Tivertsi
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TheTivertsi(Ukrainian:Ти́верці;Russian:Ти́верцы;Romanian:TiverțiorTiverieni), were a tribe ofearly East Slavswhich lived in the lands near theDniester,and probably the lowerDanube,that is in modern-day western Ukraine and theRepublic of Moldovaand possibly in easternRomaniaand the southernOdesa oblastofUkraine.The Tivertsi were one of the tribes that formed theUkrainianethnicity, namely the sub-ethnic and historic region ofPodolia.The Tivertsis' cultural inheritors, thePodolians,are a distinct group of Ukrainians.
Ethnonym
[edit]Other spellings include the anglicized formTivertsiansand the Slavic transliteratedTivertsy.George Vernadskysuggests that the name Tivertsi possibly originates from the fortress Turris ofJustinian I,pointing out that the letter "u" was commonly rendered as "v" (or, rather,ypsilon), suggesting the common root "tvr" of Iranian origin, meaning "fast".[1][2]According to another theory is related with Turkic formstyvarandtavar( "cattle", "property", "riches", "goods" ), which is seemingly related with the Slavic*stado( "cluster (group) of cattle" ), which supposedly stands in the name ofStadicidescribed byBavarian Geographeras "countless people" who had 516 settlements, while the neighbourUnlizi(Ulichs) as "populus multus", thus relating the Tivertsi with Stadici "can be interpreted as Turkic – Slavic tracing, serving to designate a large tribe in the southwestern part of present Ukraine." (some also related theWhite CroatswithStadici),[3]or they could have been mentioned asAttorozi.[3]
History
[edit]The original information about the tribe is scarce. Tivertsi andUlichsare briefly mentioned in earlyRuthenianmanuscripts, 863 being the earliest reference, 944 being the latest. ThePrimary Chroniclefrom theLaurentian Codex(the oldest copy) mentions that they lived by the Dniester and Danube down to the sea (evidently, theBlack Sea). TheHypatian Codex(later re-copy) replaces the Dniester with theDnieper.TheTver Chroniclementions them in the year 883, mentioning their fight againstAskold and Dir.A number of manuscripts mention in the year 885 that they fought withOleg of Novgorod.They are mentioned as taking part in Oleg's expeditions in 907 and inIgor's expeditions in 944, the latter year being the last reference to Tivertsi in early East Slavic manuscripts.[4]
At the beginning of the 10th century, the tribe became part of theKievan Rus.Starting in the mid-10th century, the Tivertsi frequently fought against the neighbouringPechenegsandCumans.In 12th and 13th centuries, some lands of the Tivertsi were part of theKingdom of Galiciaand later theGrand Duchy of Lithuania.
Settlements
[edit]Several settlements of Tivertsi are nowarchaeological sitesin Ukraine and Republic of Moldova (Alcedar,Echimăuţi,Rudiand others). According to Romanian and Moldovan researchers, Tivertsi were a Romanic-Slavic population dwelling along the Dniester river.[5][6]
Some scholars agree that the name of the town ofTyvriv(on the right bank ofSouthern Buhriver) inUkraine´sVinnytsia oblaststems from the tribe of Tivertsi, who lived in that very area. Likewise, the name of west Ukraine's town ofKivertsiis also associated with this tribe. It is also presumed thatKamyanets-Podilskyon theDniesterwas the tribal center of Tyvertsi.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^Vernadsky, G.Ancient Rus,Chapter VIII
- ^Sedov, Valentin Vasilyevich (2013) [1995].Славяне в раннем Средневековье[Sloveni u ranom srednjem veku (Slavs in Early Middle Ages)]. Novi Sad: Akademska knjiga. p. 501.ISBN978-86-6263-026-1.
- ^abKoncha, S. (2012)."Bavarian Geographer On Slavic Tribes From Ukraine"(PDF).Ukrainian Studies.12.Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv: 15–21.
- ^This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain:.Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary(in Russian). 1906.,article "Tivertsy"
- ^Gheorghe Postică (2007) Civilizația medievală timpurie din spațiul pruto-nistrean (secolele V-XIII), Editura Academiei Române, București, 2007, p. 64
- ^Victor Spinei,The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth Century,Leiden: Brill, 2009, pp. 84-87
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