Third Lubbers cabinet

Third Lubbers cabinet
*Lubbers–Kok cabinet*
Third Lubbers cabinet; Lubbers–Kok cabinet
; Cabinet of the Netherlands
	The installation of the Third Lubbers cabinet on 7 November 1989
Date formed	7 November 1989
Date dissolved	22 August 1994; 4 years, 288 days in office; (Demissionaryfrom 10 May 1994)
People and organisations
Monarch	Queen Beatrix
Prime Minister	Ruud Lubbers
Deputy Prime Minister	Wim Kok
No.of ministers	14
Ministers removed	7
Totalno.of members	19
Member party	Christian Democratic Appeal; (CDA); Labour Party; (PvdA)
Status in legislature	Centrist; Majority government; (Grand coalition)
History
Election	1989 election
Outgoing election	1994 election
Legislature terms	1989–1994
Incoming formation	1989 formation
Outgoing formation	1994 formation
Predecessor	Second Lubbers cabinet
Successor	First Kok cabinet

TheThird Lubbers cabinet,also called theLubbers–Kok cabinet,was theexecutive branchof theDutch governmentfrom 7 November 1989 to 22 August 1994. The cabinet was formed thechristian-democratic Christian Democratic Appeal(CDA) and thesocial-democratic Labour Party(PvdA) after theelection of 1989.The cabinet was acentrist grand coalitionand had a substantialmajorityin theHouse of RepresentativeswithChristian-Democratic Leader Ruud Lubbersserving asPrime Minister.Labour Leader Wim Kokserved asDeputy Prime MinisterandMinister of Finance.

The cabinet served during the final years of the turbulent 1980s and the early years of theeconomic boomof the 1990s. Domestically it focused on revitalizing theeconomy,reducing thedeficit,and stimulating furtherderegulationandprivatization.It had to deal with theEl Al Flight 1862Crash. Internationally the signing of theMaastricht Treatytook place but also it had to deal with several crises such as the beginning of theBosnian War.The cabinet suffered several major internal conflicts including multiple resignations, but completed its entire term and was succeeded by theFirst Kok cabinetfollowing the1994 election.^[1]

According to one study, “In a bid to placate the progressive wing of his party and to keep the Christian Democrats in the centre, Rudd Lubbers discarded the right-wing liberals (VVD) in 1989 as a coalition partner and invited the social democrats (PvdA) to partake in the third Lubbers cabinet (1989–1994).”^[2]

Term

The cabinet was formed with a view to social reform. This was impossible because of the then bad shape of the Dutch economy, which made large reductions in government spending necessary. The reduction in spending on social care for disabled people led to demonstrations against the Dutch government in 1992. Many angry socialists left the Labour Party. The coalition lost heavily at the1994 general election.

Several cabinet members returned after serving in previous cabinets: Minister of the Interior Ed van Thijn had served earlier in the same position from 1981 until 1982, Minister of Economic Affairs Koos Andriessen had served earlier in the same position from 1963 until 1965, Minister of Development Cooperation Jan Pronk had served earlier in the same position from 1973 until 1977 and State Secretary for Finance Marius van Amelsvoort had served earlier in the same position from 1980 until 1981.

Changes

On 18 September 1990Minister of Agriculture, Nature and Fisheries Gerrit Braks(CDA) resigned after theLabour Partyin theHouse of Representativesindicated that they had lost confidence in his ability to remain in office after strongly disagreeing in his animal welfare and fraud policy.Minister of Social Affairs and Employment Bert de Vries(CDA) served as actingMinister of Agriculture, Nature and Fisheriesuntil 28 September 1990 whenState Secretary for Economic Affairs Piet Bukman(CDA) was appointed asMinister of Agriculture, Nature and Fisheries.That same dayMember of the House of Representatives Yvonne van Rooy(CDA), the formerState Secretary for Economic Affairswas installed as his successor asState Secretary for Economic Affairs.That same day the function ofState Secretary of Agriculture, Nature and Fisherieswas re-implemented,Mayor of Haaksbergen Dzsingisz Gabor(CDA) was sworn in and assigned the portfolios of environmental policy, nature policy and agricultural management.

On 3 January 1993Minister for Foreign Affairs Hans van den Broek(CDA) resigned after he was appointed asEuropean CommissionerforExternal RelationsandEnlargement.That same dayPieter Kooijmans(CDA), a formerState Secretary for Foreign Affairswho until then had been working as a professor ofInternational lawatLeiden University,was appointed as his successor.

On 1 June 1993State Secretary for Defence Berend-Jan van Voorst tot Voorst(CDA) resigned after he was appointed asQueen's Commissioner of Limburg.That same dayMember of the House of Representatives Ton Frinking(CDA) succeed him.

On 5 June 1993State Secretary for Social Affairs and Employment Elske ter Veld(PvdA) resigned after gaining insufficient support from her ownLabour Partyin theHouse of Representativesfor a newwidow's pensionact. On 9 June 1993State Secretary for Education and Sciences Jacques Wallage(PvdA) was appointed as her successor. That same dayRoel in 't Veld(PvdA), who until then had been working as a professor ofPublic administrationat theErasmus University Rotterdamwas installed as his successor asState Secretary for Education and Sciences.On 19 June 1993 just 10 days after taking officeRoel in 't Veldresigned after he was discredited due to additional positions he held when he was a professor. On 2 July 1993Job Cohen(PvdA), who until then had been working asrector magnificusof theState University of Limburgand as a professor ofJurisprudence,was appointed as his successor.

On 10 January 1994Minister of the Interior Ien Dales(PvdA) unexpectedly died from a heart attack at the age of 62.Minister of Justice Ernst Hirsch Ballin(CDA) served as actingMinister of the Interioruntil 18 January 1994 whenMayor of Amsterdam Ed van Thijn(PvdA) was installed as Dales' successor.

On 26 February 1994State Secretary for Welfare, Health and Culture Hans Simons(PvdA) resigned after he was appointed as a alderman inRotterdam,but because the cabinet was already nearing the end of its term, he was not replaced.

On 27 May 1994Minister of the Interior Ed van Thijn(PvdA) andMinister of Justice Ernst Hirsch Ballin(CDA) resigned over illegal interrogation techniques used by thepolice.They were succeeded by their State Secretaries,Dieuwke de Graaff-Nauta(CDA) becameMinister of the InteriorandAad Kosto(PvdA) becameMinister of Justice.

Due to the installment of a newEuropean Parliament,several members resigned their functions to become members of this new parliament on 16 July 1994 and because the cabinet was alreadydemissionarytheir portfolios were assigned to other ministers. The portfolio ofMinister of Transport and Water Managementwas added toMinister of Economic Affairs Koos Andriessen(CDA), The portfolio ofMinister of Welfare, Health and Culturewas added toMinister of Education and Sciences Jo Ritzen(PvdA).

Cabinet members

Ministers		Title/Ministry/Portfolio(s)			Term of office	Party
	Ruud Lubbers (1939–2018)	Prime Minister	General Affairs		4 November 1982 – 22 Augustus 1994 ^[Retained]	Christian Democratic Appeal
		Minister	Interior	•Netherlands Antilles and Aruba Affairs	7 November 1989 – 14 November 1989 ^{[Ad Interim]}
		Minister	Interior	•Netherlands Antilles and Aruba Affairs	27 May 1994 – 22 August 1994 ^[Acting]
	Wim Kok (1938–2018)	Deputy Prime Minister	Finance		7 November 1989 – 22 Augustus 1994	Labour Party
	Wim Kok (1938–2018)	Minister	Finance		7 November 1989 – 22 Augustus 1994	Labour Party
	Ien Dales (1931–1994)	Minister	Interior		7 November 1989 – 10 January 1994 ^[Died]	Labour Party
	Dr. Ernst Hirsch Ballin (born 1950)				10 January 1994 – 18 January 1994 ^{[Ad Interim]}	Christian Democratic Appeal
	Ed van Thijn (1934–2021)				18 January 1994 – 27 May 1994 ^[Res]	Labour Party
	Dieuwke de Graaff-Nauta (1930–2008)				27 May 1994 – 22 Augustus 1994	Christian Democratic Appeal
	Hans van den Broek (born 1936)	Minister	Foreign Affairs		4 November 1982 – 3 January 1993 ^[Retained]^[App]	Christian Democratic Appeal
	Dr. Pieter Kooijmans (1933–2013)	Minister	Foreign Affairs		3 January 1993 – 22 Augustus 1994	Christian Democratic Appeal
	Dr. Ernst Hirsch Ballin (born 1950)	Minister	Justice		7 November 1989 – 27 May 1994 ^[Res]	Christian Democratic Appeal
	Aad Kosto (born 1938)	Minister	Justice		27 May 1994 – 22 August 1994	Labour Party
	Dr. Koos Andriessen (1928–2019)	Minister	Economic Affairs		7 November 1989 – 22 Augustus 1994	Christian Democratic Appeal
	Relus ter Beek (1944–2008)	Minister	Defence		7 November 1989 – 6 February 1991 ^[Note]	Labour Party
	Jan Pronk (born 1940)				6 February 1991 – 3 March 1991 ^[Acting]	Labour Party
	Relus ter Beek (1944–2008)				3 March 1991 – 22 August 1994	Labour Party
	Hedy d'Ancona (born 1937)	Minister	Welfare, Health and Culture		7 November 1989 – 16 July 1994 ^[Res]	Labour Party
	Dr. Jo Ritzen (born 1945)	Minister	Welfare, Health and Culture		16 July 1994 – 22 August 1994 ^[Acting]	Labour Party
	Dr. Jo Ritzen (born 1945)	Minister	Education and Sciences		7 November 1989 – 3 August 1998 ^[Continued]	Labour Party
	Dr. Bert de Vries (born 1938)	Minister	Social Affairs and Employment		7 November 1989 – 22 Augustus 1994	Christian Democratic Appeal
	Hanja Maij-Weggen (born 1943)	Minister	Transport and Water Management		7 November 1989 – 16 July 1994 ^[Res]	Christian Democratic Appeal
	Dr. Koos Andriessen (1928–2019)	Minister	Transport and Water Management		16 July 1994 – 22 August 1994 ^[Acting]	Christian Democratic Appeal
	Gerrit Braks (1933–2017)	Minister	Agriculture, Nature and Fisheries		4 November 1982 – 18 September 1990 ^[Retained]^[Res]	Christian Democratic Appeal
	Dr. Bert de Vries (born 1938)				18 September 1990 – 28 September 1990 ^{[Ad Interim]}	Christian Democratic Appeal
	Piet Bukman (1934–2022)				28 September 1990 – 22 August 1994	Christian Democratic Appeal
	Hans Alders (born 1952)	Minister	Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment		7 November 1989 – 22 August 1994	Labour Party
Minister without portfolio		Title/Ministry/Portfolio(s)			Term of office	Party
	Jan Pronk (born 1940)	Minister	Foreign Affairs	•Development Cooperation	7 November 1989 – 3 August 1998 ^[Continued]	Labour Party
State Secretaries		Title/Ministry/Portfolio(s)			Term of office	Party
	Dieuwke de Graaff-Nauta (1930–2008)	State Secretary	Interior	•Municipalities •Emergency Services •Emergency Management •Regional Languages	14 July 1986 – 27 May 1994 ^[Retained]^[App]	Christian Democratic Appeal
	Piet Dankert (1934–2003)	State Secretary ^[Title]	Foreign Affairs	•European Union •Benelux	7 November 1989 – 16 July 1994 ^[Res]	Labour Party
	Marius van Amelsvoort (1930–2006)	State Secretary	Finance	•Fiscal Policy •Tax and Customs •Governmental Budget	7 November 1989 – 22 August 1994	Christian Democratic Appeal
	Aad Kosto (born 1938)	State Secretary	Justice	•Immigration and Asylum •Civil Law •Judicial Reform • Youth Justice •Penitentiaries	7 November 1989 – 27 May 1994 ^[App]	Labour Party
	Piet Bukman (1934–2022)	State Secretary ^[Title]	Economic Affairs	•Trade and Export •Regional Development • Consumer Protection •Tourism	7 November 1989 – 28 September 1990 ^[App]	Christian Democratic Appeal
	Yvonne van Rooy (born 1951)	State Secretary ^[Title]	Economic Affairs		28 September 1990 – 22 August 1994	Christian Democratic Appeal
	Baron Berend-Jan van Voorst tot Voorst (1944–2023)	State Secretary	Defence	•Human Resources •Equipment •Justice	7 November 1989 – 1 June 1993 ^[App]	Christian Democratic Appeal
	Lieutenant colonel Ton Frinking (1931–2022)	State Secretary	Defence	•Human Resources •Equipment •Justice	1 June 1993 – 22 August 1994	Christian Democratic Appeal
	Hans Simons (1947–2019)	State Secretary	Welfare, Health and Culture	•Primary Healthcare •Elderly Care •Youth Care •DisabilityPolicy	7 November 1989 – 26 February 1994 ^[Res]	Labour Party
	Elske ter Veld (1944–2017)	State Secretary	Social Affairs and Employment	• Social Services •Equality •Emancipation	7 November 1989 – 4 June 1993 ^[Res]	Labour Party
	Jacques Wallage (born 1946)	State Secretary	Social Affairs and Employment	• Social Services •Equality •Emancipation	9 June 1993 – 22 August 1994	Labour Party
	Jacques Wallage (born 1946)	State Secretary	Education and Sciences	•Primary Education •Secondary Education •Special Education	7 November 1989 – 9 June 1993 ^[App]	Labour Party
	Dr. Roel in 't Veld (born 1942)			•Secondary Education •Higher Education •Science Policy	9 June 1993 – 19 June 1993 ^[Res]	Labour Party
	Dr. Job Cohen (born 1947)			•Higher Education •Science Policy	2 July 1993 – 22 August 1994	Labour Party
	Dzsingisz Gabor (born 1940)	State Secretary	Agriculture, Nature and Fisheries	•Food Policy •Environmental Policy • Nature • Fisheries • Forestry •Animal Welfare • Recreation	28 September 1990 – 22 August 1994	Christian Democratic Appeal
	Enneüs Heerma (1944–1999)	State Secretary	Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment	•Urban Planning • Public Housing •Spatial Planning	27 October 1986 – 22 August 1994 ^[Retained]	Christian Democratic Appeal

^Resigned

^{Retained from the previous cabinet}

^{Continued in the next cabinet}

^Acting

^{Ad Interim}

^{Died in Office}

^{Designated with the diplomatic rank of Minister}

^{Medical leave of absence from 6 February 1991 until 3 March 1991}

^{Resigned following election to the European Parliament}

^{Appointed as European Commissioner}

^{Appointed as Minister of the Interior}

^{Appointed as Minister of Justice}

^{Appointed as Minister of Agriculture, Nature and Fisheries}

^{Appointed as Queen's Commissioner of Limburg}

^{Appointed as State Secretary for Social Affairs and Employment}

Trivia

Seven cabinet members had previous experience as scholars and professors:Ernst Hirsch Ballin(Constitutional and Administrative Law),Pieter Kooijmans(International human rights Law),Koos Andriessen(Political Economics),Jo Ritzen(Public and Education Economics),Bert de Vries(Business Economics),Roel in 't Veld(Public Administration) andJob Cohen(Jurisprudence).
Seven members (later) served as Mayors:Ien Dales(Nijmegen),Ed van Thijn,Enneüs Heermaand Job Cohen (Amsterdam),Gerrit Braks(Eindhoven),Jacques Wallage(Groningen) andDzsingisz Gabor(Haaksbergen).
Six cabinet members later served as in high-profile international functions: Ruud Lubbers (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees), Hans van den Broek (European Commissioner), Pieter Kooijmans (Judge of the International Court of Justice),Jan Pronk(Special Representative of the United Nations),Piet Bukman(President of the European People's Party) andPiet Dankert(President of the European Parliament).
Five cabinet members where ofJewish decent:Ernst Hirsch Ballin (German-Ashkenazi), Ed van Thijn (Dutch-Ashkenazi),Hedy d'Ancona(Italian-Sephardi), Jacques Wallage (English-Ashkenazi) and Job Cohen (German-Ashkenazi).
Four cabinet members (later) served as Queen's Commissioners:Relus ter Beek(Drenthe),Hanja Maij-Weggen(Zeeland),Hans Alders(Groningen) andBerend-Jan van Voorst tot Voorst(Limburg).
Four cabinet members would later be granted the honorary title ofMinister of State:Ruud Lubbers(1995),Wim Kok(2002),Hans van den Broek(2005) and Pieter Kooijmans (2007).
On appointment, Koos Andriessen had served as Minister of Economic Affairs 24 years and 207 days previously, in theMarijnen cabinet.
Ruud Lubbers became the longest-serving Dutch Prime Minister with a total period in office of 11 years, 291 days.

References

^"Rendement van een jaar kabinet Lubbers/Kok: 9,9 miljard voornieuw beleid"(in Dutch). NRC Handelsblad. 18 September 1990.Retrieved13 February2018.
^The Rise of the Dutch New Right An Intellectual History of the Rightward Shift in Dutch Politics By Merijn Oudenampsen, 2020

External links

Official

(in Dutch)Kabinet-Lubbers IIIParlement & Politiek
(in Dutch)Kabinet-Lubbers IIIRijksoverheid

[1] "Rendement van een jaar kabinet Lubbers/Kok: 9,9 miljard voornieuw beleid"(in Dutch). NRC Handelsblad. 18 September 1990.Retrieved13 February2018.

[2] The Rise of the Dutch New Right An Intellectual History of the Rightward Shift in Dutch Politics By Merijn Oudenampsen, 2020

[1]

[2]

v t e Third Lubbers cabinet(1989–1994)
Preceded by:Second Lubbers cabinet Succeeded by:First Kok cabinet
Prime Minister	Ruud Lubbers(General Affairs)
Deputy Prime Minister	Wim Kok(Finance)
Ministers	Ien Dales(Interior)(1989–1994) (†) Ernst Hirsch Ballin(Interior)(Ad interim) Ed van Thijn(Interior)(1994) Dieuwke de Graaff-Nauta(Interior)(from 1994) Hans van den Broek(Foreign Affairs)(1989–1993) Pieter Kooijmans(Foreign Affairs)(from 1993) Ernst Hirsch Ballin(Justice)(1989–1994) Aad Kosto(Justice)(from 1994) Koos Andriessen(Economic Affairs) Relus ter Beek(Defence) Hedy d'Ancona(Welfare, Health and Culture)(1989–1994) Jo Ritzen(Welfare, Health and Culture)(Ad interim) Bert de Vries(Social Affairs and Employment) Jo Ritzen(Education and Sciences) Hanja Maij-Weggen(Transport and Water Management)(1989–1994) Koos Andriessen(Transport and Water Management)(Ad interim) Gerrit Braks(Agriculture, Nature and Fisheries)(1989–1990) Bert de Vries(Agriculture, Nature and Fisheries)(Ad interim) Piet Bukman(Agriculture, Nature and Fisheries)(from 1990) Hans Alders(Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment)
Ministers without portfolio	Ruud Lubbers(Netherlands Antilles and Aruba Affairs)(Ad interim) Ernst Hirsch Ballin(Netherlands Antilles and Aruba Affairs)(1989–1994) Ruud Lubbers(Netherlands Antilles and Aruba Affairs)(from 1994) Jan Pronk(Development Cooperation)
State Secretaries	Dieuwke de Graaff-Nauta(Interior)(1989–1994) Piet Dankert(Foreign Affairs) Marius van Amelsvoort(Finance) Aad Kosto(Justice)(1989–1994) Piet Bukman(Economic Affairs)(1989–1990) Yvonne van Rooy(Economic Affairs)(from 1990) Berend-Jan van Voorst tot Voorst(Defence)(1989–1993) Ton Frinking(Defence)(from 1993) Hans Simons(Welfare, Health and Culture) Elske ter Veld(Social Affairs and Employment)(1989–1993) Jacques Wallage(Social Affairs and Employment)(from 1993) Jacques Wallage(Education and Science)(1989–1993) Roel in 't Veld(Education and Science)(1993) Job Cohen(Education and Science)(from 1993) Dzsingisz Gabor(Agriculture, Nature and Fisheries) Enneüs Heerma(Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment)