Trøndersk

Trøndersk Norwegian
Region	Trøndelag,Nordmøre,Bindal,Frostviken
Language family	Indo-European Germanic Northwest Germanic North Germanic West Scandinavian Norwegian Trøndersk Norwegian
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	trnd1234

Trøndersk(Urban East Norwegian:[ˈtrœ̀ndəʂk]), also known astrøndermål(Urban East Norwegian:[ˈtrœ̀ndərmoːɫ]) ortrøndsk(Urban East Norwegian:[ˈtrœndsk]), is aNorwegian dialect,or rather a group of several sub-dialects. As is the case with all Norwegian dialects, it has no standardisedorthography,and its users write eitherBokmålorNynorsk.

It is spoken in the regionTrøndelag,the districtNordmøreand the municipalityBindalinNorwayas well as inFrostvikenin northernJämtland,Sweden,which was colonized in the 18th century by settlers fromNord-Trøndelagand transferred to Sweden as late as 1751.The dialect is, among other things, perhaps mostly characterized by the use ofapocope,palatalizationand the use ofvoiced retroflex flaps(thick L). Historically it also applied to contiguous regions of Jämtland andHärjedalen(which are sometimes, though rarely, referred to as "Øst-Trøndelag"by locals and Norwegians).

The wordtrønderskis anadjectivedescribing aTrønder(apersonfrom Trøndelag) or anything coming from or relating to Trøndelag (including the dialect).

Some of the more conspicuous variations of these dialects of Norwegian, in addition to the aforementioned apocope and palatalization, are that most of the personal pronouns are pronounced differently than in Standard Norwegian, e.g. Trondheim dialect: 1st person singular nominative/æː/,commonly rendered as "æ" (Standard Norwegian "eg" (Nynorsk) / "jeg" (Bokmål)), or 2nd person plural accusative/dɔkː/or/dɔkːɛr/,commonly spelled "dokker" or "dåkker" (Standard Norwegian "de/dokker" (Nynorsk) / "dere" (Bokmål)). Variation among personal pronouns are common in most Norwegian dialects. The 1st person singular has a particularly high variability in the Trønder dialects.

Phonology

Trøndersk features phonemicpitch accentin monosyllabic words, namely those that were disyllabic inOld Norsebut later became monosyllabic due toapocope.This creates minimal pairs not found in most other varieties of Norwegian. In dialects with thedative case,an example of that would be the difference between the dative form of a neuter noun as compared with the nominative form. The latter is pronounced with Tone 1, whereas the former often has Tone 2. Outsiders are rarely able to hear the distinction between them as in most other varieties of Norwegian (and Swedish) pitch accent is phonemic only in non-final syllables of polysyllabic words.

TheMeldal subdialecthas a realization of/iː/as a syllabic, palatalizeddental approximant[ð̩ʲ˕ː].This sound is also found in some dialects of Swedish.

In the subdialect of the traditional district ofNamdalen,Old Norse/aː/is often realized as a wide diphthong[ɑu].This is also the case in the interior dialectSogn,as well as inJamtlandic,the dialect ofVoss,and theIcelandic language.

Comparisons to other languages

Trøndersk	Norwegian(Nynorsk)	Norwegian(Bokmål)	English	French	High German	Swedish	Icelandic
ka, kå, ke	kva	hva	what	que/quoi	was	vad	hvað
kæmm, ken	kven	hvem	who	qui	wer	vem	hver
kordan, kålles, koss	korleis	hvordan	how	comment	wie	hur	hvernig
æ, æg, i, e, ej, je, jæ	eg	jeg	I	je	ich	jag	ég

See also

• Jämtland dialects

Bibliography

• Jenstad, Tor Erik;Dalen, Arnold, eds. (2002),Trønderordboka,Trondheim,ISBN82-519-1711-5{{citation}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Vanvik, Arne (1979),Norsk fonetikk,Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo,ISBN82-990584-0-6