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Tidal disruption event

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Simulation of a star being disrupted by a supermassive black hole during a tidal disruption event.[1]

Atidal disruption event(TDE) is atransient astronomical sourceproduced when astarpasses so close to asupermassive black hole(SMBH) that it is pulled apart by the black hole'stidal force.[2][3]The star undergoesspaghettification,producing atidal streamof material that loops around the black hole. Some portion of the stellar material is captured into orbit, forming anaccretion diskaround the black hole, which emitselectromagnetic radiation.In a small fraction of TDEs, arelativistic jetis also produced. As the material in the disk is gradually consumed by the black hole, the TDE fades over several months or years.

TDEs were predicted in the 1970s and first observed in the 1990s. Over a hundred have since been observed, with detections at optical, infrared, radio and X-ray wavelengths. Sometimes a star can survive the encounter with an SMBH, leaving a remnant; those events are termed partial TDEs.[4][5]

History[edit]

TDEs were first theorized byJack G. Hillsin 1975.[6]A consequence of a star getting sufficiently close to a SMBH that the tidal forces between the star will overcome the star'sself-gravity.In 1988Martin Reesdescribed how approximately half of the disrupted stellar material will remain bound, eventually accreting onto the black hole and forming a luminous accretion disk.[7]

According to early[when?]studies, tidal disruption events are an inevitable consequence of massive black holes' activity hidden in galaxy nuclei. Later theorists concluded that the resulting explosion or flare of radiation from the accretion of the stellar debris could reveal the presence of a dormant black hole in the center of a normal galaxy.[8]

TDEs were first observed in the early 1990s using the X-rayROSATAll-Sky Survey.[citation needed]

Observations[edit]

As of May 2024,roughly 100 TDEs are known,[9][10][11]and have been discovered through several astronomical methods. such as optical transient surveys includingZwicky Transient Facility(ZTF)[11]and the All Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae(ASAS-SN).[12]Other TDEs have been discovered in X-rays, using theROSAT,XMM-Newton,andeROSITA.[13]TDEs have also been discovered in theultraviolet.[14]

Optical light curves[edit]

Thelight curvesof TDEs have an initially sharp rise in brightness, as the disrupted stellar material falls towards the black hole, followed by a more gradual decline lasting months or years. During the declining phase, the luminosity is proportional to,where t is time,[15]although some TDEs have been observed to deviate from the typicalrate has been observed.[16]These properties allow TDEs to be distinguished from othertransient astronomical sources,such assupernovae.The peak luminosity of TDEs is proportional to the central black hole mass; it can approach or exceed that of their host galaxies, making them some of the brightest sources observed in the Universe.[17]

Physical properties and energetics[edit]

There are two broad classes of TDEs. The majority of TDEs consist of "non-relativistic" events, where the outflows from the TDE are akin to the energetics seen inType Ib and Ic supernovae.[18]

Approximately 1% of TDEs, however, are relativistic TDEs, where anastrophysical jetis launched from the black hole shortly after the star is destroyed. This jet persists for several years before shutting off.[19]As of 2023only four TDEs with jets have been observed.[20]

Tidal-disruption radius[edit]

See also:Sphere of influence (black hole)

A star gets tidally disrupted when thetidal forceexerted by a black holeexceeds theself-gravityof the star. The distance below whichis called the tidal radius and is given approximately by:[21][22]

This is identical to theRoche limitfor disruptions of planetary bodies.

Usually, the tidal-disruption radius of a black hole is bigger than itsSchwarzschild radius,,but considering the radius and mass of the star fixed there is a mass for the black hole where both radii become equal meaning that at this point the star would simply disappear before being torn apart.[23][7]

Notable tidal disruption events[edit]

Hubble Space Telescope optical image of the TDESwift J1644+57
  • Swift J1644+57[24]A relativistic jet that was launched during the disruption of a star 3.8 billion light years away. The jet lasted 1.5 years, at which point it shut off.[25]
  • ASASSN-14li[26][27]The first radio detection of a non-relativistic outflow from a TDE, in 2014.
  • AT2018hyz[28]A TDE that was radio quiet until approximately 750 days after the initial TDE event, and has been rising rapidly in radio frequencies since. This has been interpreted as a delayed radio outflow, or an off-axis jet.[29]
  • ASASSN-19btwas discovered by theAll Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae(ASAS-SN) project, with early-time, detailed observations by theTESSsatellite.[12][30]
  • AT2019qiz[31]
  • AT2022cmc[32]is a jetted TDE discovered in 2022 by ZTF.
  • ASASSN-20hx, located near the nucleus of galaxy NGC 6297, was discovered in July 2020 and noted that the observation represented one of the "very few tidal disruption events withhard powerlaw X-ray spectra".[33][34]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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  2. ^"Astronomers See a Massive Black Hole Tear a Star Apart".Universe today. 28 January 2015.Retrieved1 February2015.
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  4. ^Guillochon, James; Ramirez-Ruiz, Enrico (2013-04-10)."Hydrodynamical Simulations to Determine the Feeding Rate of Black Holes by the Tidal Disruption of Stars: The Importance of the Impact Parameter and Stellar Structure".The Astrophysical Journal.767(1): 25.arXiv:1206.2350.Bibcode:2013ApJ...767...25G.doi:10.1088/0004-637X/767/1/25.ISSN0004-637X.S2CID118900779.
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  7. ^abRees, Martin J. (June 1988)."Tidal disruption of stars by black holes of 106–108solar masses in nearby galaxies ".Nature.333(6173): 523–528.Bibcode:1988Natur.333..523R.doi:10.1038/333523a0.ISSN1476-4687.
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  11. ^abHammerstein, Erika (2023)."The Final Season Reimagined: 30 Tidal Disruption Events from the ZTF-I Survey".The Astrophysical Journal.942(9): 9.arXiv:2203.01461.Bibcode:2023ApJ...942....9H.doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aca283.
  12. ^abHoloien, Thomas W.-S.; Vallely, Patrick J.; Auchettl, Katie; Stanek, K. Z.; Kochanek, Christopher S.; French, K. Decker; Prieto, Jose L.; Shappee, Benjamin J.; Brown, Jonathan S.; Fausnaugh, Michael M.; Dong, Subo; Thompson, Todd A.; Bose, Subhash; Neustadt, Jack M. M.; Cacella, P.; Brimacombe, J.; Kendurkar, Malhar R.; Beaton, Rachael L.; Boutsia, Konstantina; Chomiuk, Laura; Connor, Thomas; Morrell, Nidia; Newman, Andrew B.; Rudie, Gwen C.; Shishkovsky, Laura; Strader, Jay (2019)."Discovery and Early Evolution of ASASSN-19bt, the First TDE Detected by TESS".The Astrophysical Journal.883(2): 111.arXiv:1904.09293.Bibcode:2019ApJ...883..111H.doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab3c66.S2CID128307681.
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  29. ^Matsumoto, Tatsuya; Piran, Tsvi (2 May 2023). "Generalized equipartition method from an arbitrary viewing angle".Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.522(3): 4565–4576.arXiv:2211.10051.doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1269.
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  33. ^Lin, Dacheng (25 July 2020)."ATel #13895: ASASSN-20hx is a Hard Tidal Disruption Event Candidate".The Astronomer's Telegram.Retrieved25 July2020.
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External links[edit]

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