Totma
Totma
Тотьма | |
|---|---|
 Lenin (Kirov) Street in Totma | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
Location of Totma  | |
  Totma Location of Totma  Totma Totma (Vologda Oblast) | |
| Coordinates:59°58′N42°45′E/ 59.967°N 42.750°E | |
| Country | Russia |
| Federal subject | Vologda Oblast[1] |
| Administrative district | Totemsky District[1] |
| Town of district significance | Totma[2] |
| First mentioned | 1137[3]or 1138[4] |
| Elevation | 130 m (430 ft) |
| Population | |
| • Total | 9,785 |
| •Capitalof | Totemsky District,[1]town of district significance of Totma[2] |
| •Municipal district | Totemsky Municipal District[6] |
| •Urban settlement | Totma Urban Settlement[6] |
| •Capitalof | Totemsky Municipal District,[6]Totma Urban Settlement[6] |
| Time zone | UTC+3(MSK [7]) |
| Postal code(s)[8] | 161300 |
| OKTMOID | 19646101001 |
Totma(Russian:То́тьма) is atownand theadministrative centerofTotemsky DistrictinVologda Oblast,Russia,located on the left bank of theSukhona Riverat itsconfluencewith thePesya Denga,217 kilometers (135 mi) northeast ofVologda,the administrative center of theoblast.Population:9,785 (2010 Russian census);[5]10,531 (2002 Census);[9]10,622 (1989 Soviet census).[10]
History
[edit]It was first mentioned in the chronicles in 1137 (according to other sources—in 1138[4]) as thepogostofTodma(Тодма).[3]It was founded byNovgorodians,who used theSukhonaas the main waterway leading to the north and eventually to theWhite Sea.[citation needed]The name "Totma" is nevertheless ofFinno-Ugrianorigin, which, together with archeological discoveries, indicates that an earlier settlement on the site of the present town was established by theMeryapeople.[citation needed]The originalpogostwas located 16 kilometers (9.9 mi) downstream of the current location, close to the mouth of theStaraya Totma River.[3]In the 13th century, salt production started around Totma and the town was relocated.[citation needed]In 1539, Totma was plundered byKazan Tatars;[3]a fortress was built after this event.[4]In 1554, monkFeodosy Sumorinfounded theTransfiguration Monastery.[3]In the 16th–17th centuries, Totma was one of the most prosperous towns of the Russian North, due to the trade and to the salt production.[3]In the 17th and 18th centuries, Totma was visited several times byPeter the Great,[3]which was rather exceptional given the remote location of the town.[citation needed]
In the course of theadministrative reformcarried out in 1708 byPeter the Great,Totma was included intoArchangelgorod Governorateand named one of the towns constituting the governorate.[11]In the 18th century, Totma was one of the main centers of the exploration of and the trade withAlaska.[3]In particular,Ivan Kuskov,the first administrator ofFort Ross,a Russian fortress in California, was a native of Totma.[3]In 1780, Totma became the seat ofTotemsky UyezdofVologda Viceroyalty,[3]and since 1796 it was a part ofVologda Governorate.[4]
In the 19th century, Totma quickly lost its significance[3]as the foreign trade was rerouted fromArkhangelsktoSt. Petersburgand the river transportation was gradually replaced by railways and highways.[citation needed]The railway from Vologda to Arkhangelsk was constructed along the shortest way viaKonoshaand bypassed Totma, while the oldhighwayfrom Moscow to Arkhangelsk never ran via Totma.[citation needed]Until the late 1990s, the only road through Totma connected Vologda withVeliky UstyugviaNikolsk.[citation needed]In the second half of the 19th century, Totma was frequently used as a destination for political exile.[4]
On July 15, 1929, several governorates, including Vologda Governorate, were merged intoNorthern Kraiand the uyezds were abolished.[citation needed]Totma became the administrative center of Totemsky District, which included parts of former Totemsky Uyezd.[citation needed]
Administrative and municipal status
[edit]Within theframework of administrative divisions,Totma serves as theadministrative centerofTotemsky District.[1]As an administrative division, it is incorporated within Totemsky District as thetown of district significanceof Totma.[2]As amunicipal division,the town of district significance of Totma is incorporated within Totemsky Municipal District asTotma Urban Settlement.[6]
Geography
[edit]Climate
[edit]| Climate data for Totma (extremes 1883-present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 4.6 (40.3) |
5.0 (41.0) |
15.3 (59.5) |
27.1 (80.8) |
31.0 (87.8) |
34.4 (93.9) |
35.2 (95.4) |
35.2 (95.4) |
28.2 (82.8) |
22.5 (72.5) |
12.6 (54.7) |
7.4 (45.3) |
35.2 (95.4) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −7.8 (18.0) |
−6.0 (21.2) |
0.4 (32.7) |
8.7 (47.7) |
16.7 (62.1) |
20.8 (69.4) |
23.4 (74.1) |
20.2 (68.4) |
13.9 (57.0) |
5.8 (42.4) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
−5.6 (21.9) |
7.4 (45.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −10.8 (12.6) |
−9.6 (14.7) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
3.3 (37.9) |
10.6 (51.1) |
15.1 (59.2) |
17.8 (64.0) |
14.8 (58.6) |
9.5 (49.1) |
3.1 (37.6) |
−3.7 (25.3) |
−8.1 (17.4) |
3.2 (37.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −13.9 (7.0) |
−12.9 (8.8) |
−8.1 (17.4) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
4.9 (40.8) |
9.5 (49.1) |
12.4 (54.3) |
10.2 (50.4) |
6.0 (42.8) |
1.0 (33.8) |
−5.7 (21.7) |
−10.8 (12.6) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −45.3 (−49.5) |
−42.7 (−44.9) |
−35.6 (−32.1) |
−26.3 (−15.3) |
−10.7 (12.7) |
−3.9 (25.0) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
−7.0 (19.4) |
−22.2 (−8.0) |
−35.9 (−32.6) |
−45.8 (−50.4) |
−45.8 (−50.4) |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 46.3 (1.82) |
35.2 (1.39) |
34.8 (1.37) |
33.6 (1.32) |
45.0 (1.77) |
67.8 (2.67) |
75.1 (2.96) |
71.6 (2.82) |
52.1 (2.05) |
62.0 (2.44) |
52.1 (2.05) |
46.6 (1.83) |
622.2 (24.49) |
| Source: pogoda.ru.net[12] | |||||||||||||
Economy
[edit]Industry
[edit]The most important industry in Totma is the food industry.[13]
Transportation
[edit]Paved roads connect Totma withVologdaviaKadnikov(southwest),Veliky UstyugviaNyuksenitsa(northeast), andNikolskviaImeni Babushkina(east). Before the road between Totma and Veliky Ustyug along the Sukhona was completed in the first decade of the 2000s, the only connection between the towns was via Nikolsk.
The Sukhona is navigable in Totma; however, there is no passenger navigation.
Culture and recreation
[edit]Totma is a historical town which preserved, along with other heritage, several churches which have all similar structure not related to any other region of Russia. A Totma church is a building on which the church proper is based on one side and the bell-tower on the other side so that the construction reminds aship.This style is sometimes referred to asTotma Baroque.[14]
Totma contains twelve objects classified as cultural and historical heritage by Russian Federal law and additionally seventy-four objects classified as cultural and historical heritage of local importance.[15]The town of Totma is classified as a historical town by the Ministry of Culture of Russian Federation, which implies certain restrictions on construction in the historical center.[16]
The monuments classified as cultural heritage by the federal law are the following:
- The complex of the Resurrection Church and the Assumption Church (1744–1755)
- The Nativity Church (1746–1748)
- The Trinity Church in Zelenskaya Rybatskaya Sloboda (1768–1772)
- The complex of the Church of the Entry into Jerusalem and the Church of St. John the Baptist (1738–1740)
- The Kholodilov House (middle of 19th century)
- The ensemble ofSpaso-Sumorin Monastery(1685–1689)
- The town hall
- The house whereAnatoly Lunacharskylived in 1903-1904
Totma hosts five six museums:[17]
- The Totma Regional Museum, founded in 1915.Feodosy Vakhrushov,a landscape painter, was the founder of the museum, and the museum presents a display of his paintings
- The museum of Church Antiquities
- The House ofIvan Kuskov
- The museum of Sea Explorers (in the building of the Church of the Entry into Jerusalem)
- The museum of artifacts in Spaso-Sumorin Monastery
- The Ship-Building Museum
References
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^abcdeResolution #178
- ^abcLaw #371-OZ
- ^abcdefghijkЭнциклопедия Города России.Moscow: Большая Российская Энциклопедия. 2003. p. 475.ISBN5-7107-7399-9.
- ^abcdeН. В. Солдатова (2006). Г. В. Судаков (ed.).Вологодская энциклопедия(PDF)(in Russian). Вологда: ВГПУ, Русь. p. 474.ISBN5-87822-305-8.RetrievedNovember 26,2013.
- ^abRussian Federal State Statistics Service (2011).Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1[2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1].Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census](in Russian).Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^abcdeLaw #1124-OZ
- ^"Об исчислении времени".Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации(in Russian). June 3, 2011.RetrievedJanuary 19,2019.
- ^Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post).Поиск объектов почтовой связи(Postal Objects Search)(in Russian)
- ^Federal State Statistics Service(May 21, 2004).Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек[Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000](XLS).Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002](in Russian).
- ^Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров[All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers].Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989](in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – viaDemoscope Weekly.
- ^Указ об учреждении губерний и о росписании к ним городов(in Russian)
- ^"Климат Тотьмы"(in Russian).RetrievedDecember 30,2022.
- ^Структура видов экономической деятельности(in Russian). Администрация Тотемского муниципального района.RetrievedNovember 26,2013.
- ^Брамфилд, Уильям (2000).Памятники церковной архитектуры Тотемского района(in Russian). Поморский государственный университет имени М.В.Ломоносова. Archived fromthe originalon June 6, 2011.RetrievedOctober 3,2011.
- ^Памятники истории и культуры народов Российской Федерации(in Russian). Russian Ministry of Culture.RetrievedJune 2,2016.
- ^Министерство культуры Российской Федерации. Приказ №418/339 от 29 июля 2010 г. «Об утверждении перечня исторических поселений». Вступил в силу 10 октября 2010 г. Опубликован: "Российская газета", №219, 29 сентября 2010 г..(Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation.Order #418/339 of July 29, 2010On Adopting the Registry of the Historic Settlements.Effective as of October 10, 2010.).
- ^Музеи Тотьмы(in Russian). Российская сеть культурного наследия.RetrievedNovember 26,2013.
Sources
[edit]- Законодательное Собрание Вологодской области. Закон №371-ОЗ от 4 июня 1999 г. «О вопросах административно-территориального устройства Вологодской области», в ред. Закона №2916-ОЗ от 7 декабря 2012 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон области "О вопросах административно-территориального устройства Вологодской области" ». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Красный Север", №124–125, 29 июля 1999 г.(Legislative Assembly of Vologda Oblast. Law #371-OZ of June 4, 1999On the Matters of the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Vologda Oblast,as amended by the Law #2916-OZ of December 7, 2012On Amending the Oblast Law "On the Matters of the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Vologda Oblast".Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
- Правительство Вологодской области. Постановление №178 от 1 марта 2010 г. «Об утверждении реестра административно-территориальных единиц Вологодской области», в ред. Постановления №686 от 25 июня 2012 г. «О внесении изменений в некоторые Постановления Правительства области». Вступил в силу 20 марта 2010 г. Опубликован: "Красный Север", №29, 20 марта 2010 г.(Government of Vologda Oblast. Resolution #178 of March 1, 2010On Adopting the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Units of Vologda Oblast,as amended by the Resolution #686 of June 25, 2012On Amending Various Resolutions of the Oblast Government.Effective as of March 20, 2010.).
- Законодательное Собрание Вологодской области. Закон №1124-ОЗ от 6 декабря 2004 г. «Об установлении границ Тотемского муниципального района, границах и статусе муниципальных образований, входящих в его состав», в ред. Закона №3670-ОЗ от 1 июня 2015 г. «О преобразовании некоторых муниципальных образований Тотемского муниципального района, о внесении изменений в Закон области "Об установлении границ Тотемского муниципального района, границах и статусе муниципальных образований, входящих в его состав" и изменения в Приложение к Закону области "О некоторых вопросах организации и деятельности органов местного самоуправления на территории Вологодской области" ». Вступил в силу через 10 дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Красный Север", №242, 11 декабря 2004 г.(Legislative Assembly of Vologda Oblast. Law #1124-OZ of December 6, 2004On Establishing the Borders of Totemsky Municipal District, on the Borders and Status of the Municipal Formations It Comprises,as amended by the Law #3670-OZ of June 1, 2015On the Transformation of Several Municipal Formations in Totemsky Municipal District, on Amending the Law of the Oblast "On Establishing the Borders of Totemsky Municipal District, on the Borders and Status of the Municipal Formations It Comprises", and on Amending the Appendix to the Law of the Oblast "On Various Issues of Organization and Functioning of the Local Self-Government on the Territory of Vologda Oblast".Effective as of after 10 days from the day of the official publication.).
External links
[edit]- Уильям Крафт Брамфилд.Памятники церковной архитектуры Тотемского района(in Russian)
- Totma NewsTotma News(in Russian)
| Key locations |  | |
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| Monasteries | ||
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