affairs.

1940s and early anti-Communism[edit]

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In the 1940s, Moon cooperated withCommunist Partymembers in support of theKorean independence movementagainstImperial Japan.After theKorean War(1950–1953), he became an outspokenanti-communist.[1]

In 1964, he founded theKorean Culture and Freedom Foundation,apublic diplomacyagency that promoted South Korea's interests and sponsored Radio Free Asia. FormerU.S. PresidentsHarry S. Truman,Dwight D. Eisenhower,andRichard Nixonwere honorary presidents or directors at various times.[12]

Moon viewed theCold Warbetween liberal democracy and communism as the final conflict betweenGodandSatan,with divided Korea as its primaryfront line.[13]Soon after its founding, the Unification movement began supporting anti-communist organizations, including theWorld League for Freedom and Democracyfounded in 1966 inTaipei,Republic of China(Taiwan), byChiang Kai-shek,[14]and theKorean Culture and Freedom Foundation,an internationalpublic diplomacyorganization which also sponsored Radio Free Asia.[15]The Unification movement was criticized for its anti-communist activism by themainstream mediaand thealternative press,and many members of them said that it could lead toWorld War Threeand anuclear holocaust.The movement's anti-communist activities received financial support from Japanese millionaire and activistRyōichi Sasakawa.[3][4][5]

1970s–1980s[edit]

In 1972, Moon predicted the decline ofcommunism,based on the teachings of theDivine Principle:"After 7,000 biblical years—6,000 years of restoration history plus the millennium, the time of completion—communism will fall in its 70th year. Here is the meaning of the year 1978. Communism, begun in 1917, could maintain itself approximately 60 years and reach its peak. So 1978 is the border line and afterward communism will decline; in the 70th year it will be altogether ruined. This is true. Therefore, now is the time for people who are studying communism to abandon it."[16]In 1973, he called for an "automatictheocracy"to replace communism and solve" every political and economic situation in every field ".[17]In 1975, Moon spoke at a government sponsored rally against potential North Korean military aggression onYeouido Islandin Seoul to an audience of around 1 million.[18]

In 1976, Moon establishedNews World Communications,an international news media conglomerate which publishesThe Washington Timesnewspaper inWashington, D.C.,and newspapers in South Korea, Japan, and South America, partly in order to promote politicalconservatism.According toThe Washington Post,"theTimeswas established by Moon to combat communism and be a conservative alternative to what he perceived as the liberal bias ofThe Washington Post."[19]Bo Hi Pak,called Moon's "right-hand man", was the founding president and the founding chairman of the board.[20]Moon askedRichard L. Rubenstein,a rabbi and college professor, to join its board of directors.[21]The Washington Timeshas often been noted for its generally pro-Israel editorial policies.[22]In 2002, during the 20th anniversary party for theTimes,Moon said: "TheWashington Timeswill become the instrument in spreading the truth aboutGodto the world. "[19]

In 1980, members foundedCAUSA International,an anti-communist educational organization based inNew York City.[23]In the 1980s, it was active in 21 countries. In the United States, it sponsored educational conferences forevangelicalandfundamentalistChristian leaders[24]as well as seminars and conferences forSenatestaffers,Hispanic Americansand conservative activists.[25]In 1986, CAUSA International sponsored the documentary filmNicaragua Was Our Home,about theMiskitoIndians ofNicaraguaand their persecution at the hands of the Nicaraguan government. It was filmed and produced by USA-UWC memberLee Shapiro,who later died while filming with anti-Soviet forces during theSoviet–Afghan War.[26][27][28][29]At this time CAUSA international also directly assisted theUnited States Central Intelligence Agencyin supplyingthe Contras,in addition to paying for flights by rebel leaders. CAUSA's aid to the Contras escalated after Congress cut off CIA funding for them. According to contemporary CIA reports, supplies for the anti-Sandinista forces and their families came from a variety of sources in the US ranging from Moon's Unification Church to U.S. politicians, evangelical groups and former military officers.[30][31][32][33]

In 1980, members in Washington, D.C., disrupted a protest rally against the United Statesmilitary draft.[34]In 1981, theAppellate DivisionofNew York StateSupreme Courtruled that the HSA–UWC was not entitled toproperty taxexemptionson itsNew York Cityproperties since its primary purpose was political, notreligious.[35]In 1982, this ruling was overturned by the New York State Supreme Court itself, which ruled that it should be considered a religious organization for tax purposes.[36]

In 1983, some American members joined a public protest against theSoviet Unionin response to its shooting down ofKorean Airlines Flight 007.[37]In 1984, the HSA–UWC founded the Washington Institute for Values in Public Policy, a Washington, D.C.think tankthat underwrites conservative-oriented research and seminars atStanford University,theUniversity of Chicago,and other institutions.[38]In the same year, memberDan Feffermanfounded the International Coalition for Religious Freedom inVirginia,which is active in protesting what it considers to be threats toreligious freedomby governmental agencies.[39]In August 1985, theProfessors World Peace Academy,an organization founded by Moon, sponsored a conference inGenevato debate the theme "The situation in the world after the fall of the communist empire."[40]After thedissolution of the Soviet Unionin 1991 the Unification movement promoted extensive missionary work in Russia and other former Soviet nations.[41]

1990s[edit]

In April 1990, Moon visited theSoviet Unionand met with PresidentMikhail Gorbachev.Moon expressed support for the political and economic transformations under way in the Soviet Union. At the same time the Unification Church was expanding into formerly communist nations.[42]In 1991, he met withKim Il Sung,the North Korean President, to discuss ways to achieve peace on theKorean peninsula,as well as oninternational relations,tourism, and other topics.[43]In 1994, Moon was officially invited to the funeral ofKim Il Sung,in spite of the absence ofdiplomatic relationsbetween North Korea and South Korea.[44]

In 1994 theNew York Timesrecognized the church's political influence, saying it was "a theocratic powerhouse that is pouring foreign fortunes into conservative causes in the United States."[45]In 1998 the Egyptian newspaperAl-Ahramcriticized Moon's "ultra-right leanings" and suggested a personal relationship with conservative Israeli prime ministerBenjamin Netanyahu.[46]

In 1995, the former U.S. PresidentGeorge H. W. Bushand his wife,Barbara Bush,spoke at a Unification Church event in theTokyo Dome.[47]"If as president I could have done one thing to have helped the country more," Mr. Bush told the gathering, "it would have been to do a better job in finding a way, either through speaking out or through raising a moral standard, to strengthen the American family."[48]Hak Ja Han,the main speaker, credited her husband with bringing aboutCommunism's fall and declared that he must save America from "the destruction of the family and moral decay."[49]

In 2000 Moon founded the World Association of Non-Governmental Organizations (WANGO), which describes itself as "a global organization whose mission is to serve its member organizations, strengthen and encourage the non-governmental sector as a whole, increase public understanding of the non-governmental community, and provide the mechanism and support needed forNGOsto connect, partner, and multiply their contributions to solve humanity's basic problems. "However it has been criticized for promoting conservatism in contrast to some of the ideals of theUnited Nations.[50][51][52]

In 2003, Korean Unification Church members started apolitical partyinSouth Korea.It was named "The Party for God, Peace, Unification, and Home." In an inauguration declaration, the new party said it would focus on preparing for thereunificationof the South andNorth Koreaby educating the public about God and peace. A church official said that similar political parties would be started inJapanand theUnited States.[53]

Moon was a member of the Honorary Committee of theUnification Ministryof the Republic of Korea.[54]The church member Jae-jung Lee had been once a unification minister of theRepublic of Korea.[55]Another,Ek Nath Dhakal,is a member of theNepalese Constituent Assembly,[56]and a first Minister for Co-operatives and Poverty Alleviationu Ministry of the Government of Nepal.[57]

Korean unification[edit]

In 1991, Moon met withKim Il-sung,the North Korean President, to discuss ways to achieve peace on theKorean Peninsula,as well as oninternational relations,tourism, and other topics.[43]In 1992, Kim gave his first and only interview with the Western news media toWashington TimesreporterJosette Sheeran,who later became executive director of theUnited Nations World Food Programme.[58]In 1994, Moon was officially invited to Kim's funeral, in spite of the absence ofdiplomatic relationsbetween North Korea and South Korea.[59]

In 1998, Unification movement-related businesses launched operations in North Korea with the approval of the government of South Korea, which had prohibited business relationships between North and South before.[60]In 2000, the church-associated business groupTongil GroupfoundedPyeonghwa Motorsin the North Korean port ofNampo,in cooperation with the North Korean government. It was the first automobile factory in North Korea.[61]

During the presidency ofGeorge W. Bush,Dong Moon Joo,a Unification movement member and then president ofThe Washington Times,undertook unofficial diplomatic missions to North Korea in an effort to improve its relationship with the United States.[62]Joo was born in North Korea and is a citizen of the United States.[63]

In 2003, Korean Unification Movement members started apolitical partyin South Korea. It was named The Party for God, Peace, Unification and Home. In its inauguration declaration, the new party said it would focus on preparing forKorean reunificationby educating the public about God and peace.[64]Moon was a member of the Honorary Committee of theUnification Ministryof the Republic of Korea.[65]Church member Jae-jung Lee was a Unification Minister of theRepublic of Korea.[66]

In 2010, in Pyongyang, to mark the 20th anniversary of Moon's visit to Kim Il-sung,de jurehead of stateKim Yong-namhosted Moon's sonHyung Jin Moon,then the president of the Unification Church, in hisofficial residence.[67][68]At that time, Hyung Jin Moon donated 600 tons of flour to the children ofJeongju,the birthplace of Sun Myung Moon.[69][70]

In 2012, Moon was posthumously awarded North Korea'sNational Reunification Prize.[71]On the first anniversary of Moon's death,North Korean chairmanKim Jong-unexpressed condolences to Han and the family, saying: "Kim Jong-un prayed for the repose of Moon, who worked hard for national concord, prosperity and reunification and world peace."[72]In 2017, the Unification Church sponsored the International Association of Parliamentarians for Peace (IAPP)—headed by former Prime Minister ofNepalMadhav Kumar Nepaland former Minister of Peace and ReconstructionEk Nath Dhakal—visited Pyongyang and had constructive talks with theKorean Workers' Party.[73]In 2020 the movement held an in-person and virtual rally for Korean unification which drew about one million attendees.[74]

Unification Church practices in Japan[edit]

The Japanese government certified the UC as a religious organisation in 1964; theAgency for Cultural Affairsclassifies the UC as a Christian organisation.[75]Since then the government was unable to prevent the UC's activities because of the freedom of religion guaranteed in theConstitution of Japan,according toMitsuhiro Suganuma[ja],the former section head of thePublic Security Intelligence Agency's Second Intelligence Department.[76]

According to historians, up to 70% of the UC's wealth has been accumulated through outdoor fundraising rounds.Steven Hassan,a former UC member, engaged in the deprogramming of other UC members,[77]describes these as "spiritual sales"(reikan shōhō,Linh cảm thương pháp ), with parishioners scanningobituaries,goingdoor-to-door,and saying, "Your dead loved one is communicating with us, so please go to the bank and send money to the Unification Church so your loved one can ascend to heaven in the spirit world."[78]

Moon's theology teaches that his homeland Korea is the "Adamcountry ", home of the rulers destined to control the world. Japan is the" fallenEvecountry ". The dogma teaches Eve had sexual relations withSatanand then seduced Adam, which caused mankind to fall from grace (original sin), while Moon was appointed to bring mankind to salvation. Japan must be subservient to Korea.[78][79]This was used to encourage their Japanese followers into offering every single material belonging to Korea via the church.[80]

According to journalistFumiaki Tada[ja]and other former UC followers, the conditions for Japanese followers to participate in the UC's mass wedding were substantially more difficult than Korean people, on grounds of "Japan's sinfuloccupation of Korea"between 1910 and 1945. In 1992, each Japanese follower needed to successfully bring three more people into the church, fulfill certain quota of fundraising by selling the church's merchandise, undergo a 7-day long fasting, and pay an appreciation fee of 1.4 million yen. For Korean people, the fee for attending the mass wedding was 2 millionwon(about 200 thousand yen in September 2022). Most Korean attendees were not followers of the church to begin with, as UC considered it was an honour for a Japanese woman to be married to a Korean man, like an abandoned dog being picked up by a prince. If the Japanese followers wanted to leave their partners of the mass wedding or the church, they would be told that they be damned to the "hell of hell".[81][82]

In 1987, about 300 lawyers in Japan set up an association called theNational Network of Lawyers Against Spiritual Sales(Zenkoku Benren) to help victims of the UC and similar organisations.[83][84]According to statistics compiled by the association's lawyers between 1987 and 2021, the association and local government consumer centers received 34,537 complaints alleging that UC had forced people to make unreasonably large donations or purchase large amounts of items, amounting to about 123.7 billion yen.[85]According to the internal data compiled by the UC which leaked to the media, the donation by the Japanese followers between 1999 and 2011 was about 60 billion yen annually.[86]

Relationship between Abe's family and the Unification Church[edit]

See also:Assassination of Shinzo Abe

Abe, as well as his fatherShintaro Abeand his grandfatherNobusuke Kishi,had longstanding ties to theUnification Church(UC), anew religious movementknown for itsmass weddingceremonies.[6]Known officially as the Family Federation for World Peace and Unification (FFWPU), the movement was founded bySun Myung Moonin Korea in 1954 and its followers are colloquially known as "Moonies".Moon was a self-declaredmessiahand ardentanti-communist.[87]

Nobusuke Kishi's postwar political agenda led him to work closely withRyoichi Sasakawa,a businessman and nationalist politician during theSecond World War.As Moon's advisor, Sasakawa helped establish the UC in Japan in 1963 and assumed the roles of both patron and president of the church's political wing,International Federation for Victory over Communism(IFVOC,Quốc tế thắng cộng liền hợp), which would forge intimate ties with Japan's conservative politicians.[88]In this way, Sasakawa and Kishi shielded what would become one of the most widely distrusted groups in contemporary Japan.[89]

Moon's organisations, including the Unification Church and the overtly political IFVOC, were financially supported by Ryoichi Sasakawa andYoshio Kodama.[90]

When the UC still had a few thousand Unification Church followers, its headquarters was located on land once owned by Kishi inNanpeidaichō, Shibuya,Tokyo, and UC officials frequently visited the adjacent Kishi residence. By the early 1970s, Unification Church members were being used by theLiberal Democratic Party(LDP) ascampaignworkers without compensation. LDP politicians were also required to visit the Unification Church headquarters in South Korea and receive Moon's lectures on theology, regardless of their religious views or membership. In return, Japanese authorities shielded the Unification Church from legal penalties over their often-fraudulent and aggressive practices.[89]Subsequently, the Unification Church gained much influence in Japan, laying the groundwork for its push into the United States and its later entrenchment.[91]

Such a relationship was passed on to Kishi's son-in-law, formerforeign ministerShintaro Abe, who attended a dinner party held by Moon at theImperial Hotelin 1974. In the US, the 1978Fraser Report– an inquiry by theUS Congressinto American–Korean relations – determined that,Kim Jong-pil,founder and director of theKorean C.I.A.an associate of Yoshio Kodama[90]and from 1971 to 1975 Prime Minister of South Korea, had "organized" the Unification Church in the early 1960s and was using it "as a political tool" on behalf of authoritarian PresidentPark Chung Heeand the military dictatorship.[92]

In 1989, Moon urged his followers to establish their footing inJapan's parliament,then install themselves as secretaries for the Japanese lawmakers, and focus on those of [Shintaro] Abe's faction in the LDP. Moon also stressed that they must construct their political influence not only in the parliament, but also on Japan's district level.[93]

Shinzo Abe continued this relationship, and in May 2006, when he was Chief Cabinet Secretary, he and several cabinet ministers sent congratulatory telegrams to a mass wedding ceremony organised by the Unification Church'sfront group,Universal Peace Federation (UPF,Thiên trụ bình thản liền hợp), for 2,500 couples of Japanese and Korean men and women.[94][95][96]

On 8 July 2022 around 11:30 JST,[97][98]a 41-year-old man namedTetsuya Yamagami,a formerJMSDFmember, shotShinzo Abeand was immediately arrested and later confessed to local police.[99][100]Yamagami stated that he held a grudge against theUnification Church[8][9][10]and shot Abe because "the religious group and Abe were connected".[101][102][103]Yamagami said he resented the fact that his mother was brain-washed by the religious group, and had gone bankrupt as a result.[104][105]

Yamagami had been trying to killHak Ja Hanof the Unification Church since around 2002, but he gave up because he could not get close to her, changing his target to Abe.[106]Yamagami said that he "didn't have a grudge against Abe's political beliefs", but instead that he killed Abe because he believed the former prime minister had spread the religion to Japan.[104][105]Abe and his family were known to have long-standing ties to the Unification Church, dating back to his grandfather Kishi Nobusuke; Abe himself had held speeches in support of the religious movement.[107][108]According to research byNikkan Gendai,10 out of 20 members in the Fourth Abe Cabinet had connections to the Unification Church.[109]

On October 1, 2023, the Japanese government began to pursue an attempt to dissolve the Unification Church in Japan.[110]

After the death of Moon[edit]

In spring 2021, the chairman of the UPF's Japanese branch,Masayoshi Kajikuri[ja],called Abe and asked if the latter would consider speaking before an upcoming UPF rally in September if former US presidentDonald Trumpalso attended.[108][111]Abe replied that he had to accept the offer should that be the case; he formally agreed to his participation on 24 August 2021. At the September rally, held ten months before the assassination, Abe stated to Kajikuri that, "The image of the Great Father [Moon] crossing his arms and smiling gave me goosebumps. I still respectably remember the sincerity [you] showed in the last sixelectionsin the past eight years. "Kajikuri claimed that he originally invited three unnamed former Japanese prime ministers, but was turned down due to concern of being used asposter boysfor Unification Church's mission.[112][113]

According to research byNikkan Gendai,ten out of twenty members in theFourth Abe Cabinethad connections to the Unification Church,[114]but these connections were largely ignored by Japanese journalists.[115]After the assassination, Japanese defence ministerNobuo Kishi,Abe's younger brother, was forced to disclose that he had been supported by the Unification Church in past elections.[116][117][118][119]

In the United States[edit]

In 2016 a study sponsored by theUnification Theological Seminaryfound that American Unification Church members were divided in their choices in the2016 United States presidential election,with the largest bloc supportingSenator Bernie Sanders.[120]

After the 2014 founding ofRod of Iron Ministries,a splinter group from the Unification Church, Sun Myung Moon's son,Hyung Jin Moonpublicly aligned with conservative politicians and far-right media figures.[121]Moon espoused strong support for PresidentDonald Trumpduring and after Trump's presidency.[122]Moon endorsed the "big lie"that the 2020 presidentialelection was stolenfrom Trump.[123]Moon and other members of Sanctuary Church participated in theJanuary 6, 2021 United States Capitol attack.[11]Moon faced no criminal charges from his involvement in the January 6 insurrection.[124]

Gun ritual controversy[edit]

Hyung Jin Moon's church, World Peace and Unification Sanctuary Church inNewfoundland, Pennsylvania,gained national attention[125][126][127]in early 2018 for holding a marriage vows renewal ceremony that asked participants to bring theirAR–15 rifles.[128]Hyung Jin Moon has likened the AR–15 rifles to the biblical "rod of iron".[123][129]Neighbors of the church came out to protest the insensitivity of having the AR–15 rifles at the event so soon after theParkland, Florida shootingthat killed 17.[130]To address concerns voiced by parents of an elementary school nearby, theWallenpaupack Area School Districtrelocated students for the day.[131]

Commentary[edit]

Michelle Goldberg:"Like most Americans, Wineburg had been unaware of the power Moon holds in our nation's politics. The reverend, who once served eleven months in prison forincome tax fraud,is best known for marrying thousands of strangers inmass weddings.Those events earned him a public reputation as a spectacle-mad eccentric, but that obscures his role as a significant D.C.power broker.In fact, Moon is an important patron of theRepublican partyand of theconservative movement."[132]

Robert Parry:"Over the past quarter century, South Korean theocratSun Myung Moonhas been one of theBush family’s major benefactors – both politically and financially. "[133]

Richard Rubenstein:"I especially appreciated Rev. Moon’s commitment to the fight against Communism. From his own first-hand, personal experience and out of his religious convictions, he understood how tragic a political and social blight that movement had been. I had been inEastandWest Berlinthe week theBerlin Wallwas erected inAugust 1961and had visitedcommunist Polandin 1965. Unfortunately, many of my liberal academic colleagues did not understand the full nature of the threat as did Rev. Moon. I was impressed with the sophistication of Rev. Moon’santi-communism.He understood communism’s evil, but he also stood ready to meet with communist leaders such asMikhail GorbachevandKim Il Sungin the hope of changing or moderating their views. "[134]

Thomas Ward: "With theCold War'sconclusion, a rush began amongst scholars, analysts, and pundits to identify the key personalities and factors that contributed to theSoviet Empire'scollapse. Competing theories abounded, with key roles being assigned toRonald Reagan,John Paul II,Mikhail Gorbachev,Norman Podhoretz,Alexander SolzhenitzynandSidney Hook,as well as tofreedom fighters,refuseniksand populist movements such asSolidarity.In their interpretation of various events, some scholars opted to depersonalize the process, crediting the fall of theSoviet Unionto phenomena such as evolving patterns ofeconomic developmentand theinformation revolution.Among the contributions to the postmortem literature is Richard Gid Powers' Not Without Honor (1995), which professed to be "The History of American Anticommunism." Powers' 554-page opus of names and organizations omits all of the American entities associated with Reverend Moon, and denies them any role in rolling back communism in the 1970s and 80s. In the 672 pages of On the Brink: The Dramatic Behind the Scenes Saga of the Reagan Era and the Men and Women who Won the Cold War (1996),Jay Winikrecords a brief mention of one Moon-related organization, The Washington Times, but only in noting its early reporting on the unfolding story of Iran Contra. Accounts by Brian Crozier, Adam Ulam, Bob Woodward, and Jack Matlock, US Ambassador to the Soviet Union under President Reagan, also make no mention of Moon's efforts. Intentionally or not, Reverend Moon has been expunged from the record in spite of the adverse, critical coverage his activities received in the mainstream and alternative media when anticommunism was viewed with disdain. "[135]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^abMoon, Sun Myung (2009).As a Peace-Loving Global Citizen.Gimm-Young Publishers.ISBN978-0-7166-0299-6.
  2. ^Tingle, D. and Fordyce, R. 1979,Phases and Faces of the Moon: A Critical Examination of the Unification Church and its Principles,Hicksville, NY: Exposition PressISBN0-682-49264-7p86-87
  3. ^ab"CAUSA/The Downfall of Communism".tparents.org.Retrieved2022-08-10.
  4. ^ab"The Resurrection of Reverend Moon".Frontline.PBS. 21 January 1992. Archived fromthe originalon 7 January 2011.
  5. ^abGoodman, Walter (1992-01-21)."Review/Television; Sun Myung Moon Changes Robes".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Retrieved2022-08-10.
  6. ^abChang, May Choon (2022-07-11),"South Korean church known for mass weddings in spotlight after Abe's killing",The Straits Times,retrieved2022-12-05
  7. ^"Pray, Pray, and Pray for God - Sun Myung Moon".
  8. ^ab"【 một mình 】 an lần nguyên thủ tương を kích った trên núi triệt cũng が cung thuật した, tôn giáo đoàn thể “Thống nhất giáo hội” の danh trước ( hiện đại ビジネス biên tập bộ ) ".Hiện đại ビジネス(in Japanese). 9 July 2022.Archivedfrom the original on 9 July 2022.Retrieved9 July2022.Trên núi dung nghi giả は “Tự đánh giá の mẫu thân が thống nhất giáo hội の tin người で, an lần tấn tam が thống nhất giáo hội と thân しいと biết って thư った” と cung thuật している.[Yamagami stated that he "targeted Shinzo Abe after learning that his mother was a member of the Unification Church, and that Shinzo Abe had ties with the Unification Church".]
  9. ^ab"An lần nguyên thủ tương súng kích の trên núi dung nghi giả học sinh xuất sắc バスケ thiếu niên を変えた" thống nhất giáo hội で gia đình băng 壊 "… Sự kiện trước には gần lân トラブルで tuyệt kêu 【 nguyên điểm chân dung vào tay 】".Yahoo! News Japan.10 July 2022.Archivedfrom the original on 10 July 2022.Retrieved10 July2022.しかしそ の ngày は, 『 tự đánh giá の gia tộc が thống nhất giáo hội に quan わっていて, linh cảm thương pháp トラブルでバラバラになってしまった...』と ngữ りはじめた の です. Trên núi さんは続けて, 『 thống nhất giáo hội は, an lần と quan わりが thâm い. だから, cảnh sát も lục soát tra ができないんだ』[On that day, he said, "My family was involved with the Unification Church..." Yamagami continued, "The Unification Church is deeply involved with Abe, and that's why the police can't investigate".]
  10. ^abBénédicte Lutaud (9 July 2022)."Assassinat de Shinzo Abe: que sait-on de l'homme qui a tiré sur l'ancien premier ministre japonais?".Le Figaro.Archivedfrom the original on 9 July 2022.Retrieved10 July2022.Plus tard, des médias locaux ont toutefois évoqué le nom de «l'Église de l'Unification», plus connue en Occident sous l'appellation de la secte Moon.[Later, however, local media referred to the name of the "Unification Church", better known in the West as the Moon sect.]
  11. ^abGreen, Jordan (4 August 2021)."'Good Way to Die': The Moonies and the Jan. 6 Insurrection ".DC Report.Retrieved13 November2021.
  12. ^"Korean denies influence peddling".Bangor Daily News.Retrieved21 March2012.
  13. ^Christianity: A Global History,David Chidester, HarperCollins, 2001,ISBN0062517708,9780062517708, pages 514 to 515
  14. ^The World's Religions: Continuities and Transformations,Peter B Clarke, Peter Beyer, Taylor & Francis, 2008ISBN1135211000,9781135211004
  15. ^"Korean denies influence peddling".Bangor Daily News.Retrieved21 March2012.
  16. ^The Way of Restoration,(April, 1972)
  17. ^Sun Myung Moon and the Unification Church,Frederick Sontag,Abingdon Press,Jan 1, 1977, page 122
  18. ^Quebedeaux, Richard (1982).Richard Quebedeaux, Lifestyle: Conversations with Members of Unification Church.Erick Rodriguez.ISBN9780932894182.Retrieved9 October2012.
  19. ^abAhrens, Frank (May 23, 2002)."Moon Speech Raises Old Ghosts as the Times Turns 20".The Washington Post.Retrieved2009-08-16.
  20. ^Pak was founding president of the Washington Times Corporation (1982–1992), and founding chairman of the board.Bo Hi Pak,Appendix B: Brief Chronology of the Life of Dr. Bo Hi Pak, inMessiah: My Testimony to Rev. Sun Myung Moon, Vol Iby Bo Hi Pak (2000), Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
  21. ^"Rabbi Joins the Board of Moonie Newspaper",The Palm Beach Post,May 21, 1978
  22. ^As U.S. Media Ownership Shrinks, Who Covers Islam?,Washington Report on Middle East Affairs,December 1997
  23. ^"Moon's" Cause "Takes Aim At Communism in Americas."The Washington Post.August 28, 1983
  24. ^Sun Myung Moon's Followers Recruit Christians to Assist in Battle Against CommunismChristianity Today,June 15, 1985
  25. ^Church Spends Millions On Its Image,The Washington Post,1984-09-17. "Another church political arm, Causa International, which preaches a philosophy it calls" God-ism, "has been spending millions of dollars on expense-paid seminars and conferences for Senate staffers, Hispanic Americans and conservative activists. It also has contributed $500,000 to finance an anticommunist lobbying campaign headed by John T. (Terry) Dolan, chairman of the National Conservative Political Action Committee (NCPAC)."
  26. ^Corry, John (29 July 1986)."On 13, Sandinistas Vs. Miskitos".The New York Times.Retrieved19 January2019.
  27. ^"Revista Envío – How to Read the Reagan Administration: The Miskito Case".envio.org.ni.Retrieved19 January2019.
  28. ^"FAIR".Retrieved19 January2019.
  29. ^2 Americans Reported Killed In an Ambush in AfghanistanThe New York Times,1987-10-28
  30. ^"PRIVATE GROUPS REPORT SURGE IN AID TO CONTRAS".cia.gov.May 8, 1985.RetrievedJanuary 3,2023.
  31. ^"'COVERT' WAR ON SANDINISTAS CHANGING HANDS ".cia.gov.December 22, 2016.RetrievedJanuary 3,2023.
  32. ^Anderson, Jack (16 August 1984)."CIA, Moonies Cooperate in Sandinista War"(PDF).The Washington Post.RetrievedJanuary 3,2023.
  33. ^McGill, Peter (October 15, 2022)."The Dark Shadow Cast by Moon Sun Myung's Unification Church and Abe Shinzo".The Asia-Pacific Journal | Japan Focus.RetrievedNovember 26,2022.
  34. ^30,000 participate in anti-draft rally in WashingtonArchived2016-09-16 at theWayback Machine,Daily Collegian,March 24, 1980
  35. ^Moon's Sect Is Taxable, Court Rules,The New York Times,May 7, 1981
  36. ^N.Y. Upholds Tax Exemption for 'Moonies',Los Angeles Times,May 6, 1982
  37. ^Miller, Johnny (September 3, 1983)."Police chief dies at ballgame".San Francisco Chronicle.For a second day, the Soviet Consulate in Pacific Heights was the scene of emotional protests against the shooting down of a Korean Air Lines jumbo jet. About 300 people held demonstration yesterday morning. Among them were members of the Unification Church, or "Moonies," whose founder is the Rev. Sun Myung Moon, the South Korean who has melded a fierce anti-communism into his ideology. Eldridge Cleaver, the onetime black radical who recently has had ties with the Moonies, spoke at the rally. Many pickets carried signs accusing the Soviet Union of murdering the 269 passengers and crew aboard the airliner. In another development, San Francisco attorney Melvin Belli filed a $109 billion lawsuit against the Soviet Union on behalf of the 269 victims.
  38. ^Isikoff, Michael (September 17, 1984)."Church Spends Millions On Its Image".The Washington Post.RetrievedSeptember 14,2022.
  39. ^Ribadeneira, Diego (August 21, 1999). "Ire at school Star of David ruling unites ACLU, Pat Robertson".The Boston Globe.p. B2.
  40. ^Projections about a post-Soviet world-twenty-five years later.// Goliath Business News
  41. ^Carden, Paul (Summer 1998)."Cults and New Religious Movements in the Former Soviet Union".eastwestreport.org.
  42. ^EVOLUTION IN EUROPE; New Flock for Moon Church: The Changing Soviet StudentfromThe New York Times
  43. ^abAt Time of Change for Rev. Moon Church, a Return to Tradition// The New York Times, 14 October 2009
  44. ^"mk 뉴스 — kim 장례식에 ngày 여자마술사 초청한 까닭".News.mk.co.kr.Retrieved9 October2012.
  45. ^GOODMAN, WALTER (21 January 1992)."Review/Television; Sun Myung Moon Changes Robes".New York Times(published January 21, 1992).
  46. ^The same old gameArchived2009-02-15 at theWayback Machine,Al-Ahram,November 12–18, 1998, "The Washington Times is a mouthpiece for the ultra conservative Republican right, unquestioning supporters of Israel'sLikudgovernment. The newspaper is owned by Sun Myung Moon, originally a native of North Korea and head of the Unification Church, whose ultra-right leanings make him a ready ally for Netanyahu. Whether or not Netanyahu is personally acquainted with Moon is unclear, though there is no doubt that he has established close friendships with several staff members on The Washington Times, whose editorial policy is rabidly anti-Arab, anti-Muslim and pro-Israel. "
  47. ^Pollack, Andrew (September 15, 1995)."Bushes Speak at Tokyo Rally of Group Linked to Moon Church".The New York Times.
  48. ^Brozan, Nadine (July 15, 1995)."CHRONICLE".The New York Times.
  49. ^Sanger, David E. (September 17, 1995)."SEPT. 10–16; Mr. Bush's Asian Tour".The New York Times.
  50. ^Rev. Moon and the United Nations: A Challenge for the NGO Community,Harold Paine and Birgit Gratzer, Global Policy Forum
  51. ^WANGO
  52. ^In Ban's UN, Sun Myung Moon's Paper is Praised, While Gambari Raises Him Funds, WFP DemursInner City Press, June 5, 2007
  53. ^'Moonies' launch political party in S Korea,The Independent(South Africa), March 10, 2003
  54. ^"자유게시판".Unikorea.go.kr.Retrieved2012-05-23.
  55. ^"mk ´ş˝ş ĹëŔĎąłŔ°˝ÉŔÇŔ§ °łĂÖ..łťłâ ĹëŔĎąłŔ° šćÇâ źłÁ¤".News.mk.co.kr. 2006-12-28.Retrieved2012-05-23.
  56. ^Nepalese Constituent AssemblyArchived2012-03-02 at theWayback Machine
  57. ^"News in Nepal: Fast, Full & Factual".Myrepublica.Com. 2012-05-19.Retrieved2012-09-04.
  58. ^A Desire to Feed the World and Inspire Self-Sufficiency,The New York Times,August 11, 2007
  59. ^임상균,김규식 (21 December 2011)."Kim 장례식에 ngày 여자마술사 초청한 까닭".mk.co.kr.Retrieved19 January2019.
  60. ^Kirk, Don (May 2, 1998)."Reverend Moon's Group Wants to Talk Investment: Seoul Nods At Church's Foray North".The New York Times.
  61. ^Kirk, Don (February 16, 2000)."Church Reaches Across Border in Korea Car Venture: Moon's Northward Push".The New York Times.
  62. ^The Bush Administration's Secret Link to North Korea,Aram Roston,The Daily Beast,February 7, 2012
  63. ^Unification Church president on condolence visit to N. Korea,Yonhap News,December 26, 2011
  64. ^"Moonies" launch political party in S Korea,The Independent(South Africa), March 10, 2003
  65. ^"자유게시판".Unikorea.go.kr.Retrieved2012-05-23.
  66. ^"mk 'ş˝ş ĹëŔĎąłŔ°˝ÉŔÇŔ§ °łĂÖ..łťłâ ĹëŔĎąłŔ° šćÇâ źłÁ¤".News.mk.co.kr. 2006-12-28.Retrieved2012-05-23.
  67. ^"문선명은 김정일 사망 알았나".well.hani.co.kr.Retrieved19 January2019.
  68. ^"Son of Unification Church founder meets with senior North Korean official in Pyongyang".The San Diego Union-Tribune.15 December 2011.RetrievedAugust 6,2018– viaThe Associated Press.
  69. ^김, 광태 (30 November 2011)."S. Korea says food aid reached intended beneficiaries in N. Korea".Yonhap News Agency.Retrieved19 January2019.
  70. ^"Kbs News".Sports.kbs.co.kr. Archived fromthe originalon 2013-05-25.Retrieved2012-05-23.
  71. ^"Moon Sun Myung Awarded National Reunification Prize",Korean Central News Agency,7 September 2012, archived fromthe originalon 29 July 2014,retrieved13 September2012
  72. ^North Korean leader extends condolences over 1 yr anniversary of Unification Church founder death,Yonhap News,August 20, 2013
  73. ^Proposal for a Joint Mission to North Korea,Tehran Times,2017-11-6
  74. ^The Washington Times,11-22-2020,Rally for Hoope Draws Million Attendees
  75. ^Suzuki, Takuya (12 July 2022)."Unification Church says former Japan PMs Kishi, Abe 'supported' its peace movement".Mainichi Shimbun.Archived fromthe originalon 14 July 2022.Retrieved20 July2022.
  76. ^Takahashi, Kosuke (July 28, 2022)."The LDP's Tangled Ties to the Unification Church".The Diplomat.Archivedfrom the original on 30 July 2022.
  77. ^Allen, Rachael (June 1, 2021)."The Man Who Wants to Free Trump Supporters From 'Mind Control'".Slate.
  78. ^abFisher, Mark (13 July 2022)."How Abe and Japan became vital to Moon's Unification Church".The Washington Post.Archivedfrom the original on 13 July 2022.
  79. ^Sakura, Yoshihide (2010-11-01)."Geopolitical Mission Strategy: The Case of the Unification Church in Japan and Korea".Japanese Journal of Religious Studies.37(2): 317–334.doi:10.18874/jjrs.37.2.2010.317-334.hdl:2115/47996.ISSN0304-1042.JSTOR41038704.
  80. ^"Cũ thống nhất giáo hội と chính trị の quan hệ" giải tán mệnh lệnh "Tin giáo の tự do と quan hệ ない",Tokyo Broadcasting System(in Japanese), 29 August 2022,retrieved29 August2022– via YouTube
  81. ^"【 cũ thống nhất giáo hội 】 nguyên tin người nhiều Điền thị が bại lộ “Hợp đồng kết hôn thức で" mông をたたき hợp う "Nghi thức” “Tham gia tư cách は tin người khuyên dụ + hiến kim ノルマ+ đoạn thực +１４０ vạn yên” ",Mainichi Broadcasting System(in Japanese), 2 September 2022,retrieved3 September2022
  82. ^""Nguyên tin người" thê たちが ngữ る cũ thống nhất giáo hội の thật thái ",Tokyo Broadcasting System(in Japanese), 4 September 2022,retrieved4 September2022– via YouTube
  83. ^"Chính mình phá sản させられた tin người はたくさんいる. 2 thế の khổ しみがどんなにつらいか. Linh cảm thương pháp biện hộ đoàn が hội kiến"[There are many believers who have been bankrupted by themselves. How painful the suffering of the second generation is. An inspirational commercial law defence team meets].Bengo4(in Japanese). 12 July 2022. Archived fromthe originalon 12 July 2022 – via Yahoo! News Japan.
  84. ^Cả nước linh cảm thương pháp đối sách biện hộ sĩ liên lạc sẽ[National Inspirational Commercial Law Countermeasures Lawyer Liaison Committee] (in Japanese). National Network of Lawyers Against Spiritual Sales. Archived fromthe originalon 10 July 2022.
  85. ^Song khẩu đừng người bị hại tập kế ( 1987 năm ~ )(in Japanese). National Network of Lawyers Against Spiritual Sales. Archived fromthe originalon 11 July 2022.
  86. ^"Cũ thống nhất giáo hội の tên 変 càng “お tế り tao ぎ” “Tân しい người が nhập りやすく” nguyên tin người が bảng tường trình chính trị gia と giáo đoàn の quan hệ に tin người gia tộc は phẫn り “Vấn đề ý thức なくがっかり” ",Tokyo Broadcasting System(in Japanese), 2 August 2022,retrieved12 September2022– via YouTube
  87. ^"Shinzo Abe: Unification Church distances itself from assassination 11.07.2022".Deutsche Welle. Archived fromthe originalon 14 July 2022.Retrieved20 July2022.
  88. ^Andrew Marshall, Michiko Toyama:In The Name of the Godfather,Tokyo Journal, October 1994. Pages 29–35
  89. ^abRichard, Samuels J. (December 2001), "Kishi and Corruption: An Anatomy of the 1955 System",Japan Policy Research Institute(Working Paper No. 83)
  90. ^abCrittenden, Ann (1976-05-25)."Moon's Sect Pushes Pro‐Seoul Activities".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Retrieved2023-04-04.
  91. ^Hyun, Cho (12 July 2022)."Why did Abe appear in a Unification Church video?".Hankyoreh.Archivedfrom the original on 12 July 2022.Retrieved12 July2022.
  92. ^Halloran, Richard (16 March 1978)."UNIFICATION CHURCH CALLED SEOUL TOOL".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on 14 July 2022.Retrieved13 July2022.
  93. ^"“An lần phái trung tâm に quan hệ cường hóa を” cũ thống nhất giáo hội sáng lập giả ・ văn tiên minh thị が tin người に chính giới công tác nói く ",TV Asahi(in Japanese), 2022-11-07,retrieved2022-11-08
  94. ^About the Founders,Universal Peace Federation,archivedfrom the original on 23 July 2022,retrieved23 July2022
  95. ^"Prime Minister Abe sent congratulatory telegrams to Unification Church".japan-press.co.jp.Archivedfrom the original on 7 April 2022.Retrieved10 July2022.
  96. ^Hirotoshi Itō (14 July 2022)."“Ủng hộ はできないが, thống nhất hiệp hội へ の hận みは lý giải できる” nguyên tin người が biện hộ sĩ hội kiến で minh かしたこと "[ "I can't defend it, but I understand the grudge against the Unification Church," a former believer revealed at a lawyer's press conference.].Gendai IsmediaKōdansha(in Japanese).Archivedfrom the original on 25 July 2022.Retrieved25 July2022.
  97. ^An lần tấn tam ám sát dung nghi giả, an lần tấn tam (16 July 2022)."An lần nguyên thủ tương ám sát".An lần nguyên thủ tương を ám sát した phạm nhân.
  98. ^"An lần nguyên thủ tương の ám sát ど の ように khởi きた の か"(in Japanese). BBC.Retrieved16 July2022.
  99. ^"Former Japanese PM Shinzo Abe shot in Nara, man in his 40s arrested".NHK World News – Japan.NHK Broadcasting.Archivedfrom the original on 8 July 2022.Retrieved8 July2022.
  100. ^"Abe shooting suspect's motive related to 'specific organization,' police say".Nikkei Asia.Archivedfrom the original on 8 July 2022.Retrieved8 July2022.
  101. ^FNNプライムオンライン (8 July 2022)."An lần nguyên thủ tương súng kích で trên núi dung nghi giả “ある riêng の tôn giáo đoàn thể に hận み” ｜ FNNプライムオンライン ".FNNプライムオンライン(in Japanese).Archivedfrom the original on 8 July 2022.Retrieved8 July2022.
  102. ^Cộng đồng thông tín (8 July 2022)."“Riêng の đoàn thể に hận みがあり phạm hành に cập んだ” ｜ cộng đồng thông tín ".Cộng đồng thông tín(in Japanese).Archivedfrom the original on 8 July 2022.Retrieved8 July2022.
  103. ^"Súng kích の dung nghi giả “An lần thị, riêng đoàn thể につながりと tư い込み” ".Nhật Bản kinh tế tin tức(in Japanese). 8 July 2022.Archivedfrom the original on 8 July 2022.Retrieved8 July2022.
  104. ^abSúng kích dung nghi giả “Mẫu thân が tôn giáo に の めり込み phá sản” an lần thị に một phương hận みか(in Japanese).Mainichi shimbun.9 July 2022. Archived fromthe originalon 9 July 2022.Retrieved9 July2022.
  105. ^abLúc trước の thư いは tôn giáo đoàn thể の cán bộ tập kích か “Mẫu thân が の めり込み hận みがあった” an lần nguyên thủ tương súng kích sự kiện の dung nghi giả が cung thuật(in Japanese).Yomiuri shimbun.9 July 2022. Archived fromthe originalon 9 July 2022.Retrieved9 July2022.
  106. ^Một mình “Hỏa viêm phóng xạ khí を cầm って” cung thuật で phân biệt rõ した cũ thống nhất giáo hội tập kích kế hoạch an lần nguyên tổng lý を thư った lý do(in Japanese). TV asahi. 12 July 2022. Archived fromthe originalon 12 July 2022.
  107. ^"Killing of Shinzo Abe shines spotlight on politicians' links with Moonies",Financial Times,11 July 2022,archivedfrom the original on 12 July 2022,retrieved11 July2022
  108. ^ab"Ex-PM Abe sends message of support to Moonies-related NGO".japan-press.co.jp.18 September 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 9 July 2022.Retrieved11 July2022.
  109. ^"Cũ thống nhất giáo hội と “Quan hệ アリ” quốc hội nghị viên リスト vào tay! Lịch đại chính 権 の quan trọng ポスト kinh nghiệm giả が34 người も ".Nikkan Gendai.16 July 2022.Retrieved22 July2022.
  110. ^"Government to seek court order to revoke Unification Church's status".The Japan Times.2023-10-01.Retrieved2023-10-01.
  111. ^Fisher, Marc (7 July 2022)."How Abe and Japan became vital to Moon's Unification Church".The Washington Post.Archivedfrom the original on 13 July 2022.Retrieved11 July2022.
  112. ^Cũ thống nhất giáo hội の "Hiến kim" bên trong tư liệu を một mình vào tay mỗi năm 200 trăm triệu yên trở lên が Hàn Quốc へ…(in Japanese),Tokyo Broadcasting System,30 July 2022,archivedfrom the original on 3 August 2022,retrieved2 August2022
  113. ^Suzuki, Eito (30 July 2022),Cũ thống nhất giáo hội の フロント tổ chức “Thắng cộng liền hợp” hội trưởng が an lần nguyên thủ tương と の "ビデオ biểu diễn" giao hồ の lời nói を kích bạch(in Japanese),Bungeishunjū,archivedfrom the original on 4 August 2022,retrieved2 August2022
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  116. ^"Abogados nipones llaman" organización ilegal "a la Iglesia de la Unificación".swissinfo.ch(in Spanish). 29 July 2022.Archivedfrom the original on 29 July 2022.Retrieved29 July2022.
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  120. ^*Unificationists in the Voting Booth
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  135. ^Thomas Ward, 2006,Give and Forget

External links[edit]

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