Tricholoma equestre
| Tricholoma equestre | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Tricholomataceae |
| Genus: | Tricholoma |
| Species: | T. equestre
|
| Binomial name | |
| Tricholoma equestre | |
Tricholoma equestre | |
|---|---|
 | Gillsonhymenium |
 | Capisflat |
 | Hymeniumisadnexed |
 | Stipeisbare |
 | Spore printiswhite |
 | Ecology ismycorrhizal |
 | Edibility isnot recommended |
Tricholoma equestreorTricholoma flavovirens,commonly known as theman on horsebackoryellow knightis a widely eaten but arguably toxicfungusof the genusTricholomathat formsectomycorrhizawith pine trees.
Known asGrünlingin German,gąska zielonkain Polish,míscaroin Portuguese andcanariin French, it has been treasured as anedible mushroomworldwide and is especially abundant inFranceandCentral Portugal.Although it is regarded as quite tasty, cases ofpoisoningfrom eatingT. equestrehave been reported. Research has revealed it to have poisonous properties, but these claims are disputed.[1]
Taxonomy and naming[edit]
Tricholoma equestrewas known toLinnaeuswho officially described it in Volume Two of hisSpecies Plantarumin 1753, giving it the nameAgaricus equestris,[2]predating a description ofAgaricus flavovirensbyPersoonin 1793. Thus thisspecific namemeaning "of or pertaining to horses" inLatintakes precedence overTricholoma flavovirens,the other scientific name by which this mushroom has been known. It was placed in the genusTricholomaby GermanPaul Kummerin his 1871 workDer Führer in die Pilzkunde.The generic name derives from theGreektrichos/τριχος 'hair' andloma/λωμα 'hem', 'fringe' or 'border'.[3]
Common names include theman-on-horseback,yellow knight,andsaddle-shaped tricholoma.
Description[edit]
The cap ranges from 5–15 cm (2–6 in) in width and is usually yellow with brownish areas, particularly at the centre.[4]The stem is 4–10 cm long and 1–4 wide, is yellow, and brownish at the base.[4]The gills are also yellow colour and the spores are white.[4]The skin layer covering the cap is sticky and can be peeled off.
Toxicity[edit]
This species was for a long time highly regarded as one of the tastier edible species (and in some guides still is),[5]and sold in European markets; medieval French knights allegedly reserved this species for themselves, leaving the lowly bovine bolete (Suillus bovinus) for the peasants.[6]
Concern was first raised in southwestern France. People who have been poisoned have all had three or more meals containingT. equestrewithin the last two weeks prior to treatment. One to four days after their last meal containing the fungus, the patients reported weakness of the muscles, sometimes accompanied by pain. This weakness progressed for another three to four days accompanied by a feeling of stiffness and darkening of theurine.Periods of nausea, sweating, reddening of the face were also registered, but there were no fevers.[7]
As yet, there have been no reported cases of poisoning in North America,[8]and there is speculation that the respective mushrooms may in fact be different species that are very similar in appearance. Molecular research shows that multiple species may have been identified asT. flavovirenson the West Coast.[9]
There are reports where patients treated forT. equestrepoisoning have died, likely as a result of the poisoning.[10]The poison in this mushroom has remained unknown. The basic mechanism of poisoning is suspected to berhabdomyolysis,damaging of the cell membrane of skeletal muscle fibres. In this disorder, the oxygen-carrying muscular proteinmyoglobinis released and appears in urine, resulting in symptoms such asmuscle painand brownish coloration of the urine.[11]
A 2018 research conducted in Poland with the recruitment of ten healthy volunteers, who ate 300 grams per head (about twice the normal dose) of friedT. equestrein a single meal, with no reported consequences or alterations.[12]However, a 2020 systematic review highlights several studies indicating elevated plasma creatine kinase (CK) pro-inflammatory activities, in addition to its effect on other liver function biomarkers, underlining a cause for concern and suggestions "not to harvest and consume this species".[13]
Similar species[edit]
It can easily be mistaken for a variety of other members of the genusTricholoma,such asT. auratum,T. aestuans,[citation needed]T. intermedium,T. sejunctum,andT. sulphureum.[4]Other similar species includeFloccularia albolanaripesandF. luteovirens.[4]
See also[edit]
- Pine mushroom
- Mushroom hunting
- List of deadly fungi
- List of North AmericanTricholoma
- List ofTricholomaspecies
Footnotes[edit]
- ^Piotr Rzymski, Piotr Klimaszyk, "Is the Yellow Knight Mushroom Edible or Not? A Systematic Review and Critical Viewpoints on the Toxicity of Tricholoma equestre"https://onlinelibrary.wiley /doi/full/10.1111/1541-4337.12374
- ^Linnaeus, C(1753).Species Plantarum: Tomus II(in Latin). Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). p. 1173.
- ^Nilson, Sven; Olle Persson (1977).Fungi of Northern Europe 2: Gill-Fungi.Penguin. p. 24.ISBN0-14-063006-6.
- ^abcdeDavis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. (2012).Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America.Berkeley:University of California Press.pp. 160–161.ISBN978-0-520-95360-4.OCLC797915861.
- ^Phillips, Roger (2010).Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America.Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p.49.ISBN978-1-55407-651-2.
- ^Lamaison, Jean-Louis; Polese, Jean-Marie (2005).The Great Encyclopedia of Mushrooms.Könemann. p. 90.ISBN3-8331-1239-5.
- ^Meister, John; Reddy, Kathleen (2002)."Rhabdomyolysis: An Overview".The American Journal of Nursing.102(2): 75–79.doi:10.1097/00000446-200202000-00028.ISSN0002-936X.JSTOR3522796.PMID11953525.
- ^Miller Jr., Orson K.; Miller, Hope H. (2006).North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi.Guilford, CN:FalconGuide.p. 125.ISBN978-0-7627-3109-1.
- ^Trudell, Steve; Ammirati, Joe (2009).Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest.Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, OR: Timber Press. p. 102.ISBN978-0-88192-935-5.
- ^Bedry R, Baudrimont I, Deffieux G, et al. (2001)."Wild-mushroom intoxication as a cause of rhabdomyolysis".N. Engl. J. Med.345(11): 798–802.doi:10.1056/NEJMoa010581.PMID11556299.
- ^Saviuc, Phillippe; Danel, Vincent (2006). "New syndromes in mushroom poisoning".Toxicological Reviews.25(3): 199–209.doi:10.2165/00139709-200625030-00004.PMID17192123.S2CID24320633.
- ^Klimaszyk, Piotr; Rzymski, Piotr (2018)."The Yellow Knight Fights Back: Toxicological, Epidemiological, and Survey Studies Defend Edibility of Tricholoma equestre".Toxins.10(11): 468.doi:10.3390/toxins10110468.PMC6267205.PMID30428584.
- ^Nieminen, Petteri; Mustonen, Anne-Mari (2020)."Toxic Potential of Traditionally Consumed Mushroom Species—A Controversial Continuum with Many Unanswered Questions".Toxins.12(10): 639.doi:10.3390/toxins12100639.PMC7599650.PMID33023182.
External links[edit]
- Food for Thought: Mushrooming Concerns"Science News Online" article onT. flavovirens(T. equestre).
- Tricholoma equestrepoisoning"About Health Canada" article onTricholoma equestrepoisoning.
- Recent Poisonings from Edible Mushrooms!A report on a few new kinds of mushroom poisoning.
- Riddarmusseronen kan vara giftigSwedish article onT. flavovirensand its toxicity.
- Matportalen: Matsoppen som ble giftsoppNorwegian article onT. equestre.