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Mela Habijan, the 2020 winner of theMiss Trans Globalcontest
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Atrans woman(short fortransgender woman) is awomanwho wasassigned male at birth.Trans women have a femalegender identityand may experiencegender dysphoria(distress brought upon by the discrepancy between a person's gender identity and their sex assigned at birth).[1]Gender dysphoria may be treated withgender-affirming care.

Gender-affirming care may include social or medicaltransition.Social transition may involve changes such asadopting a new name,hairstyle,clothing style,and/or set ofpronounsassociated with the individual's affirmed gender identity.[2]A major component of medical transition for trans women isfeminizing hormone therapy,which causes the development of femalesecondary sex characteristics(breasts,redistribution of body fat, lowerwaist–hip ratio,etc.). This, along with socially transitioning, and receiving desiredgender-affirming surgeriescan relieve the person of gender dysphoria.[3][4]Likecisgenderwomen, trans women may have anysexual orientation.

Trans women face significant discrimination in many areas of life—including in employment and access to housing—and face physical and sexual violence and hate crimes, including from partners. In the United States, discrimination is particularly severe towards trans women who are members of aracial minority,who often face theintersectionoftransmisogynyandracism.

The termtransgenderwomanis not always interchangeable withtranssexualwoman,although the terms are often used interchangeably.Transgenderis anumbrella termthat includes different types ofgender variantpeople (including transsexual people).

Terminology

See also:Transgender § Terminology

Transgender(commonly abbreviated astrans)[5]is anumbrella termfor people whosegender identityorgender expressionare different from those typically associated with members of thesexthey wereassigned at birth.[6]Transgender women, sometimes calledmale-to-female(MTF, M2F), are those who were assigned themalesex at birth (AMAB), but who identify and live as women.[7]

Trans womanmay also be short fortranssexualwoman. Transsexual is a subset oftransgender,[8][9]referring to people who desire to medically transition to thesexwith which they identify, usually throughsex reassignment therapies,such ashormone replacement therapyandsex reassignment surgery,to align their body with their identified sex or gender. The term is rejected by some as outdated, though others within the trans community still identify as transsexual.[10]

Transfeminine(ortransfemme) is a broader umbrella term for assigned-male trans individuals with a predominantlyfeminineidentity orgender expression.This includes trans women, but is used especially for AMABnon-binarypeople, who may have an identity that is partially feminine, but not wholly female.[11]

The spellingtranswoman(written as a single word) is occasionally used interchangeably withtrans woman(wheretransis anadjectivedescribing a kind of woman). However, this variant is often associated with views (notablygender-critical feminism) that exclude trans women fromwoman,and thus require a separate word to describe them.[12]For this reason, many transgender people find the spelling offensive.[12][13]Some prefer to omittrans,and be called simplywomen.[10]

In severalLatin Americancountries, the wordtravestiis sometimes used to designate people who have been assigned male sex at birth, but develop a female gender identity. The use oftravestiprecedestransgenderin the region; its distinction fromtrans womanis controversial and can vary depending on the context, ranging from considering it a regional equivalent to athird gender.[14][15]

InThailand,kathoeyrefers to a trans-feminine individual, though the term "transgender" is infrequently used to refer to those with this identity.[16]The term is sometimes translated to "ladyboy" in English.[17]Most trans-feminine Thai individuals simply referred to themselves as women, orphuying praphet song,meaning "another type of woman."[18]

AmongstNative HawaiiansandTahitians,māhūare people of athird genderwho possess spiritual and social roles.[19]The term has historically been applied to people assigned male at birth, but now may refer to a large variety of gender identities.[20]The term is sometimes seen as disparaging or a pejorative, similar tofaggot.[21]

Sexuality

See also:Transgender sexuality

Trans women vary greatly in terms of sexual orientation.[22][23][24][25]A survey of roughly 3,000 American trans women showed 31% of them identifying asbisexual,29% as "gay/lesbian/same-gender",23% asheterosexual,7% asasexual,as well as 7% identifying as "queer"and 2% as" other ".[26]A 12-month survey of trans women in Europe found that 22% identified as heterosexual, 10% were attracted almost exclusively to men, 3% were mostly attracted to men, 9% were bisexual, 7% were mostly attracted to women, 23% were almost attracted exclusively to women, and 20% were lesbian. A smaller 2013 study of Italian trans women found that 82% identified as heterosexual.[27]

The European study found that sexual orientation did not change over the 12 months.[28]A 2018 study found that the most common sexual partner for trans women was cisgender women prior to transitioning. Trans women who had been for transitioning for ten years or more were more likely to report a shift in their sexual orientation.[29]

In a 2008 study, nostatistically significantdifference inlibidowas detected between trans women andcisgenderwomen.[30]As in males, female libido is thought to correlate with serumtestosteronelevels[31][32][33][34](with some controversy)[35]but the 2008 study found no such correlation in trans women.[30][36]Another study, published in 2014, found that 62.4% of trans women reported their sexual desire had decreased after sexual reassignment therapy.[37]

Healthcare

Gender-affirming care

Gender-affirming care for trans women may includefeminizing hormone therapy,transgender voice therapy,andgender-affirming surgery(often referring tovaginoplasty,but may also includetracheal shave,orchiectomy,facial feminizationsurgery,breast augmentation,andvulvoplasty).[38]

Feminizing hormone therapy

Main article:Feminizing hormone therapy

Feminizing hormone therapy is a type of hormone therapy focused on turning the secondary sex characteristics of a person frommasculinetofeminine.Feminizing hormone therapy often includes a mix ofestrogens,antiandrogens,progestogens,andgonadotropin-releasing hormone modulator,[1][39]though the most common approach is an estrogen in combination with an antiandrogen.[40][41]Feminizing hormone therapy can induce effects includingbreast development,softening of the skin,redistribution of body fat towards a gynoid fat distribution,decreased muscle mass/strength,and changes in mood.

Feminizing voice therapy

Main article:Transgender voice therapy

Trans women may seek to feminize their voice through transgender voice therapy, as hormone therapy does not affect the voice of a trans woman at all. The aim of voice therapy is frequently to change thefundamental frequency,resonant frequency,andphonatory patternto reflect that of a cisgender woman.[42]This can be accomplished through speech therapy, or surgeries (includingfeminization laryngoplasty). Throughout multiple studies, voice therapy has generally been shown to increase vocal satisfaction of the patient and a greater listener perception of a feminine voice.[43][44]

Gender-affirming surgery

Main article:Gender-affirming surgery (male-to-female)

Trans women may undergo a variety of gender-affirming surgeries as part of their transition process. These surgeries may includevaginoplasty,vulvoplasty,orchiectomy,breast augmentation,andfacial feminization surgery.[45]

Fertility

While the relationship is not completely understood,[46]feminizing hormone therapyappears to reduce the ability toproduce sperm.[47]Individuals who have been on hormone therapy for an extended period of time have been shown to have a lower total sperm count than males not on hormone therapy.[48]Cessation of hormone replacement therapy has been associated with a renewed level of fertility.[49][50]

Tuckingis also associated with lower quality sperm production because of the increased temperature of the testicles, causing premature sperm death.[51][52][53]

Trans women may elect to undergofertility preservationthroughsemen cryopreservationviamasturbationortesticular sperm extraction.[46]

Discrimination

Main article:Transmisogyny
Further information:Transgender inequalityandTransphobia
Text written in marker that reads "Women's Room Do Not Enter if you Have A DICK!"
Transmisogynisticgraffiti inSpringfield, Missouri

Like all gender variant people, trans women often facediscriminationand transphobia,[26]: 8 particularly those who are notperceived as cisgender.[54]A 2015 survey fromThe Williams Institutefound that, of 27,715 transgender respondents, 52% whose families had rejected them attempted suicide, as did 64.9% of those who were physically attacked in the past year.[55]

A 2011 survey of roughly 3000 trans women living in the United States, as summarized in the report "Injustice at Every Turn: A Report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey", found that trans women reported that:[26][specify]

  • 36% have lost their job due to their gender.
  • 55% have beendiscriminated against in hiring.
  • 29% have been denied a promotion.
  • 25% have beenrefused medical care.
  • 60% of the trans women who have visited ahomeless shelterreported incidents of harassment there.
  • When displaying identity documents incongruent with their gender identity/expression, 33% have been harassed and 3% have been physically assaulted.
  • 20% reported harassment by police, with 6% reporting physical assault and 3% reporting sexual assault by an officer. 25% have been treated generally with disrespect by police officers.
  • Among jailed trans women, 40% have been harassed by inmates, 38% have been harassed by staff, 21% have been physically assaulted, and 20% have been sexually assaulted.

The American National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs' report of 2010 anti-LGBTQ violence found that of the 27 people who were murdered because of their LGBTQ identity, 44% were trans women.[56]Discrimination is particularly severe towards non-white trans women, who experience theintersectionofracismand transphobia.

In her bookWhipping Girl,trans womanJulia Seranorefers to the unique discrimination trans women experience as "transmisogyny".[57]

Discrimination against trans women has occurred at theMichigan Womyn's Music Festivalafter the Festival set out a rule that it would only be a space for cisgender females. This led to protests by trans women and their allies, and a boycott of the Festival by Equality Michigan in 2014. The boycott was joined by the Human Rights Campaign,GLAAD,theNational Center for Lesbian Rights,and theNational LGBTQ Task Force.The "womyn-born-womyn" intention first came to attention in 1991 after atranssexualfestival-goer, Nancy Burkholder, was asked to leave the festival when several women recognized her as a trans woman and expressed discomfort with her presence in the space.[58][59]

Violence towards trans women

See also:List of people killed for being transgender
A group ofArgentinetravestiscarrying the coffin of their murdered friend, August 1987

Trans women face a form of violence known astrans bashing.TheWashington Bladereported thatGlobal Rights,an international NGO, tracked the mistreatment of trans women in Brazil, including at the hands of the police.[60]To commemorate those who have been murdered inhate crimes,an annualTransgender Day of Remembranceis held in various locations across the United States, Canada, Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand, with details and sources for each murder provided at their website.[61]

United States

See also:Violence against transgender people in the United States

According to a 2009 report by theNational Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs,quoted by theOffice for Victims of Crime,11% of all hate crimes towards members of the LGBTQ community were directed towards trans women.[62]

According to Trans Murder Monitoring, between Oct 1, 2022 and September 30, 2023, 321 trans and gender-diverse individuals were killed, with trans women or trans-feminine individuals accounting for 94% of the deaths.[63]

In 2015, a false statistic was widely reported in the United States media stating that the life expectancy of a trans woman of color is only 35 years.[64]This appears to be based on a comment specifically about Latin America in a report by theInter-American Commission on Human Rights,which compiled data on the age at death of murdered trans women for all of the Americas (North, South, and Central), and does not disaggregate by race.[64][65][66]

In 2016, 23 transgender people suffered fatal attacks in the United States. TheHuman Rights Campaignreport found some of these deaths to be direct results of an anti-transgenderbias,and some due to related factors such as homelessness.[67]

One type of violence towards trans women is committed by perpetrators who learn that their sexual partner is transgender, and feel deceived ("trans panic"). Almost 95% of these crimes were committed by cisgender men towards trans women.[68]According to a 2005 study in Houston, Texas, "50% of transgender people surveyed had been hit by a primary partner after coming out as transgender".[62]

Media representation

Laverne Cox plays Sophia Burset, a lead trans woman onOrange is the New Black

Transrepresentationin television, film, news, and other forms of media was slim before the 21st century. Early mainstream accounts and fictional depictions of trans women almost always relied on commontropesandstereotypes.[69]However, portrayals have steadily grown and improved in tandem withactivism.

In the 2020 filmDisclosure: Trans Lives on Screen,directorSam FederexploresHollywood'shistory of trans representation and the cultural effects of such depictions. Many notable 21st century trans actresses and celebrities shared their stories in the film, includingLaverne Cox,Alexandra Billings,Jamie Clayton,and more.[70]

Some famous trans women in television include Laverne Cox (playing Sophia Burset onOrange is the New Black),Hunter Schafer(playing Jules Vaughn inEuphoria), andCaitlyn Jenner(fromKeeping Up with the Kardashians).[71][72]Pose,an American television show, depicts the lives of several trans women.[73]

See also

References

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