Toxoid

Atoxoidis an inactivatedtoxin(usually anexotoxin) whosetoxicityhas been suppressed either by chemical (formalin) or heat treatment, while other properties, typicallyimmunogenicity,are maintained.^[1]Toxins are secreted by bacteria, whereas toxoids are altered form of toxins; toxoids arenotsecreted by bacteria. Thus, when used duringvaccination,an immune response is mounted and immunological memory is formed against the molecular markers of the toxoid without resulting in toxin-induced illness. Such a preparation is also known as ananatoxin.^[2]There are toxoids for prevention ofdiphtheria,tetanusandbotulism.^[3]

Toxoids are used asvaccinesbecause they induce an immune response to the original toxin or increase the response to another antigen since the toxoid markers and toxin markers are preserved. For example, thetetanus toxoidis derived from thetetanospasminproduced byClostridium tetani.^[4]The latter causes tetanus and is vaccinated against by theDTaPvaccine. While patients may sometimes complain of side effects after a vaccine, these are associated with the process of mounting an immune response and clearing the toxoid, not the direct effects of the toxoid. The toxoid does not have virulence as the toxin did before inactivation.

Toxoids are also useful in the production of humanantitoxins.Multiple doses of tetanus toxoid are used by manyplasma centersin the United States for the development ofhighly immune personsfor the production of human anti-tetanus immune globulin (tetanus immune globulin(TIG), HyperTet (c)^[5]), which has replacedhorse serum-type tetanus antitoxin in most of the developed world.

Toxoids are also used in the production ofconjugate vaccines.The highly antigenic toxoids help draw attention to weaker antigens such as polysaccharides found in thebacterial capsule.^[6]

List of toxoids

Toxin	Organism	Toxoid
Tetanus toxin	Clostridium tetani	Tetanus toxoid
Diphtheria toxin	Corynebacterium diphtheriae	Diphtheria toxoid
Botulinum toxin	Clostridium botulinum	Botulinum toxoid
Pertussis toxin	Bordetella pertussis	"Bordetella pertussis toxoid antigen"^[7](seepertussis vaccine)
Tracheal cytotoxin	Bordetella pertussis
Erythrogenic toxin	Streptococcus pyogenes	(PMID 10948118, 10925320)
Leukocidin,Streptolysins	Streptococcus pyogenes
Clostridial a-toxin	Clostridial perfringens	(PMID 4306752)
Cholera toxin	Vibrio cholerae	^[8](Used in experimentalTA-CD)
Anthrax toxin	Bacillus anthracis	(seeanthrax vaccines)^[9]
Staphylococcal enterotoxin	Staphylococcus aureus	(PMID 30824769)
Toxic shock syndrome toxin	Staphylococcus aureus	(PMID 30824769)
Pseudomonasexotoxin A	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	(Unnamed; used inVi-rEPA)^[10]

References

^Parham, P. (2015). "The Immune System". 4th Ed. Garland Science, Peter & Francis Group, LLC. New York.
^Anatoxin
^Moloney, P. J. (1926)."The Preparation and Testing of Diphtheria Toxoid (Anatoxine-Ramon)".American Journal of Public Health(PDF).16(12): 1208–1210.doi:10.2105/AJPH.16.12.1208.PMC1321494.PMID 18012024.
^"Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids Adsorbed"(PDF).fda.gov.Retrieved21 October2015.
^"Tetanus Immune Globulin (Human)"(PDF).September 2012. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 4 March 2016.Retrieved2010-05-29.
^Vaccine design: innovative approaches and novel strategies.Rappuoli, Rino., Bagnoli, Fabio. Norfolk, UK: Caister Academic. 2011.ISBN 9781904455745.OCLC 630453151.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: others (link)
^"Bordetella pertussis toxoid antigen (formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde inactivated)".go.drugbank.
^Germanier, R; Fürer, E; Varallyay, S; Inderbitzin, TM (June 1976)."Preparation of a purified antigenic cholera toxoid".Infection and Immunity.13(6): 1692–8.doi:10.1128/iai.13.6.1692-1698.1976.PMC420821.PMID 823107.
^"NIBSC - Anthrax".nibsc.org.It can be prevented by vaccination, and the licensed anthrax vaccine is a toxoid vaccine. It consists of inactivated subunits of anthrax toxin and elicits an antibody response that neutralises anthrax toxin.
^Kossaczka Z, Bystricky S, Bryla DA, Shiloach J, Robbins JB, Szu SC (June 1997)."Synthesis and immunological properties of Vi and di-O-acetyl pectin protein conjugates with adipic acid dihydrazide as the linker".Infection and Immunity.65(6): 2088–93.doi:10.1128/IAI.65.6.2088-2093.1997.PMC175288.PMID 9169736.

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[1] Parham, P. (2015). "The Immune System". 4th Ed. Garland Science, Peter & Francis Group, LLC. New York.

[2] Anatoxin

[3] Moloney, P. J. (1926)."The Preparation and Testing of Diphtheria Toxoid (Anatoxine-Ramon)".American Journal of Public Health(PDF).16(12): 1208–1210.doi:10.2105/AJPH.16.12.1208.PMC1321494.PMID 18012024.

[4] "Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids Adsorbed"(PDF).fda.gov.Retrieved21 October2015.

[5] "Tetanus Immune Globulin (Human)"(PDF).September 2012. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 4 March 2016.Retrieved2010-05-29.

[6] Vaccine design: innovative approaches and novel strategies.Rappuoli, Rino., Bagnoli, Fabio. Norfolk, UK: Caister Academic. 2011.ISBN 9781904455745.OCLC 630453151.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: others (link)

[7] "Bordetella pertussis toxoid antigen (formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde inactivated)".go.drugbank.

[8] Germanier, R; Fürer, E; Varallyay, S; Inderbitzin, TM (June 1976)."Preparation of a purified antigenic cholera toxoid".Infection and Immunity.13(6): 1692–8.doi:10.1128/iai.13.6.1692-1698.1976.PMC420821.PMID 823107.

[9] "NIBSC - Anthrax".nibsc.org.It can be prevented by vaccination, and the licensed anthrax vaccine is a toxoid vaccine. It consists of inactivated subunits of anthrax toxin and elicits an antibody response that neutralises anthrax toxin.

[10] Kossaczka Z, Bystricky S, Bryla DA, Shiloach J, Robbins JB, Szu SC (June 1997)."Synthesis and immunological properties of Vi and di-O-acetyl pectin protein conjugates with adipic acid dihydrazide as the linker".Infection and Immunity.65(6): 2088–93.doi:10.1128/IAI.65.6.2088-2093.1997.PMC175288.PMID 9169736.

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