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TheToronto goth scene,the culturallocusof thegoth subcultureinToronto,Ontario,Canadaand the associated music and fashion scene, has distinct origins from goth scenes of other goth subcultural centres, such as theUKorGermany.Originally known as the "Batcavers", the term "goth" appeared only after 1988, when it was applied to the pre-existent subculture. Distinctive features included internationally recognized gothic and vampiric fashion store 'Siren',[1]a goth-industrial bar named 'Sanctuary: The Vampire Sex Bar',[2]andForever Knight,a television series about an 800-year-old vampire living in Toronto. In Toronto, thegothsdid not seek to reject mainstream status, and achieved partial acceptance throughout the mid to late 1990s.

History

[edit]
The Silver Crown Tavern at 25Richmond StreetWest in 1989.

In the UK, wheregoth rockoriginated, the term "gothic" or "goth" was used to refer to asubcultureand style of music since circa 1982; however, in Toronto the usage of the term "goth" and the identification of a subculture as goth did not occur until years later in 1988, when goth rock was already in the midst of what is often referred to as the'second generation'or 'second wave'.

Early years: "Batcavers", "Blitz", "Punks", and "Freaks"

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In Toronto, the subculture that eventually would morph into "Goth" was an eclectic and varied group that existed prior to 1982 and was a cultural blend ofNew Romantic,Post-punk,andHardcore punkenthusiasts. There were various terms in use for members of this scene, including "Batcavers", "Blitz", and "Freaks", but often "punk" was used to describe the look (especially for outsiders). Inclusion had no specific requirements beyond participation in the music scene, it was more diverse than other goth/punk scenes. The "freaks" at this time included fans of specific music genres, and did not exclude people of colour,transgenderpeople,gaypeople, or any others who participated in the Torontounderground musicscene.[3]

Some "freaks", notablyDeath punksandNew Romantics,were extremely fashion-conscious, dressing in darker styles modeled on oldblack-and-whitehorror films,Morticia Addams,Lily Munster,film noiror rattyNew Romanticandglam rockfashions, but maintained a local "freak" identity and a general lack of knowledge of burgeoning UK goth scene. Some thought of these individuals as "pretentious, vacuous, fashion victims."[4] Although the term "freak" was used generically, many punks disliked being labelled freaks themselves, and considered the term to apply only to others. Some punks used the term "Blitz Kids"when referring to the darker styledNew Romanticsafter 1982.[3][5]

Paul Samuels, co-owner of Goth Club 'Savage Garden', one of Toronto's longest running goth bars, reported "we were wearing [pointy] skull buckle boots, black jeans and tour t-shirts; after that it was thefrilly shirtswith long sleeves. Then I mashed in make-up and black, backcombed hair with lots of hairspray. We became the freaks of the town. "[6]

The word "freak" was not derogatory; those who called themselves "freak" tended to call everyone in this music scene "freak". In this group were the same individuals who would later become known as "the goths" after 1988. However, unlike concurrentgoth subcultureselsewhere, many of these "freaks" were primarily fashion-oriented as opposed to identifying as strongly withgothic rockgenre of music in particular.

The area betweenUniversity AvenueandSpadina AvenueonQueen Street Westwas home to the punks since the mid seventies. It was a place of old garment and textile industry buildings that time had forgotten in the seventies. Punk got its foothold in venues such as the Horseshoe Tavern, Beverley Hotel, X-Rays and the Black Bull patio (pre-bikers) and changed the area into a bohemian, artistic community (pre-current corporate gentrification). As early goth was evolving out of the punk scene these new goths found a kindred spirit and sense of community in Queen Street West as well. However, rent increases and the economic down turn of the early 1990s drove many shops, designers and residents to move to adjacent neighbourhoods, most notablyWest Queen West,which is west ofBathurst StreetonQueen Street West.[7]Kensington Marketalso attracted underground or alternative lifestyle individuals, including those who later became the goths.[8][9]

Live venues in theQueen Street Westarea started refusing to take punk bands, "Instead, they demanded progressive acts who were evolving out of punk like beautiful butterflies from ugly cocoons"; "music here was for connoseurs [sic] ofpost-punknew music, "says punk rock journalist S. Black.[10]

Queen Street Westwas the centre of goth revival at the time of the "Queen Street exodus across Spadina."[7][11]The area became known as the "Fashion District"for itstextileandupholsterywholesalers, which allowed goths to cheaply experiment with styles.[11]Queen Street West near Portland Street became known as "Little Gotham",having the highest concentration of goth subculture in the world. The impact of the goth movement in Toronto continues to show in much of the music and arts that have emerged from Toronto since the 1990s.

Club Scene

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1985 flyer for "Pariah" - a Wednesday night after-hours club in Toronto. Flyer by S. O'Flynn & S. Scott.

The central hub and breeding ground for the subculture later to be known in Toronto as "goth" was the city's after-hours clubs, beginning with Voodoo on St. Joseph Street (1981–1985), Kongo on Hagerman St. (1983-4), Klub Domino on Isabella (and later Yonge St.) (1979–85), Iguana Lounge on Pears Ave, and perhaps the peak of this early period was Pariah, a Wednesday club night that would run from 10 until dawn, which originated at Kongo in 1983, originally launched by Lynn McNeil, with Siobhan O'Flynn DJ'ing.[12]After closing at the Kongo on Hagerman St., Pariah relaunched with Siobhan O'Flynn and Stephen Scott running the after hours night at the much larger Twilight Zone on Richmond Street (1984–87), owned by the Assoon Brothers.[13] Other prominent DJs from this period included Dave Allen, Pam Barnes, Ivan Palmer, Donny Cochrane, Dan McKay, and others.

Clubs also part of the scene in this period were: the Silver Crown, Club Z (Batcave Night), Catwalk, Nuts and Bolts, and slightly later: Empire Club, Club Noir, Night Gallery, and Lizard Lounge.

Also worthy of note is Century 66 - a restaurant attended and staffed by many members of the scene with a futuristic and dark decor, and the location of many events, includingBrian Eno'sThursday Afternooninstallation in December 1984.[14]

Emergence of Goth beginning 1988

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It was 1988 that "Goth" arrived in Toronto. The term "Goth" began to be used to refer to those "freaks" who centred onGothic fashionandGothic rock.Elsewhere, merely being a fan ofGothic rockwould generally define an individual as a "Goth",[15]but this was not the case in Toronto, where the idea of being "Gothic" was taken very literally; until the mid '90s, the Goths in Toronto consideredGothic literature,romantic poetry,Gothic fashionandGothic aesthetics,especiallybeauty,to be subcultural requirements as well.Anne Rice,Edgar Allan Poe,Lord Byron,Bram Stokerand other Gothicromanticistauthors were extensively read and considered social obligations.[16]A new, darker vampire fashion became the default definition of Torontonian Goth style.[5][17]

The mid-1980s - 1991 saw the emergence of proto-type gothic bands appeared such asVital Sines,Breeding Ground,National VelvetandThe Furies.

The year 1989 also saw the opening of a dedicated Gothic fashion store, Siren,[18]onQueen Street Westand by 1998 it eventually became the "world's oldest shop catering to the combined enthusiasms of the overlapping communities devoted to the gothic and vampire genres."[1]Groovella Blak, who owned Siren, also later founded the Gothic Society of Canada with then husband Morpheus Blak (which exists today as "The Dark Place"[19]). Groovella was Toronto's best known "Goth girl", considered a 'fairy gothmother', and at the height of the Toronto vampire craze in mid-'90s had her canine teeth filed into fangs and always wore black or black with red.[6]However, Icewind, the organizer of the Toronto Vampire Meetup Group, stated that obsession with vampire mythology and fashion is simply part of Goth subculture itself and does not make one a vampire, "they're not what we'd call vampires, they just like the culture."[20]

Industrial musicbecame a major additional style popular in the Toronto goth scene;Skinny PuppyaVancouver-based Industrial band inspired an interest inanimal rightsin many "Industrial-goths" in Toronto.[5]Also at this time, bands such asDepeche Mode,although not goth themselves, were very influential in attracting mainstream music followers into thegoth subculturein Toronto.[21] On September 3, 1992, a bar named "Sanctuary: The Vampire Sex Bar" opened on Queen Street West, in step with the increasing popularity of vampiric-goth archetypes. Sanctuary originally imposed a gothic dress code to strictly adhere to thegothic fashionaspect of the scene.[5]Sexual activity did not actually occur in the bar.[22] The book,"Tales From Sanctuary: The Vampire Sex Bar"(1997) documented tales and anecdotes from Toronto's alleged "vampire" scene.[2]

Fetish fashionhad always been associated with the early goth scene having adopted it from the punk scene aesthetics. Leathercraft and later Northbound Leather, both on Yonge Street were key retail outlets for the emergence of fetish culture in Toronto. When it started to gain mass popularity in the Toronto goth scene, many individuals soon equated "Fetish" with "Goth". Similarly pop-culture began to heavily influence the Toronto goths: withMarilyn MansonandBetty Pagebeing perceived by the public as "goth", and the movieThe Crowshowcasinggothic aestheticsand goth protagonists, more and more Torontonians became interested in being part of the "goth subculture". Although these new emerging movements did not necessarily share the same outlooks as the earlier goths, nor an interest in the same styles of music and fashion, the scene itself flourished with a new emphasis on sexuality.[5]

By the mid 90s, and continuing thereafter, Toronto goths held regularBDSMor goth fetish nights. Costuming was a major aspect of this event. Unlike purist fetishists, goths were more likely to be found laughing or taking turns. Sex and sexuality also played a larger part at goth fetish nights than purist fetishist events.[23]

Increasing mainstream influences

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Toronto goths onDundas Street Westin 2008

Forever Knight(1992–1996) was an internationally aired television series filmed in and around Toronto about an 800-year-old vampire who becomes a member of theMetropolitan Toronto Policeand attempts to regain his humanity. The local references, landmarks and street names intrigued fans as part of a city of vampires.[24]

Canadian fantasy author,Tanya Huff,wrote a series of supernatural detective novels known as theBlood Booksbetween 1991 until present, featuring a fictional historical romance author, Henry Fitzroy, who happens to be avampire.The series is set in Toronto and uses familiar landmarks. In 2007, this series was adapted for television under the titleBlood Ties.

Thevampire novelThe Night Inside(1994) referred toWest Queen Westas "a crowd of vampire wanna-bes" with "pale faces, black-lined eyes."[25]

In Toronto, thegoth subculturebecame widespread enough that the media referred to it as "pop-culture",[26]in contrast with the term "cult" that would be applied in later years. In 1998, Johnson Cummins, a music journalist for theMontreal Mirror,reported that Toronto had a higher concentration of goths than anywhere else in the world and that anyone walking down Queen Street could not avoid seeing many of them. At this time, Mitch Krol, lead singer of the Toronto-based goth bandMasochistic Religion,became disenchanted with direction of the Toronto scene, calling it shallow, pretentious, primarily concerned with money and glam, and stating that it was no longer goth. Masochistic Religion thereafter relocated toMontreal,Quebec.[27]

School shootings and decline in popularity

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In 1999, aschool shooting at Columbine High SchoolinLittleton, Coloradocreated a public backlash against local goths and especially gothic youths as some teachers and parents suddenly began to view goth fashion with suspicion and mistrust.[28]Violence of any kind had always been very rare at Toronto goth clubs, and notable figures in the goth community spoke to the media against associating violence with "goth". They insisted that the shooters were not goths, did not listen to goth music, and that goths were non-violent and pacifistic.[29]Certain elements of the media, notably the local entertainment and culture media, also defended goths.Eye Weeklycolumnist Donna Lypchuk wrote, "I've been laughing for the past two weeks as talking heads blame the goth subculture for the killings in Colorado. The mainstream goth movement, which has been around for at least 25 years, is not secret enough to be a subversive society."[30]Five months later a report from authorities in Colorado confirmed that the shooting was not related to goth subculture, and stated that the shooters held goth music in "contempt".[31]

TheOntario Consultants on Religious Toleranceresearched the subculture and published a report with the conclusion that goths are non-violent,pacifistic,passive and tolerant of others, and that many in the media had incorrectly associated the goth subculture with violence, hatred of minorities,white supremacy,etc. They found that the goth ideology is actually based on recognition, identification and grief over societal and personal evils that the mainstream culture wished to ignore or forget, these being the prevalent themes in goth music.[32]

Regardless of the fact that the Columbine Shooting was not related to goth subculture,[31]the Toronto goth scene began to decline.[33]Goth bars closed, and goth culture-oriented businesses shut down, including Siren and Sanctuary, which was the longest-running gothic bar as well as the first industrial club in Canada.[34]By mid-2001goth musicwas no longer in significant demand in Toronto, and consequently night clubs had generally stopped playing it. As the chain reaction continued, live venues stopped booking it. Bands like The Birthday Massacre, Vegasphere, Dream Corrosion, Rhea's Obsession, and Bitter Fall, who were accustomed to playing to full houses, especially when in their hometown, would discover that was no longer the case.[35]Clinging to the idea that the goth subculture was not dying but merely changing, in 2002, local goths tried to revitalize the community by holding events keyed towards introducing older goths to the younger generation.[33]In 2003 it was reported that where other cities had lost their base of goth and industrial fans, Toronto's scene was holding on, or even growing.[36]By 2004 it was reported that local interest ingoth rockwas stagnant, and some DJ's advocated a shift towardscybergothmusic.[37]By late 2005, one media outlet was predicting the downfall of the goth scene in Toronto, stating goth had "returned to its sociopathic roots" and advising readers to "bask in the nostalgia while it lasts."[38]After theDawson College shootingon September 13, 2006, theToronto Suncriticized goths: describing it as "unbelievable" that in the wake of Dawson, in the nearby City ofLondon, Ontario,goths were organizing to raise money for charity.Toronto Suncolumnist, Michele Mandele advised goths to "stay home" and suggested that goths feel no responsibility to help prevent tragedies such as the shooting at Dawson College.[39]

The Toronto goth scene today (2015–present)

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While goth has declined in popularity in Toronto, a loyal following still exists, congregating at clubs such as Nocturne[40](the former Savage Garden[41]) on Queen Street West for the weekly Black Friday nights and various monthly and other regular events, and The Orb (popularly known by its previous name, The Devil's Cellar), which is in the basement of Celts Pub on Dundas Street West, for the monthly Dracula's Daughter night. A Goth Pub Social event also takes place on a monthly basis at Pauper's Pub on Bloor Street West, and Borderline Plus, a clothing and accessories store on Queen Street West, caters primarily to the goth/industrial scene. Velvet Underground, a stalwart of the alternative scene and once home to weekly live broadcasts by Toronto FM station 102.1 The Edge,[42]closed its doors at the end of August 2015[43]due to its owner, Liberty Entertainment Group, deciding to focus on its wine bars. The last event was the final night of the 2015 iteration of the Aftermath Festival. Velvet Underground was reopened by a local entertainment group Embrace Presents on February 12, 2016 but as a live music venue.

Subcultural traits

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Toronto's goths have been noted for subcultural traits which are not noted forgoth subculturesin general.

Mainstream acceptance

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According toNancy Kilpatrick's book,The Goth Bible,goths generally are secretive and goths tend to hide the meaning of goth away from the mainstream. She found that goth is an underground movement and keeping it separate from the mainstream is what keeps it alive.[44]In 1999Diane Sawyer,of the American television show20/20,dubbed goth as "a dark, underground national phenomenon".[29]

However, according to Matthew Didier, founder of The Toronto Ghosts and Hauntings Research Society and regular contributor to the CFRB paranormal radio show "Mind/Shift", speaking of Torontonian goths "They want to be 'professional' and be accepted for their contributions to whatever than shunned. They want to be" The Goth Lawyer "or" The Goth Accountant "... not the scary person in the gutter."[5]According toTime Out Toronto,a tourist guide published in 2005, the local goths had a slogan: "Making Toronto a darker place."[45]

This may be consistent with themulticulturalnature of Toronto. According to theUnited Nations Development Programme,Toronto has the second-highest percentage of foreign-born population among world cities.Multiculturalismbecame official policy in Canada in 1971, before any other country in the world.[46]

Rightfully or not, in Toronto, after theColumbine shooting,goth professionals, also called "Corporate Goths", have often felt as if they had to hide their subcultural identity from the workplace because of the negative stigma associated with goth culture.[47]

Apparently heightened emphasis on fashion

[edit]

Fashion is widely considered to be part of thegoth subculture,however in Toronto, "goth" was an outgrowth of what was already a very fashion conscious subsection of the "freak" subculture (seeHistory), and since then, fashion predominantly tended to define "goth"[5]in Toronto. The Toronto mainstream culture media reported that fashion was the most appealing facet of the goth scene.[48]

In 1998, Mitch Kroll, lead singer of the, then Toronto-based, goth band, Masochistic Religion, criticized "the people who were calling themselves goth in Toronto" for their shallow over-emphasis on fashion, calling them "glam".[27]

After theColumbine Massacrein 1999 one notable goth club owner in Toronto, Lance Goth, commented to the media that he believed the shooters "weren't the least bit goth. They didn't even dye their hair black."[29]

It is not clear after 1999 whether what remains of Toronto goth subculture, emphasizes fashion more, less, or the same as goth subculture elsewhere.

Historic subcultural events

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Poster for Katacombes Nightclub by poster artistNathaniel Milljourfeaturing Toronto-based bands Nanochrist and Soundgazer.

In 1998, Toronto was host toConvergenceIV, an annual North American meeting of net.goths.[49] [50]

Events included:

  • Masochistic Religion and DJs Michael Salo and Greg Clow played at the Opera House on August 21, 1998.
  • Faith and the Muse,Rhea's Obsession,the Changelings and My Scarlet Life with DJ Marylace played at the Opera House on August 22.
  • An April March and DJs Lady Bathory and Lord Pale played Clinton's on August 23, with the goth/medieval magick sideshow Carnival Xaotika as the added attraction.[51]

List of Toronto goth bands

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A number bands that have performed and recordedgoth,punk,post punkandindustrial musicbased out of Toronto.

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^abJ. Gordon Melton(December 1998).The Vampire Book: The Encyclopedia of the Undead.Visible Ink Press.ISBN978-1-57859-071-1.
  2. ^abStephen Andrew Lee (Lance Goth) (1997).Tales From Sanctuary: The Vampire Sex Bar.Toronto, Spitfire.Listed by"1997 Novels, Collections and Anthologies".Sunburst Award for Canadian Literature of the Fantastic.1997. Archived fromthe originalon 2007-09-27.Retrieved2007-03-31.
  3. ^abMadame Webb; M.C. and A.L."Toronto Gothic History".Madamme Webb's Sight.Archived fromthe originalon 2007-10-09.Retrieved2007-03-30.
  4. ^Miss Lynx inNancy Kilpatrick."The + Section Speaks".The goth Bible: A Compendium for the Darkly Inclined.Retrieved2007-03-31.Outtakes of interview questions fromNancy Kilpatrick (2004-09-23).The goth Bible: A Compendium for the Darkly Inclined.St. Martin's Griffin.ISBN978-0-312-30696-0.
  5. ^abcdefgMatthew Didie (2006-10-23)."So Goth it Hurts - The Lost Post..."One Old Green Bus.Retrieved2007-03-31.
  6. ^abLiisa LadouceurLords Of The New ChurchArchived2014-11-08 at theWayback MachineThis Magazine- May 2005
  7. ^abHans Boldt & Sylvana Grisonich-Boldt (2006-08-21)."Toronto - West Queen West".boldts.net.Retrieved2007-03-31.
  8. ^DK Travel."Toronto: Kensington Market".Eyewitness Travel Guides.Retrieved2007-04-01.
  9. ^Hans Boldt & Sylvana Grisonich-Boldt (2006-08-21)."Toronto - Kensington Market 2006".boldts.net.Retrieved2007-03-31.
  10. ^S.Black"The Toronto Scene 1977–1987 - Some of the Dives"Archived2007-09-27 at theWayback MachinePunk History Canada
  11. ^abPenina Coopersmith (author),Vincenzo Pietropaolo(photographer) (2006-05-16).Toronto Colourguide: Fifth Edition.Formac. p. 153.ISBN978-0-88780-693-3.Retrieved2007-04-01.{{cite book}}:|author=has generic name (help)
  12. ^"Then & Now: TWILIGHT ZONE (Extended mix)".16 March 2017.
  13. ^Archived atGhostarchiveand theWayback Machine:"Pariah Footage (No Audio)".YouTube.
  14. ^"Brian Eno's Video and Audio Installations".
  15. ^"Goth"dictionary
  16. ^Rumack, Leah."Local Goths Feel Fallout, Apr 1999".Now Magazine.Retrieved8 December2021– via PressReader.
  17. ^"Toronto Goth Subculture" - cachedCTV News Toronto - early 1990s news report
  18. ^Nancy Kilpatrick (2004).The Goth Bible.St. Martin's Griffin. p.30.ISBN0-312-30696-2.
  19. ^"Society History".The Dark Place.Retrieved12 December2011.
  20. ^Victoria Scrozzo (2006-08-14)."Interview with the vampire".The Eyeopener Online.Archived fromthe originalon 2007-10-21.Retrieved2007-10-30.
  21. ^Alan Cross,"Ongoing History of New Music: (Good) Goth Part 2"CFNY 102.1 The Edge
  22. ^Nancy Lyon."Toronto: the Good City that would be Bad".Travel Reviews from Travel Intelligence.Retrieved2007-03-31.
  23. ^Nancy Kilpatrick (2004).The Goth Bible.St. Martin's Griffin. p.138.ISBN0-312-30696-2.
  24. ^Kristin Harris (June 23 – July 2, 2006)."Forever Knight Filming Locations in Toronto".Forever Knight: Knight Vision.Retrieved2007-04-01.
  25. ^Priscilla L. Walton (2004-09-08).Our Cannibals, Ourselves.University of Illinois Press.p. 83.ISBN978-0-252-02925-7.Retrieved2007-04-01....in Nancy Baker's 1993 novelThe Night Inside,her vampire-hero, Ardeth, chooses to 'hide' on Toronto's trendy Queen Street West, where she blends in with everyone else's 'pale faces, black-lined eyes' (p. 161). As she puts it, 'What better place to hide could there be than in a crowd of vampire wanna-bes?' (p. 161).Quote taken fromNancy Baker (1994-01-03).The Night Inside.Fawcett Publications.p.161.ISBN978-0-449-90904-1.
  26. ^Leah Rumack (April 29 – May 5, 1999)."Strange places where evil lurks".NOWmagazine.Retrieved2007-03-31.
  27. ^abJohnson Cummins (1998-10-22)."Like a bat out of hell >> Masochistic Religion's exile from goth-ville".Montreal Mirror.Archived fromthe originalon 2006-05-25.Retrieved2007-03-31....Mitch Kroll and his merry band of gothsters Masochistic Religion.
  28. ^Briggs, Bill (April 22, 1999)."The Denver Post Online - Columbine Massacre".extras.denverpost.Retrieved2019-10-17.
  29. ^abcLeah Rumack (April 29 – May 5, 1999)."Goth shock".NOWmagazine. Archived fromthe originalon 2007-09-26.Retrieved2007-03-31.
  30. ^Donna Lypchuk (1999-05-06)."Necrofile - You and me against the world".Eye Weekly.Retrieved2007-03-31.
  31. ^abCullen, Dave (23 September 1999)."Inside the Columbine High investigation".Salon.Retrieved12 December2011.
  32. ^B.A. Robinson (2006-09-23)."The Goth culture: its history, practices, stereotypes, religious connections, etc".Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance.Retrieved2007-03-31.
  33. ^abAparita Bhandari"Aging Goths seek out fresh blood" - cached hereArchived2009-01-05 at theWayback MachineToronto StarJune 21, 2002
  34. ^club-history SanctuaryArchivedNovember 25, 2006, at theWayback Machine
  35. ^Jeckyl/HydeThe Savage Garden Of Good and Evil (July 29th 2001)Torontogoth
  36. ^Sandee RagerSublime City: Toronto's Dark RenaissanceArchived2006-10-22 at theWayback MachineMarsDust Music
  37. ^Nancy Kilpatrick (2004).The Goth Bible.St. Martin's Griffin. pp.274–275.ISBN0-312-30696-2.
  38. ^Marc Weisblott (2005-11-15)."Pale by comparison".Paved Word Press.Retrieved2007-10-30.
  39. ^Michele MandeleStay home, you freaks!Toronto Sun,Sept 17, 2006
  40. ^Sutherland, Ryan."NOCTURNE: Nightclub: Lounge: Cocktail Bar".nocturneclub.Retrieved2015-09-22.
  41. ^"Nocturne breathes life into Toronto's weird scene".Retrieved2015-09-22.
  42. ^"102.1 The Edge is reviving 'The Spirit of Radio' with Scot Turner".AUX.TV.Retrieved2015-09-22.
  43. ^"Velvet Underground says goodbye".2015-08-25.Retrieved2015-09-22.
  44. ^Nancy Kilpatrick (2004).The Goth Bible.St. Martin's Griffin. pp.3–4.ISBN0-312-30696-2.
  45. ^Time Out Guides Staff; Time Out Guides Ltd; Lesley McCave; Time Out Guides (2005).Time Out Toronto.Time Out Guides. p. 91.ISBN1-904978-32-0.Retrieved2007-03-31.
  46. ^SeeNeil Bissoondath,Selling Illusions: The Myth of Multiculturalism.Toronto: Penguin, 2002.ISBN978-0-14-100676-5.
  47. ^Rachel Ross"Goths on the job" - cachedToronto StarOct 12, 2004
  48. ^Holly GoesCHOOSE YOUR ALTERNATIVEArchived2007-09-27 at theWayback MachineEye Weekly Newspaper
  49. ^Convergence IV Collective (2006-11-03)."A Brief History of Convergence".Convergence IV.Archived fromthe originalon 2006-12-14.Retrieved2007-03-30.
  50. ^"Welcome to altgothic".altgothic.Retrieved12 December2011.
  51. ^CINDY MCGLYNNWeekend of the living deadEye Weekly
  52. ^Rick Winkle, James Gray and Gord Wilson"Vital Sines"[usurped]The Canadian Pop Encyclopedia
[edit]
  • Goth Girls 1Satirical video featuring the fate of Sanctuary: Vampire Sex Bar.
Canoe.Ca - segment featuring Toronto's goth scene, music from local bands, Minx Clothing, and Club Neutral.
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