Tombonuwo language
| Tombonuo | |
|---|---|
| Lobu · Mutangar Tombonuo | |
| Native to | Malaysia |
| Region | Sabah |
| Ethnicity | Tambanuo |
Native speakers | 10,000 (2000)[1] 3,000 Lingkabau (2003)[1] |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | txa |
| Glottolog | tomb1244 |
Tombonuwo(Tambonuo) is a Paitanic language spoken in the Pitas and Labuk-Sugut Districts of northwestSabah,Malaysia.[2][3]
Phonology[4][edit]
Consonants[edit]
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | pb | t̪ | d | kg | ʔ | |
| Fricative | s | |||||
| Affricate | dʒ | |||||
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||
| Lateral | l | |||||
| Tap | ɾ | |||||
| Semi-vowel | w | j |
The phonemes/p,t,k,s,ʔ/are voiceless. All other expressions are voiced.
Vowels[edit]
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| High | i | u |
| Non-high | a | o |
/o/is often pronounced as unrounded[ʌ].
/a/is neutralized to[ʌ]in a pre-stressed syllable.
Morphology[edit]
Focus[edit]
Sabahan languages are characterized by "focus" morphology, which marks a syntactic relationship between the predicate of a clause and the "focused" noun phrase of the clause[5](seeAustronesian alignment).
Tombonuwo has four focus categories, conventionally labelled "actor", "patient", "referent" and "theme".[6]Focus is marked by affixation on the verb.
- Actor:-um-/m(u)-
- Patient:-on(Present tense) / -∅ (Past tense)
- Referent:-an
- Theme:i-
Tense and aspect[6][edit]
The only marked tense in Tombonuwo is past tense.
- Past tense:n-(-in-)
- Stative:o-
- Perfective:ko-
- Non-volitional past tense:n-o-
- Accomplishment:n-o-ko-
Demonstratives[6][edit]
- Near the speaker:itu
- Far from the speaker:iri
- Medium distance from the speaker:ono
References[edit]
- ^abTombonuoatEthnologue(18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
- ^King, Julie (1984).The Paitanic language family.Canberra: Australian National University. pp.146.ISBN0858832976.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^Lobel, Jason William (2013).Philippine and North Bornean languages: issues in description, subgrouping and reconstruction(PDF)(PHD dissertation). Manoa: University of Hawai'i. p. 370.
- ^King, John Wayne (1993).Tombonuwo phonemics.Kota Kinabalu: Sabah Museum. pp. 97–106.ISBN9789839638059.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^Boutin, Michael (1988).Problems in analyzing focus in the languages of Sabah.Dallas: SIL. p. 54.ISBN0883122146.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^abcKing, John Wayne; Levinsohn, Stephen (1991).Participant reference in Tombonuo.Canberra: Australian National University. p. 76.ISBN0-85883-406-5.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help)
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