Third Lubbers cabinet
Third Lubbers cabinet Lubbers–Kok cabinet | |
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![]() Cabinet of the Netherlands | |
![]() ![]() The installation of the Third Lubbers cabinet on 7 November 1989 | |
Date formed | 7 November 1989 |
Date dissolved | 22 August 1994 4 years, 288 days in office (Demissionaryfrom 10 May 1994 ) |
People and organisations | |
Monarch | Queen Beatrix |
Prime Minister | Ruud Lubbers |
Deputy Prime Minister | Wim Kok |
No.of ministers | 14 |
Ministers removed | 7 |
Totalno.of members | 19 |
Member party | Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) Labour Party (PvdA) |
Status in legislature | Centrist Majority government (Grand coalition) |
History | |
Election | 1989 election |
Outgoing election | 1994 election |
Legislature terms | 1989–1994 |
Incoming formation | 1989 formation |
Outgoing formation | 1994 formation |
Predecessor | Second Lubbers cabinet |
Successor | First Kok cabinet |
Part of thePolitics series |
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TheThird Lubbers cabinet,also called theLubbers–Kok cabinet,was theexecutive branchof theDutch governmentfrom 7 November 1989 to 22 August 1994. The cabinet was formed thechristian-democraticChristian Democratic Appeal(CDA) and thesocial-democraticLabour Party(PvdA) after theelection of 1989.The cabinet was acentristgrand coalitionand had a substantialmajorityin theHouse of RepresentativeswithChristian-Democratic LeaderRuud Lubbersserving asPrime Minister.Labour LeaderWim Kokserved asDeputy Prime MinisterandMinister of Finance.
The cabinet served during the final years of the turbulent 1980s and the early years of theeconomic boomof the 1990s. Domestically it focused on revitalizing theeconomy,reducing thedeficit,and stimulating furtherderegulationandprivatization.It had to deal with theEl Al Flight 1862Crash. Internationally the signing of theMaastricht Treatytook place but also it had to deal with several crises such as the beginning of theBosnian War.The cabinet suffered several major internal conflicts including multiple resignations, but completed its entire term and was succeeded by theFirst Kok cabinetfollowing the1994 election.[1]
According to one study, “In a bid to placate the progressive wing of his party and to keep the Christian Democrats in the centre, Rudd Lubbers discarded the right-wing liberals (VVD) in 1989 as a coalition partner and invited the social democrats (PvdA) to partake in the third Lubbers cabinet (1989–1994).”[2]
Term
[edit]The cabinet was formed with a view to social reform. This was impossible because of the then bad shape of the Dutch economy, which made large reductions in government spending necessary. The reduction in spending on social care for disabled people led to demonstrations against the Dutch government in 1992. Many angry socialists left the Labour Party. The coalition lost heavily at the1994 general election.
Several cabinet members returned after serving in previous cabinets: Minister of the Interior Ed van Thijn had served earlier in the same position from 1981 until 1982, Minister of Economic Affairs Koos Andriessen had served earlier in the same position from 1963 until 1965, Minister of Development Cooperation Jan Pronk had served earlier in the same position from 1973 until 1977 and State Secretary for Finance Marius van Amelsvoort had served earlier in the same position from 1980 until 1981.
Changes
[edit]On 18 September 1990Minister of Agriculture, Nature and FisheriesGerrit Braks(CDA) resigned after theLabour Partyin theHouse of Representativesindicated that they had lost confidence in his ability to remain in office after strongly disagreeing in his animal welfare and fraud policy.Minister of Social Affairs and EmploymentBert de Vries(CDA) served as actingMinister of Agriculture, Nature and Fisheriesuntil 28 September 1990 whenState Secretary for Economic AffairsPiet Bukman(CDA) was appointed asMinister of Agriculture, Nature and Fisheries.That same dayMember of the House of RepresentativesYvonne van Rooy(CDA), the formerState Secretary for Economic Affairswas installed as his successor asState Secretary for Economic Affairs.That same day the function ofState Secretary of Agriculture, Nature and Fisherieswas re-implemented,Mayor of HaaksbergenDzsingisz Gabor(CDA) was sworn in and assigned the portfolios of environmental policy, nature policy and agricultural management.
On 3 January 1993Minister for Foreign AffairsHans van den Broek(CDA) resigned after he was appointed asEuropean CommissionerforExternal RelationsandEnlargement.That same dayPieter Kooijmans(CDA), a formerState Secretary for Foreign Affairswho until then had been working as a professor ofInternational lawatLeiden University,was appointed as his successor.
On 1 June 1993State Secretary for DefenceBerend-Jan van Voorst tot Voorst(CDA) resigned after he was appointed asQueen's Commissioner of Limburg.That same dayMember of the House of RepresentativesTon Frinking(CDA) succeed him.
On 5 June 1993State Secretary for Social Affairs and EmploymentElske ter Veld(PvdA) resigned after gaining insufficient support from her ownLabour Partyin theHouse of Representativesfor a newwidow's pensionact. On 9 June 1993State Secretary for Education and SciencesJacques Wallage(PvdA) was appointed as her successor. That same dayRoel in 't Veld(PvdA), who until then had been working as a professor ofPublic administrationat theErasmus University Rotterdamwas installed as his successor asState Secretary for Education and Sciences.On 19 June 1993 just 10 days after taking officeRoel in 't Veldresigned after he was discredited due to additional positions he held when he was a professor. On 2 July 1993Job Cohen(PvdA), who until then had been working asrector magnificusof theState University of Limburgand as a professor ofJurisprudence,was appointed as his successor.
On 10 January 1994Minister of the InteriorIen Dales(PvdA) unexpectedly died from a heart attack at the age of 62.Minister of JusticeErnst Hirsch Ballin(CDA) served as actingMinister of the Interioruntil 18 January 1994 whenMayor of AmsterdamEd van Thijn(PvdA) was installed as Dales' successor.
On 26 February 1994State Secretary for Welfare, Health and CultureHans Simons(PvdA) resigned after he was appointed as a alderman inRotterdam,but because the cabinet was already nearing the end of its term, he was not replaced.
On 27 May 1994Minister of the InteriorEd van Thijn(PvdA) andMinister of JusticeErnst Hirsch Ballin(CDA) resigned over illegal interrogation techniques used by thepolice.They were succeeded by their State Secretaries,Dieuwke de Graaff-Nauta(CDA) becameMinister of the InteriorandAad Kosto(PvdA) becameMinister of Justice.
Due to the installment of a newEuropean Parliament,several members resigned their functions to become members of this new parliament on 16 July 1994 and because the cabinet was alreadydemissionarytheir portfolios were assigned to other ministers. The portfolio ofMinister of Transport and Water Managementwas added toMinister of Economic AffairsKoos Andriessen(CDA), The portfolio ofMinister of Welfare, Health and Culturewas added toMinister of Education and SciencesJo Ritzen(PvdA).
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ellemann_Jensen%2C_P%C3%B6hl%2C_Ruud_Lubbers.jpg/250px-Ellemann_Jensen%2C_P%C3%B6hl%2C_Ruud_Lubbers.jpg)
Cabinet members
[edit]- Resigned
- Retained from the previous cabinet
- Continued in the next cabinet
- Acting
- Ad Interim
- Died in Office
- Designated with the diplomatic rank of Minister
- Medical leave of absence from 6 February 1991 until 3 March 1991
- Resigned following election to the European Parliament
- Appointed as European Commissioner
- Appointed as Minister of the Interior
- Appointed as Minister of Justice
- Appointed as Minister of Agriculture, Nature and Fisheries
- Appointed as Queen's Commissioner of Limburg
- Appointed as State Secretary for Social Affairs and Employment
Trivia
[edit]- Seven cabinet members had previous experience as scholars and professors:Ernst Hirsch Ballin(Constitutional and Administrative Law),Pieter Kooijmans(International human rights Law),Koos Andriessen(Political Economics),Jo Ritzen(Public and Education Economics),Bert de Vries(Business Economics),Roel in 't Veld(Public Administration) andJob Cohen(Jurisprudence).
- Seven members (later) served as Mayors:Ien Dales(Nijmegen),Ed van Thijn,Enneüs Heermaand Job Cohen (Amsterdam),Gerrit Braks(Eindhoven),Jacques Wallage(Groningen) andDzsingisz Gabor(Haaksbergen).
- Six cabinet members later served as in high-profile international functions: Ruud Lubbers (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees), Hans van den Broek (European Commissioner), Pieter Kooijmans (Judge of the International Court of Justice),Jan Pronk(Special Representative of the United Nations),Piet Bukman(President of the European People's Party) andPiet Dankert(President of the European Parliament).
- Five cabinet members where ofJewish decent:Ernst Hirsch Ballin (German-Ashkenazi), Ed van Thijn (Dutch-Ashkenazi),Hedy d'Ancona(Italian-Sephardi), Jacques Wallage (English-Ashkenazi) and Job Cohen (German-Ashkenazi).
- Four cabinet members (later) served as Queen's Commissioners:Relus ter Beek(Drenthe),Hanja Maij-Weggen(Zeeland),Hans Alders(Groningen) andBerend-Jan van Voorst tot Voorst(Limburg).
- Four cabinet members would later be granted the honorary title ofMinister of State:Ruud Lubbers(1995),Wim Kok(2002),Hans van den Broek(2005) and Pieter Kooijmans (2007).
- On appointment, Koos Andriessen had served as Minister of Economic Affairs 24 years and 207 days previously, in theMarijnen cabinet.
- Ruud Lubbers became the longest-serving Dutch Prime Minister with a total period in office of 11 years, 291 days.
References
[edit]- ^"Rendement van een jaar kabinet Lubbers/Kok: 9,9 miljard voornieuw beleid"(in Dutch). NRC Handelsblad. 18 September 1990.Retrieved13 February2018.
- ^The Rise of the Dutch New Right An Intellectual History of the Rightward Shift in Dutch Politics By Merijn Oudenampsen, 2020
External links
[edit]- Official
- (in Dutch)Kabinet-Lubbers IIIParlement & Politiek
- (in Dutch)Kabinet-Lubbers IIIRijksoverheid
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