Togolok
38°07′N62°00′E/ 38.12°N 62.00°E
   | |
| Location | Murghab Delta,Turkmenistan |
|---|---|
| Type | Archaeological site |
| History | |
| Founded | First half of the2nd millennium BC |
| Periods | Late phase of theBactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex(BMAC) |
| Cultures | Indo-Iranian |
| Site notes | |
| Condition | Ruins |
Togolokis an archaeological site in theMurghab Delta,Turkmenistan,located about 10–15 km south ofGonur(or about 40 km north ofMary, Turkmenistan).Togolok 21is anIndo-Iranian[1]temple and fortress dated to the first half of the 2nd millennium BC, belonging to the late phase of theBactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex(BMAC).Togolok 1area has also been excavated.
According to theEncyclopedia of Indo-European Culture(page 495), the Togolok temple contained rooms where traces ofephedraandhempwere found along with implements for the preparation of a hallucinogenic beverage (later known assomain India and ashaomain Iran).
Togolok Depe[edit]
The name 'Togolok' is also applied to another much older site in Turkmenistan known as 'Togolok Depe'. This settlement started in theNeolithicduring theJeitunperiod around 7000 BC.[2]It is located in theKopet-Dagfoothills near the ancient Jeitun settlement. The site has been excavated and published in 1964 in Russian.
References[edit]
- ^SARIANIDI, V. I. 1990. "Togolok 21, an Indo-Iranian Temple in the Karakum". Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 4: 159-165.
- ^David R. Harris,Origins of Agriculture in Western Central Asia: An Environmental-Archaeological Study.University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.ISBN1934536512p61
- Viktor Sarianidi,Le complexe cultuel de Togolok 21 en Margiane ",Arts Asiatiques41 (1986), 5–21.
- Viktor Sarianidi, "Togolok 21, an Indo-Iranian Temple in the Karakum",Bulletin of the Asia Institute4 (1990), 159–165.
- Victor Sarianidi,Margiana and Soma-Haoma,Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies(EJVS) 9.1c (5 May 2003).
- Fredrik Talmage Hiebert,Origins of the Bronze Age Oasis Civilization in Central Asia,American School of Prehistoric Research Bulletins 42 (2004).
- M. Cattani et al.,The Murghab Delta in Central Asia 1990-2001: GIS from a Research Resource to a Reasoning Tool for the Study of Settlement Change in Long-Term Fluctuationsin: M. Doerr (ed.),The Digital Heritage of Archaeology(2002).