Timeline of ancient Romania

This section of thetimeline of Romanian historyconcerns events fromLate Neolithic(c. 3900 BC) untilLate Antiquity(c. 400 AD), which took place in or are directly related with the territory of modernRomania.

Late Neolithic and Bronze Age (3800–1200 BC)[edit]

4th millennium BC[edit]

3900 BC –Bodrogkeresztúr-Gorneşti culturebegins inTransylvania,as a continuation ofPetreşti culture
3700 BC –Cernavodă III culturebegins inDanube Valley,as a continuation ofCernavodă I culture
3500 BC –Copper Agebegins and the areas of cultural influence start to expand again but without reaching the size of earlyNeolithic^[1]
3500 BC –Cernavodă III culturebegins inDobruja,as a continuation ofCernavodă I culture
3500 BC –Coţofeni culturebegins in Transylvania as a continuation ofBodrogkeresztúr-Gorneşti culture
3500 BC –Baden culturebegins inLower Tisza/Crişanaas a continuation ofBodrogkeresztúr-Gorneşti culture

3rd millennium BC[edit]

3000–2800 BC – Climate becomes hotter and drier, affecting the human societies^[1]
2750 BC –Cucuteni culturein eastern Romaniacomes to an end
2700 BC – Transition fromCopper AgetoBronze Age^[1]
- Proto-Indo-Europeansrelated to theDecea Mureşului culturepenetrate in Transylvania coming from theBlack Searegion^[1]
- Kostolac culturedevelops sporadically inBanatcoming from modern daySerbia^[1]
- Vučedol culture(3000–2200 BC) develops inBanatand westernCrişanaalso coming fromSerbia^[1]
2700–2000 BC – Proto-Indo-Europeans assimilate the localEneolithicpopulations
2300–1900 BC –Verbicioara culturedevelops inOltenia,Banatand westernMuntenia^[2]^[3]
2100 BC –Otomani culturedevelops from a Baden culture background in a widespread area between theMureş River,theApuseni Mountains,and theTisza River,up to modern-daySlovakia.It was characterized by fortified settlements and islands, the bronze deposits fromApa,Valea Chioaruluiin Transylvania, andHajdúsámsoninHungary,the typical full handle swords and the axes with disc, the practice of inhumation, and later of cremation, and with the sanctuary ofSălacea^[1]

2nd millennium BC[edit]

2000 BC –Early Bronze Agestarts^[1]
- Due to its richness in copper, Transylvania becomes one of the most important metallurgical centers in Europe^[1]
- Nir culturedevelops^[1]
- Glina III-Schneckenberg culturedevelops inMunteniaand extends intoOlteniaand south eastern Transylvania;^[1]it is characterized by settlements on any terrain, and the practices ofinhumationand incinerations incists^[1]
2000–1800 BC –Cucuteni B culturedestroyed^[4]
1700 BC
- Glina culturebegins inMunteniaandOltenia
- Otomani cultureends inCrişana
1700–1300 BCMonteoru culturebegins^[4]
1600 BC –Gârla Mare culturebegins inOltenia^[5]
1500 BC –Middle Bronze Agestarts^[1]
- Periam culturedevelops in southern Crişana, Banat, north-eastern Serbia and western Bulgaria; characterized by bronze jewelry and the practice of inhumation^[1]
- Pecica cultureappears as a continuation of Periam culture and expands into the middle Danube,Tisa,and lowerMureş;bringsmouldsforcastingweapons, crouched inhumation and the gold treasures fromPecicaand Rovine^[1]
- Periam-Pecica/Mureş culture
- Sighişoara-Wietenberg culturedevelops from aCoţofeni culturebackground in the center and theTransylvanian Plain;characterized by fortified settlements with many weapons, pottery with spiral andmeandermotifs, bronze deposits, Boiu-type swords,Mycenaeanswords from import, golden jewellery and axes (Ţufalău), the practice of cremation and much rarely of inhumation^[1]
- Vatina culturebegins in westernBanat,on lowerTisaand northern Serbia; defined by rare bronze objects^[1]
- Verbicioara cultureexpands into Oltenia, eastern Muntenia, Serbia and north-western Bulgaria, with fortified settlements and a limited number of bronze artefacts^[1]
- Monteoru cultureexpands from Muntenia into south-eastern Transylvania^[1]
- Tei cultureexpands from Muntenia into south-eastern Transylvania^[1]
- Suciu de Sus culturespreads into northern Transylvania, Crisana, north-eastern Hungary and south-eastern Slovakia, practicing cremation^[1]
- Cruceni-Belegiš culturefollows and replaces the Vatina culture in Serbia and western Banat; it is part of theUrnfield culturewhich moves from the middle Danube towards south-east; this advance leads to great dislocations of populations in theBalkan Peninsula,resulting inDorian migrationto the south, the destruction ofMycenaean civilizationand expeditions of theSea Peoples^[1]
1300 BC –Late Bronze Agestarts^[1]
- Sighişoara-Wietenberg cultureextends into south-eastern Transylvania^[1]
- Tribes of shepherds appear from the east as theNoua culture;characterized by bronze deposits ofUriu-Domăneştitype and metal working^[1]
1250–1125 BC – Transition toIron Age:Uioara de Sus^[4]

Iron Age (1200 BC – 400 AD)[edit]

12th century BC[edit]

1200–500 BC –Early Iron Age/Hallstatt culture:Ferigile^[4]
1150 BC –Gârla Mare cultureends inOltenia^[5]

9th century BC[edit]

900–800 BC –Rafaila^[4]
c. 800 BC –Basarabi culturebegins inMuntenia,in connection with theBosut culture,ethnically identified withTriballi^[6]orDaco-Getaes.^[7]^[8]

8th century BC[edit]

700–500 BC –Poiana, Galaţi(Piroboridava)^[4]
c. 700 BC –Scythiansarrive in theCarpathians^[9]

7th century BC[edit]

c. 600 BC –Basarabi cultureends, possibly due to arrival of theScythiantribes^[10]^[11]
657 BC or 625 BC –Histriafounded^[4]

6th century BC[edit]

6th-5th century BC
- Tomis is founded^[4]
- Histria, temple ofZeus Polieus^[4]
560 BC –MegarafoundsHeraclea Pontica^[4]
- Callatis founded^[4]byHeraclea Pontica,itself a colony ofMegara
c. 550 BC –Agathyrsi,aThraco-Scythianpeople, build burial tombs around modern dayCiumbrud,in contrast with the surrounding people who practice incineration^[9]^[12]
514 BC –Darius Iled his Persian army over theBosphorusand campaigns unsuccessfully against theScythianson theDanube.
513 BC – Darius subdues theGetaeand eastThracein his war against theScythians.
513 BC – first written evidence of tribes (GetaeorDacians) inhabiting the region byHerodotus

5th century BC[edit]

Scythianbowl,5th century BC found atCastelu,Romania.In display at theConstanţa Museum of National History

500–1 BC –Middle Iron Age/La Tène culture^[4]
5th–4th century BC – AGeticsettlement is found atZimnicea^[4]
470–460 – The kingCharnabonreigns over the Getae^[13]
c. 450 BC –Democracyis imposed in Histria^[4]
431–424 –OdrysiankingSitalcesconquests the territory of modernDobrujaruling over the local Getic tribes^[13]

4th century BC[edit]

Agighiolsilver treasure^[14]
Golden Helmet of Coţofeneşti^[14]
Callatis wall^[14]
Callatis papyrus grave^[14]
364/363-353/352 BC –Clearchus,tyrantof Heraclea Pontica^[14]
341 – KingCothelas,also known as Gudila, ruled over the Geto-Dacian tribes from modern Dobruja^[13]
348 BC – Philip II of Macedon against Thracians^[14]
339 BC – Philip II against Scythians^[14]led byAteas^[13]
339 BC – A Getic ruler, referred as "Histrianorum Rex" and located near Danube, opposes resistance to Ateas' Scythian army^[13]
335 BC –Alexander III of Macedoncrosses the Danube^[14]fighting with Dacian tribes led bybasileus Moskon^[13]
c. 335 BC –Dacian king Sarmis/Armisrules in Transylvania^[13]
326 BC – The Macedon generalZopyrionleads a campaign north ofBlack Seaagainst Getae but he is defeated and ultimately killed^[13]
313 BC – Histria revolts againstLysimachusof Thrace^[14]
310–309 BC – Lysimachus besieges Callatis^[14]
Late 4th century BC
- Histria, sacred area burnt^[14]
- Callatis, ustrinum^[14]
4th–2nd century BC
- Histria,Hellenisticwall^[14]
- Callatis, gilt terra-cotta miniatures^[14]

3rd century BC[edit]

KingZalmodegikosrules over Dobruja^[13]
Celtsmigrate to Transilvania andOltenia^[13]
Poroinarython^[14]
Histria, temple of Aphrodite^[14]
Piscul Crăsanilor,Dacian settlement^[14]
KingDromichaitesrules over tribal unions inRomanian Plain^[13]
297 BC – Lysimachus make peace with Dromichaites^[13]
292 BC – Lysimachus fight against Getae and he is defeated^[13]and taken prisoner, perhaps in Piscul Crăsanilor
281 BC – Lysimachus dies^[14]
279 BC – Celts attack Histria andDelphi^[14]
262 BC – Histria and Callatis war againstByzantium^[14]
251 BC – Theoros from Callatis^[14]
230–130 BC –Ciumeştinecropolis^[14]

2nd century BC[edit]

First half of 2nd century BC – theDacianKingdom was led by KingOroles
200 BC – Callatis building inscription^[14]
200–150 BC – Histria ephebe inscription^[14]
2nd century? – Histria aqueduct^[14]
2nd–1st century BC – Popeşti flourishes^[14]
145–172 BC –Tilişcacounterfeiter's coins^[14]
110–72/71 BC – Mithridates controls Pontic cities^[14]
109 BC – Dacians together withScordisciattack Roman provinces situated south of Danube; attack repelled byM. Minucius Rufus^[15]

1st century BC[edit]

82 BC –Burebistaunifies theDaciansandGetaeforming the first and largestDacian Kingdom,on the territory of modern Romania and surroundings^[16]
Early 80s BC – Burebista moves capital from Popeşti to Costeşti^[14]
80 BC – 106 AD – Dacian citadels^[14]
74 BC –Dacian Kingdomat its peak under KingBurebista
72-71 BC – War between Pontic cities, allied with Thracians, and Romans; Callatis treaty with Rome^[14]^[17]
61 BC – Coalition of Greeks and barbarians (Getae andBastarnae) defeatsC. Antonius Hybridaat Histria^[14]^[17]
c. 60 BC – Burebista leads a policy of conquest of new territories: he attacks and vanquishes theCeltictribes ofBoiiandTauriscidwelling along theMiddle Danube(in what is nowSlovakia)^[18]
c. 57 BC – Burebista conquers theBlack Seashore, subjugating the Greek fortresses fromOlbiatoApollonia,as well as theDanubian Plainall the way to theBalkans.^[18]
Burebista runs expeditions against a group of Celts who lived among the Thracians and Illyrians (probably theScordisci)^[19]^[20]

After 50 BC – Histria, "second founding"^[14]
48 BC – Burebista sides withPompeyduring his struggle againstJulius Caesarin theGreat Roman Civil War(49–45 BC),^[18]sendingAkornionas an ambassador and a military adviser^[21]
48 BC – Citizens ofDionysopolisdedicate an inscription toAkornion,which mention this citizens' friendship toBurebista,^[21]as well as a diplomatic mission to the Dacian town namedArgedava^[22]orArgidava^[23]to possibly visit Burebista's father^[22]
c. 45 BC – Caesar emerges as victor and plans on sending legions to punish Burebista^[24]
44 BC
- On March 15 Caesar is assassinated in theSenatebefore he can start a campaign against the Dacian Kingdom
- Burebista is assassinated^[14]in a plot made by the tribal aristocracy, which felt that a consolidation towards a centralized state would reduce their power
- The Dacian Kingdom is dissolved, with the exception of the nucleus around theOrăştie Mountains,^[18]while the rest being divided into four different kingdoms^[19]
42 BC –Geto-Daciancontingent withBrutusat theBattle of Philippi,^[14]fighting againstOctavianandMark Antony
27 BC – Crassus triumphs over Geto-Dacians^[25]
Augustus Caesarsends an army against theGeto-Dacians,finding the former state of Burebista divided into five states^[19]
14 BC – 98 AD – Minor Dacian citadels flourish^[25]

1st century[edit]

6-12 AD –Sextus Aelius Catusdestroys Muntenian towns^[25]
9-17 AD –Ovidin exile atTomis^[25]
12 AD – Getae from Lower Moldavia attackAegyssusand capture it temporarily; attack repelled byOdrysiankingRhoemetalces IandP. Vitellius^[15]
14 AD
- Barbarians attackTroesmis^[25]
- Dobrujabecomes province ofMoesia^[25]
15-35 AD –C. Poppaeus Sabinus,governor of Moesia^[25]
c. 20 AD –Strabopublishes hisGeographica(Geography) giving a detailed account of theDacian Kingdomat the time ofBurebistainBook VII, Chapter 3 (Mysia, Dacia, and the Danube);^[26]he mentions thatGetaeandDaciansspeak the same language,^[27]and makes important references to the high priestDeceneusand the teachings ofZalmoxis^[24]^[19]
26 AD –Poppaeus SabinusandL. Pomponius Flaccuscrushes Dobrujan revolt of Thracians^[25]^[28]
c. 49 AD – Histria's fishing rights guaranteed^[25]
54-68 AD –Noviodunumcamp founded, duringNero's reign^[25]
57-67 AD –Tiberius Plautius Silvanus Aelianus,governor of Moesia^[25]
60-65 AD –Columella,agricultural writer, flourishes^[25]
69 AD – Invasion of Dacians andRoxolansin Moesia, south of Danube; response of governorM. Aponinus Saturninus^[28]
c. 77 AD –Pliny the Elderpublishes hisNaturalis Historia(Natural History), gives an account of the Dacians, noting that the Romans call theGetae,Daci^[29]
81-96 AD –Bărboşinaval base founded during Domitian's reign^[25]
Before 84 AD –DurasbecomesKing of the Daciansand consolidates the consolidate the core of Dacia aroundSarmizegetusa
84 AD –Diurpaneusreorganizes the Dacian army, and begins minor raids upon the heavily fortifiedRoman provinceofMoesia,on the southern course of theDanuberiver
85 AD
- King Duras orders more vigorous attacks intoMoesia,raids being led byDiurpaneus
- Led byDiurpaneusthe Dacians cross theDanube,wreak considerable havoc and kill the Moesian governorOppius Sabinus.^[30]
- After this attack, the Roman emperorDomitianpersonally arrives in Moesia accompanied by a large force commanded byCornelius Fuscus,and possibly bases himself inNaissus^[30]
- Summer 85 AD –Praetorian prefectFuscus andFunisulanus Vettonianussuccessfully drives the Dacians back across the border^[31]^[15]
- Autumn 85 AD – Domitian returns to Rome and celebrates the tenth and eleventh salutations for driving out the invaders^[31]
85-89 AD –HadriancommandsLegio V Macedonica^[25]
86 AD
- Domitian celebrates atriumphin Rome between March 17 and May 15 for the victory over the Dacians^[31]
- Domitian reorganizes the province of Moesia intoMoesia InferiorandMoesia Superior,^[25]and plans a future attack intoDacia.
87 AD
- Cornelius Fuscus leads five or six legions across the Danube intoDaciaon a bridge of ships^[32]
- TheRoman legionsare ambushed atTapaeand face disaster with complete destruction ofLegio V Alaudae(seeFirst Battle of Tapae)^[33]
- Cornelius Fuscus dies in the battle,^[25]thebattle standardof the Praetorian Guard is lost and the Dacians capture Roman flags and war machines^[33]
- Romemust paytributeto theDaciansin exchange for a vague recognition of Rome's importance.
- King Duras knowingly offers the kingship toDiurpaneusas a recognition of his diplomatic, military and leadership skills
- Diurpaneus dubbs himselfDecebalus,meaning "with the strength of ten [men]"^[34]or simply "The Brave,"^[32]and is crowned king of Dacia
88 AD
- The Roman offensive into Dacia continues, with generalTettius Iulianusin command^[35]
- The army starts fromViminaciumfollowing the same route Cornelius Fuscus had in the previous year and heads towardsSarmizegetusa,the capital of Dacia^[35]
- In Rome, Domitian celebrates theSecular Gamesand possibly plans a trip to the Danube to accept Dacians' surrender in person^[35]
- Late 88, a battle takes place mainly in the same area, atTapae,and this time the Romans are victorious^[35]
- Facing a difficult road toSarmizegetusaand for fear of falling into a trap, Iulianus abandons the offensive^[32]
- Decebalus sues for peace but Domitian refuses^[32]
89 AD
- Domitian attacks the GermanicSuebitribes ofMarcomanniandQuadi,possibly as a punitive action since theGermanicsdid not provide assistance in the Dacian conflict^[36]
- AfterMarcomannidefeat the Romans inPannoniaand Rome faces wars on two fronts, Domitian comes in person to theDanubeand accepts the peace with the Dacians^[37]
- Later in the year, Decebalus sendsDiegis,general, member of the Dacian royal family and brother of Decebalus,^[38]to Rome^[38]to accept thediademfrom Domitian and the generous settlement^[37]
- Decebalus becomes aclient kingofRome,he receives money,craftsmen^[39]andwar machinesto protect the empire's borders
- For Domitians' achievements in Dacia, theRoman Senatedecrees a huge equestrian statue, impressive games take places and throughout the empire statues are erected^[36]
after 89 AD
- Instead of using the money as Rome intended, Decebalus buildsnew citadels in the mountains,in important strategic points, and reinforces the existing ones.
92 AD
- A coalition ofDaciansandRhoxolaniSarmatians completely slaughter theLegio XXIRapaxatTropaeum Traiani,modernRomania,in theFirst Battle of Adamclisi
- Angustia diploma^[25]
96 AD – In September, Domitian is assassinated, one potential reason being the unfavorable peace withDecebalus

2nd century[edit]

101-102 AD –First campaignof EmperorTrajanagainstDacians^[40]
- Romans buildcastraatDrobeta,Sucidava,Romula,Dierna,Tibiscum,Bucium(Orăştioara),Arcidava,Centum Putei,Berzobis,Micia,Gilău,Bologa(?),Buciumi,Tihău-Odorheiline,Mălăeşti (Sfârleanca),^[41]Drajna de Sus,Angustia(?),Bumbeşti,Răcarii de Jos^[40]
105 AD – Drobeta, stone camp^[40]
105-106 AD –Second Dacian War^[40]
- Limes Alutanus:Buridava,Slăveni,Arutela^[40]
- Romans build camps atPotaissa,Napoca,Porolissum,Ulmetum;Danube limes^[40]
- Apulummunicipium^[40]
106 AD
- Battle of Sarmisegetusa
- South-westernDaciais annexed to theRoman Empireas theProvince of Dacia
107-109 AD – The road Dierna – Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa – Apulum – Potaissa – Napoca – Porolissum is built^[42]
108-110 AD –Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusafounded^[40]
109 AD –Tropaeum Traiani,trophy and town^[40]
112 AD –Legio V MacedonicaatTroesmis^[40]
113 AD –Trajan's Columnis dedicated in Rome^[40]
117 AD –Iazygesand Roxolans attack Dacia; Dacia's governorC. Iulius Quadratus Bassusdies in battle;Bridge of Apollodoruson fire^[42]
117-138 AD – Reign ofHadrian^[40]
- Mălăeşti (Sfârleanca),Drajna de Sus,Târgşorabandoned^[40]
- Rădăcineşti castrais built^[40]
- Răcari castra rebuilt in stone^[40]
118 AD
- Hadrian visits Dobruja^[40]
- Apulum becomes seat of government of Dacia^[40]
119 AD
- First administrative reorganization of Dacia under Hadrian^[43]
- Consolidation ofLimes Alutanus^[43]
- Begin the creation ofLimes Transalutanus^[43]
120 AD – Diploma from Porolissum mentioning the governor of Dacia Superior,Cn. Minucinus Faustinux Sex. Iulius Severus^[43]
124 AD
- Dacia divided into three provinces^[40]
- Hadrian visits Dobruja and Napoca^[40]
- Napoca and Drobeta become municipia^[40]
131-67 AD –Alburnus Maiorgold mines flourish^[40]
132 AD – Ulpia Traiana amphitheater built^[40]
133 AD – Gherla diploma^[40]mentioningFlavius Italicusas military commander ofDacia Porolissensis^[43]
138-161 AD – Reign ofAtoninus Pius^[40]
- Moorsgarrison Răcari^[40]
- Dobruja flourishes^[40]
- Capidava,a customs-station^[40]
138-222 AD – Hobiţa villa rustica flourishes^[40]
143 AD
- Attack of free Dacians; repelled by Roman troops^[44]
- Căşeicamp^[40]
148 AD –Gilăucamp rebuilt^[40]
before 150 AD –Orheiul Bistriţei,military tile kiln^[40]
156-157 AD – Attack of free Dacians; repelled byM. Statius Priscus,legatusof Dacia Superior^[44]
157 AD
- Consolidation of Someș limes^[44]
- Arcidava, Micia, stone camps^[40]
- Porolissum amphitheater rebuilt in stone^[40]
158 AD –Ulpia Traianaamphitheater repaired^[45]
160 AD – Invasion ofCostoboci^[45]
161-180 – Marcus Aurelius' reign^[45]
160-170 AD – Tomis, idealized head of girl^[45]
162-172 AD, 177-180 –Marcomannic War^[45]
- Ulpia Traiana suburban villas burned^[45]
- Slăveni camp destroyed^[45]
- Citera camp at Porolissum rebuilt in stone^[45]
167-168 AD
- Legio V Macedonica transferred from Troesmis to Potaissa^[45]
- Apulum military headquarters for all Dacia^[45]
- Last administrative reorganization of Dacia^[44]
170 AD – Tropeum Traiani mentioned as municipium^[44]
180-193 AD Commondus' reign^[45]
- Napoca colony^[45]
- No-man's-land on northwest frontier^[45]
180-183 AD – Sucidava customs-station^[45]
183-184 AD – The generalsD. Clodius AlbinusandC. Pescenninus Nigerfight successfully against free Dacians^[46]
193-211 AD – Septimius Severus^[45]
- Limes Transalutanus built^[45]
- Fourteen camps Flămânda-Cumidava, including Jidava^[45]
- Apahida villa rustica^[45]
- Romula: brick circuit-wall, curia^[45]
193-198 AD – Drobeta, Romula, Apulum, Porolissum, Dierna, Ampelum are made colonies^[45]
195 AD – Potaissa baths enlarged^[45]

3rd century[edit]

201 AD – Bumbeşti camp rebuilt in stone^[45]
202 AD – Severus in Dobruja^[45]
204 AD – Micia, Moors' temple^[45]
205 AD – Slăveni castra rebuilt^[45]
211-217 AD – Carcalla^[45]
- Mănerau villa rustica^[45]
- Potaissa colony^[45]
- Bologa and Buciumi rebuilt^[45]
212 AD – Decree of universal citizenship^[45]
213 AD
- Caracalla visits Porolissum^[45]
- Limes Porolissensisrebuilt^[47]
215 AD – Last evidence of Roman gold mining^[45]
217 AD – Macrinus honored by Histria^[45]
217-222 – AD Elagabalus^[48]
- Bucium (Orăştioara) camp walls repaired^[48]
222-235 AD – Severus Alexander^[48]^[47]
- Council of Three Dacias meets at Ulpia Traiana^[48]^[47]
- Ad Mediam camp restored^[48]
- Micia amphitheater goes out of use^[48]
229 AD – Dio Cassius consul^[48]
230-40 AD – Arutela, last coins^[48]
235-38 AD
- Maximinus Thrax^[48]fights against Iazyges and free Dacians^[47]
- Road repairs in Dobruja^[48]
238-244 AD – Gordian III^[48]
- Potaissa basilica^[48]
- Carpiinvade Dobruja^[48]^[47]
244-49 AD – Philip the Arab^[48]
- Carpi raid Ricari, Jidava^[48]
- Limes Transalutanus abandoned^[48]
- Sucidava, stone circuitwall^[48]
- Bumbeşti, last coins^[48]
246 AD – Right to mint bronze coins^[49]
247 AD – Millennium of Rome celebrated^[48]
248 AD
- Romulamentioned ascolonia,^[49]circuit wall, third phase^[48]
- Goths invade Moesia;^[48]Histria is destroyed^[49]
249-251 – Decius^[48]^[49]
251 AD
- Porolissum (Pomet) camp repaired^[48]
- Decius dies in battle^[48]
253 AD – Tibiscum mentioned as municipium^[50]
256 AD – End of monetary emissions in Dacia^[50]
260-268 AD – Gallienus^[48]
- Ulpia Traiana, Porolissum, latest coins^[48]
- Goths sack Tibiscum^[48]
- Usurper Regalianus claims descent from Decebalus^[48]
263 AD – Sarmatians burn Callatis extramural quarter^[48]
267 AD^[48]
- Attack led byGothsandHeruliin Dobruja;^[50]Histria sacked^[48]
- Wall rebuilt^[48]
268-70 AD – Claudius Gothicus^[48]
- Goths attack Tomis^[48]
- Claudius beats them at Naissus^[48]
270-75 – Aurelian^[48]
271 AD – Dacia officially abandoned; retreat of Roman occupation of Dacia^[48]
- 275-76 Tacitus: detachment of Legio XIII Gemina at Desa (to 305)^[48]
284-305 AD – Diocletian^[51]
- Dinogetia citadel^[51]
- Capidava rebuilt^[51]
295 AD – Goths destroy Tropaeum Traiani^[51]
3rd-4th century AD – Târgşor, Sarmatian necropolis^[51]

4th century[edit]

303-304 AD Anti-Christian persecutions; martyrdom in Scythia Minor (Dobruja)^[52]
306-337 AD Constantine I^[51]
- Drobeta, Sucidava Ulmetum, Axiopolis camps rebuilt^[51]
- Tomis, mosaic building^[51]
315-316 AD – Attack of Goths and Carpi; repelled byConstantine the Great^[53]
316 AD – Tropaeum Traiani rebuilt^[51]
317 AD – Constantine's son Crispus appointed Caesar^[51]
324-28 – Constantiniana Dafne fortress is built^[53]
324-30 AD – Constantinople built^[51]
324-361 AD Constantius II^[51]
- Tomis renamed for him (?)^[51]
328 AD Romula milestone^[51]
Sucidava and Constantiana Daphne bridges^[51]
331-332 AD – Gothic attack of south Danube provinces; repelled by Constantine the Great^[54]
332 AD – Goths andTaifalsbecomefoederati^[53]
337 AD Capidava rebuilt^[51]
340-60 AD Barbarians transferred en masse into Dobruja^[51]
361-63 AD Rebuilt and consolidation of Danube limes^[54]
364-75 AD Valentinian^[51]
- Coins at Porolissum^[51]
364-378 AD – Valens^[51]
367 AD
- Constantiniana Daphne and Noviodunum bridges^[51]
- Pietroasa treasure^[51]
368-69 AD Orthodox bishopBetranionopposesArianismimposed byemperor Valens^[54]
375 AD – Huns sack Dinogetia^[51]
376 AD – Huns defeatOstrogoth Kingdomand attackVisigoths^[55]
379 – 395 Theodosius I^[51]
- Coins at Apulum, Porolissum^[51]
Biertan Christian inscription^[51]
381 AD – Carps are mentioned for the last time^[56]
383-408 AD Arcadius^[51]
- Coins at Dierna^[51]

End of ancient history in Romania[edit]

The date used as the end of the ancient era is entirely arbitrary. Not all historians agree on the ending dates of ancient history, which frequently falls somewhere in the 5th, 6th, or 7th century.Westernscholars usually date the end of ancient history with thefall of Romein AD 476, the death of the emperorJustinian Iin AD 565, or thecoming of Islamin AD 632 as the end ofancient European history.

Notes[edit]

^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^yGlodariu 1997,pp. 63–114.
^"Cultura Verbicioara și locațiile sale (IV) | Vertical".
^"Cu Privire la Descoperirile Funerare Ale Grupei Verbicioara".Archived fromthe originalon 2012-03-17.Retrieved2012-03-17.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿMacKendrick 2000,p. 215.
^^a ^b"Cultura Garla Mare | PDF".
^Predrag Medović, Praistorija na tlu Vojvodine, Novi Sad, 2001, pages 129-130.
^Dragoslav Srejović, Iliri i Tračani, Beograd, 2002, page 243.
^Alexandru Vulpe- Necropola hallstattiana de la Ferigile, Bucuresti, 1967
^^a ^bParvan (1928) 48
^http://scindeks.nb.rs/article.aspx?artid=0350-76530535007T^{[dead link]}
^Marian Gumă- Civilizaţia primei epoci a fierului în sud-vestul României, București, 1993
^Thomson (1948) 399
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^mBârsan 2013.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^aiMacKendrick 2000,p. 216.
^^a ^b ^cGiugrascu 1972,p. 24.
^Daicoviciu 1991,p. 68.
^^a ^bGiugrascu 1972,p. 26.
^^a ^b ^c ^dPippidi 1976,p. 116-117.
^^a ^b ^c ^dStrabo & 20 AD,VII 3,11.
^John T. Koch,Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia,p.550, ABC-CLIO, 2006ISBN 1851094407
^^a ^bDaicoviciu 1991,p. 65.
^^a ^bDaicoviciu 1991,p. 67.
^Crişan 1978,p. 61.
^^a ^bStrabo & 20 AD,VII 3,5.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^qMacKendrick 2000,p. 217.
^Strabo & 20 AD,VII 3.
^Strabo & 20 AD,VII 3,12.
^^a ^bGiugrascu 1972,p. 29.
^Pliny the Elder & 77 AD,IV 25.
^^a ^bJones 1992,p. 138.
^^a ^b ^cJones 1992,p. 139.
^^a ^b ^c ^d"De Imperatoribus Romanis"(Assorted Imperial Battle Descriptions).An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors.Retrieved2007-11-08.Battle of Sarmizegetusa (Sarmizegetuza), A.D. 105. During Trajan's reign one of the most important Roman successes was the victory over the Dacians. The first important confrontation between the Romans and the Dacians took place in the year 87 and was initiated by Domitian. Thepraetorian prefect Corneliusled five or six legions across the Danube on a bridge of ships and advanced towardsBanat(in Romania). The Romans were surprised by a Dacian attack at Tapae (near the village ofBucova,in Romania). Legion V Alaude was crushed and Cornelius Fuscus was killed. The victorious general was originally known asDiurpaneus(see Manea, p.109), but after this victory he was called Decebalus (the brave one).
^^a ^bJones 1992,p. 141.
^"Decebalus" means "strong as ten [men]" (cf.Sanskritdaśabala);Dece-being derived fromProto-Indo-European*dekm-('ten') and-balusfrom PIE*bel-,'strong'. Cf.Proto-Albanian*dek(a)t-,from PIE*dekm-(Demiraj, 1999).
^^a ^b ^c ^dJones 1992,p. 142.
^^a ^bJones 1992,p. 151.
^^a ^bJones 1992,pp. 150–151.
^^a ^bMartial & 100 AD,5.3.
^Jones 1992,p. 150.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^agMacKendrick 2000,p. 218.
^Anghel, Carmen (4 June 2015)."Castrul de la Mălăieşti sau poveşti din vremea când pe aici stăpânea Traian"(in Romanian).Retrieved5 July2017.
^^a ^bGiugrascu 1972,p. 34.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^eGiugrascu 1972,p. 35.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^eGiugrascu 1972,p. 36.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^agMacKendrick 2000,p. 219.
^Giugrascu 1972,p. 37.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^eGiugrascu 1972,p. 38.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^alMacKendrick 2000,p. 220.
^^a ^b ^c ^dGiugrascu 1972,p. 39.
^^a ^b ^cGiugrascu 1972,p. 40.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^abMacKendrick 2000,p. 221.
^Giugrascu 1972,p. 44.
^^a ^b ^cGiugrascu 1972,p. 45.
^^a ^b ^cGiugrascu 1972,p. 46.
^Giugrascu 1972,p. 47.
^Giugrascu 1972,p. 48.

References[edit]

Ancient[edit]

Martial(c. 100).Epigrammaton[Epigrams] (in Latin).
Pliny the Elder.Naturalis Historia[Natural History] (in Latin).
Strabo.Geographica[Geography] (in Ancient Greek).

Modern[edit]

Crişan, Ion Horaţiu(1978).Burebista and His Time.Volume 20 of Bibliotheca historica Romaniae: Monographies. Bucharest: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România.
Daicoviciu, Hadrian (1991).Dacii[Dacians] (in Romanian). Romania: Hyperion.
Glodariu, Ioan (1997)."1"(PDF).In Drăgoescu, Anton (ed.).Societatea umană din teritoriul intracarpatic în epoca veche[Human society within the intra-Carpathian space in ancient times].Istoria României. Transilvania(in Romanian). Vol. 1.Cluj-Napoca:Editura George Bariţiu. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2012-03-09.
Bârsan, Cornel(2013).Istorie Furată – Cronică Românească de Istorie Veche.Bistrița:Karuna.
MacKendrick, Paul Lachlan(2000).The Dacian Stones Speak.The University of North Carolina Press.ISBN 978-0-8078-4939-2.
Opreanu, Coriolan Horaţiu (2006)."The North Danube Regions from the Roman Province of Dacia to the Emergence of the Romanian Language (2nd-8th Centuries A. D.)".In Pop, Ioan Aurel; Bolovan, Ioan; Andea, Susana (eds.).History of Romania: Compendium.Cluj-Napoca:Romanian Cultural Institute(Center for Transylvanian Studies).ISBN 978-9737784124.
Pippidi, Dionisie M., ed. (1976)."Dictionar de istorie veche a României: (Paleolitic-sec.X)".Dicţionar de istorie veche a României: (paleolitic – sec. X) (Dictionary of Romanian old history).Bucharest: Editura ştiinţifică şi enciclopedică.

External links[edit]

[FOOTNOTEGlodariu199763–114-1] ^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^yGlodariu 1997,pp. 63–114.

[2] "Cultura Verbicioara și locațiile sale (IV) | Vertical".

[3] "Cu Privire la Descoperirile Funerare Ale Grupei Verbicioara".Archived fromthe originalon 2012-03-17.Retrieved2012-03-17.

[FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000215-4] ^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿMacKendrick 2000,p. 215.

[scribd.com-5] "Cultura Garla Mare | PDF".

[6] Predrag Medović, Praistorija na tlu Vojvodine, Novi Sad, 2001, pages 129-130.

[7] Dragoslav Srejović, Iliri i Tračani, Beograd, 2002, page 243.

[vulpe1967-8] Alexandru Vulpe- Necropola hallstattiana de la Ferigile, Bucuresti, 1967

[Parvan_(1928)_48-9] Parvan (1928) 48

[10] ttp://scindeks.nb.rs/article.aspx?artid=0350-76530535007T^{[dead link]}

[guma-11] Marian Gumă- Civilizaţia primei epoci a fierului în sud-vestul României, București, 1993

[Thomson_(1948)_399-12] Thomson (1948) 399

[FOOTNOTEBârsan2013-13] ^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^mBârsan 2013.

[FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000216-14] ^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^aiMacKendrick 2000,p. 216.

[FOOTNOTEGiugrascu197224-15] Giugrascu 1972,p. 24.

[FOOTNOTEDaicoviciu199168-16] Daicoviciu 1991,p. 68.

[FOOTNOTEGiugrascu197226-17] Giugrascu 1972,p. 26.

[FOOTNOTEPippidi1976116-117-18] Pippidi 1976,p. 116-117.

[FOOTNOTEStrabo20_ADVII_3,11-19] Strabo & 20 AD,VII 3,11.

[koch-20] John T. Koch,Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia,p.550, ABC-CLIO, 2006ISBN 1851094407

[FOOTNOTEDaicoviciu199165-21] Daicoviciu 1991,p. 65.

[FOOTNOTEDaicoviciu199167-22] Daicoviciu 1991,p. 67.

[FOOTNOTECrişan197861-23] Crişan 1978,p. 61.

[FOOTNOTEStrabo20_ADVII_3,5-24] Strabo & 20 AD,VII 3,5.

[FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000217-25] ^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^qMacKendrick 2000,p. 217.

[FOOTNOTEStrabo20_ADVII_3-26] Strabo & 20 AD,VII 3.

[FOOTNOTEStrabo20_ADVII_3,12-27] Strabo & 20 AD,VII 3,12.

[FOOTNOTEGiugrascu197229-28] Giugrascu 1972,p. 29.

[FOOTNOTEPliny_the_Elder77_ADIV_25-29] Pliny the Elder & 77 AD,IV 25.

[FOOTNOTEJones1992138-30] Jones 1992,p. 138.

[FOOTNOTEJones1992139-31] Jones 1992,p. 139.

[Romanis_REquote01-32] "De Imperatoribus Romanis"(Assorted Imperial Battle Descriptions).An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors.Retrieved2007-11-08.Battle of Sarmizegetusa (Sarmizegetuza), A.D. 105. During Trajan's reign one of the most important Roman successes was the victory over the Dacians. The first important confrontation between the Romans and the Dacians took place in the year 87 and was initiated by Domitian. Thepraetorian prefect Corneliusled five or six legions across the Danube on a bridge of ships and advanced towardsBanat(in Romania). The Romans were surprised by a Dacian attack at Tapae (near the village ofBucova,in Romania). Legion V Alaude was crushed and Cornelius Fuscus was killed. The victorious general was originally known asDiurpaneus(see Manea, p.109), but after this victory he was called Decebalus (the brave one).

[FOOTNOTEJones1992141-33] Jones 1992,p. 141.

[34] "Decebalus" means "strong as ten [men]" (cf.Sanskritdaśabala);Dece-being derived fromProto-Indo-European*dekm-('ten') and-balusfrom PIE*bel-,'strong'. Cf.Proto-Albanian*dek(a)t-,from PIE*dekm-(Demiraj, 1999).

[FOOTNOTEJones1992142-35] Jones 1992,p. 142.

[FOOTNOTEJones1992151-36] Jones 1992,p. 151.

[FOOTNOTEJones1992150–151-37] Jones 1992,pp. 150–151.

[FOOTNOTEMartial100_AD5.3-38] Martial & 100 AD,5.3.

[FOOTNOTEJones1992150-39] Jones 1992,p. 150.

[FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000218-40] ^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^agMacKendrick 2000,p. 218.

[41] Anghel, Carmen (4 June 2015)."Castrul de la Mălăieşti sau poveşti din vremea când pe aici stăpânea Traian"(in Romanian).Retrieved5 July2017.

[FOOTNOTEGiugrascu197234-42] Giugrascu 1972,p. 34.

[FOOTNOTEGiugrascu197235-43] Giugrascu 1972,p. 35.

[FOOTNOTEGiugrascu197236-44] Giugrascu 1972,p. 36.

[FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000219-45] ^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^agMacKendrick 2000,p. 219.

[FOOTNOTEGiugrascu197237-46] Giugrascu 1972,p. 37.

[FOOTNOTEGiugrascu197238-47] Giugrascu 1972,p. 38.

[FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000220-48] ^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^alMacKendrick 2000,p. 220.

[FOOTNOTEGiugrascu197239-49] Giugrascu 1972,p. 39.

[FOOTNOTEGiugrascu197240-50] Giugrascu 1972,p. 40.

[FOOTNOTEMacKendrick2000221-51] ^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^abMacKendrick 2000,p. 221.

[FOOTNOTEGiugrascu197244-52] Giugrascu 1972,p. 44.

[FOOTNOTEGiugrascu197245-53] Giugrascu 1972,p. 45.

[FOOTNOTEGiugrascu197246-54] Giugrascu 1972,p. 46.

[FOOTNOTEGiugrascu197247-55] Giugrascu 1972,p. 47.

[FOOTNOTEGiugrascu197248-56] Giugrascu 1972,p. 48.

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