Johannes Trithemius

Johannes Trithemius
Johannes Trithemius
	Detail of Tomb Relief of Johannes Trithemius byTilman Riemenschneider
Born	1 February 1462; Trittenheim,Electorate of Trier,Holy Roman Empire(nowRhineland-Palatinate,Germany)
Died	13 December 1516(aged 54); Würzburg,Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg,Holy Roman Empire(nowBavaria,Germany)
Nationality	German
Alma mater	University of Heidelberg
Known for	Steganographia,; Polygraphiae,; Trithemius cipher
	Scientific career
Fields	Theology, cryptography, lexicography, history, occultism
Institutions	Benedictine abbey ofSponheim,; St. Jakob zu den Schotten
Notable students	Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa; Paracelsus

Johannes Trithemius(/trɪˈθɛmiəs/;1 February 1462 – 13 December 1516), bornJohann Heidenberg,was a GermanBenedictine abbotand apolymathwho was active in theGerman Renaissanceas alexicographer,chronicler,cryptographer,andoccultist.^[1]He is considered the founder of modern cryptography (a claim shared withLeon Battista Alberti) andsteganography,as well as the founder of bibliography and literary studies as branches of knowledge.^[2]^[3]^[4]He had considerable influence on the development ofearly modernand modern occultism. His students includedHeinrich Cornelius AgrippaandParacelsus.

Early life

ThebynameTrithemiusrefers to his native town ofTrittenheimon theMoselle River,at the time part of theElectorate of Trier.

When Johannes was still an infant his father, Johann von Heidenburg, died. His stepfather, whom his mother Elisabeth married seven years later, was hostile to education and thus Johannes could only learn in secret and with many difficulties. He learned Greek, Latin, and Hebrew. When he was 17 years old he escaped from his home and wandered around looking for good teachers, travelling toTrier,Cologne,theNetherlands,andHeidelberg.He studied at theUniversity of Heidelberg.

Career

Travelling from the university to his home town in 1482, he was surprised by asnowstormand took refuge in theBenedictineabbey ofSponheimnearBad Kreuznach.He decided to stay and was electedabbotin 1483, at the age of twenty-one. He often served as featured speaker and chapter secretary at theBursfelde Congregation's annual chapter from 1492 to 1503, the annual meeting of reform-minded abbots. Trithemius also supervised the visits of the Congregation's abbeys.

Trithemius wrote extensively as a historian, starting with a chronicle of Sponheim and culminating in a two-volume work on the history ofHirsau Abbey.His work was distinguished by mastery of the Latin language and eloquent phrasing, yet it was soon discovered that he inserted several fictional passages into his works. Even during Trithemius's lifetime, several critics pointed out the invented sources he used.^[5]^{[failed verification]}^[6] ^[7]His forgery regarding the connection between the Franks and the Trojans was part of a larger project to establish a link between the current dynasty of Austria with ancient heroes. While his colleagues like Jakob Mennel and Ladislaus Suntheim often inserted invented ancestors in their works, Trithemius invented entire sources, such as Hunibald, supposedly a Scythian historian.^[8]^[9]For his research on monasteries, he utilized “Meginfrid,” an imagined early chronicler of Fulda and Meginfrid's nonexistent treatiseDe temporibus gratiaeto substantiate Trithemius's ideal of monastic piety and erudition, which were supposed to be the same values shared by the monks of the ninth century.^[10]Others opine that Meginfrid was not strictly forgery but the combination of wishful thinking with faulty memory.^[11]

In the process though, Trithemius became a famous builder of libraries, which he created inSponheimandWürzburg.^[12]^[13]In Sponheim, he set out to transform the abbey from a neglected and undisciplined place into a centre of learning. In his time, the abbey library increased from around fifty items to more than two thousand.

His efforts did not meet with praise, and his reputation as amagiciandid not further his acceptance. Increasing differences with the convent led to his resignation in 1506, when he decided to take up the offer of theBishop of Würzburg,Lorenz von Bibra(bishop from 1495 to 1519), to become the abbot ofSt. James's Abbey,theSchottenklosterin Würzburg. He remained there until the end of his life.

Trithemius seemed to have a falling out with Maximilian regarding their differences when the emperor wanted to organize a separate ecclesiastical council in 1511, in slight ofPope Julius II.The relationship recovered after Julius's death, though.^[14]

Death

Trithemius was buried in St. James's Abbey's church; a tombstone by the famousTilman Riemenschneiderwas erected in his honor. In 1825, the tombstone was moved to theNeumünster church,next to the cathedral. It was damaged in thefirebombingof 1945, and subsequently restored by the workshop of Theodor Spiegel.

Legacy

Notably, the Germanpolymath,physician, legal scholar, soldier, theologian, and occult writerHeinrich Cornelius Agrippa(1486–1535) and the Swiss physician, alchemist, and astrologerParacelsus(1493–1541) were among his pupils.

The Faust legend

Trithemius had a reputation as a necromancer.^[15]TheFaustlegend is strongly based on a legend involving Maximilian, his first wifeMary of Burgundyand Trithemius. Through his 1507 account, Trithemius was the first author who mentioned the historical Doctor Faustus, or Johann Faust ofKnittlingen.In a letter he wrote to the polymathHeinrich Cornelius Agrippa,another famous occult writer and supposed magician – he appeared to criticize the vanity of Faust, who possessed inferior skills and went against the teachings of the Church. Literary scholar Andrew McCarthy opines that Trithemius considered himself a true necromancer, who studied in order to gain knowledge of the workings of the universe without attracting publicity.^[16]

Being summoned to the emperor's court in 1506 and 1507, he also helped to "prove" Maximilian's Trojan origins. In the 1569 edition of hisTischreden,Martin Lutherwrites about a magician and necromancer, understood to be Trithemius, who summonedAlexander the Greatand other ancient heroes, as well as the emperor's deceased wife Mary of Burgundy, to entertain Maximilian.^[17]In his 1585 account,Augustin Lercheimer(1522–1603) writes that after Mary's death, Trithemius was summoned to console a devastated Maximilian. Trithemius conjured a shade of Mary, who looked exactly like her when alive. Maximilian also recognized a birthmark on her neck, that only he knew about. He was distraught by the experience though, and ordered Trithemius never to do it again. An anonymous account in 1587 modified the story into a less sympathetic version. The emperor becameCharles V,who, despite knowing about the risk of black magic, ordered Faustus to raise Alexander and his wife from death. Charles saw that the woman had a birthmark, which he had heard about.^[18]Later, the woman inGoethe's FaustbecameHelen of Troy.^[19]The story of Maximilian, Mary of Burgundy and the Abbot "Johannes Trithem" later appeared as one of theGrimms' Tales.^[20]

According to John Henry Jones, the blooming of the Faustus myth was fuelled by the witch craze of the time.^[21]

Steganographia

*Polygraphiae (1518)*– the first printed book oncryptography

Trithemius' most famous work,Steganographia(written c. 1499; publishedFrankfurt,1606), was placed on theIndex Librorum Prohibitorumin 1609^[22]and removed in 1900.^[23]This book is in three volumes, and appears to be aboutmagic—specifically, about using spirits to communicate over long distances. Since the publication of the decryptionkeyto the first two volumes in 1606, they have been known to be actually concerned withcryptographyandsteganography.Until recently, the third volume was widely still believed to be solely about magic, but the "magical" formulae have now been shown to becovertextsfor yet more cryptographic content.^[24]^[25]However, mentions of the magical work within the third book by such figures asAgrippaandJohn Deestill lend credence to the idea of a mystic-magical foundation concerning the third volume.^[26]^[27]Additionally, while Trithemius's steganographic methods can be established to be free of the need for angelic–astrological mediation, still left intact is an underlying theological motive for their contrivance. The preface to thePolygraphiaequally establishes that the everyday practicability of cryptography was conceived by Trithemius as a "secular consequent of the ability of a soul specially empowered by God to reach, by magical means, from earth to Heaven".^[28]Robert Hookesuggested, in the chapterOf Dr. Dee's Book of Spirits,that John Dee made use of Trithemian steganography to conceal his communication withQueen Elizabeth I.^[29]Amongst the codes used in this book is the Ave Maria cipher, where each coded letter is replaced by a short sentence about Jesus in Latin.^[30]

The reason forPolygraphiaandSteganographiaas covertexts being written are unknown. Possible explanations are that either its real target audience was the selected few such as Maximilian, or that Trithemius wanted to attract public attention to a tedious field.^[31]^[32]^[33]

Works

Tomb relief of Johannes Trithemius byTilman Riemenschneider

Exhortationes ad monachos, 1486
De institutione vitae sacerdotalis, 1486
De regimine claustralium, 1486
De visitatione monachorum, about 1490
Catalogus illustrium virorum Germaniae, 1491–1495
De laude scriptorum manualium, 1492 (printed 1494)Zum Lob der Schreiber;Freunde Mainfränkischer Kunst and Geschichte e. V., Würzburg 1973, (Latin/German)
De viris illustribus ordinis sancti Benedicti, 1492
In laudem et commendatione Ruperti quondam abbatis Tuitiensis, 1492
De origine, progressu et laudibus ordinis fratrum Carmelitarum, 1492
Liber penthicus seu lugubris de statu et ruina ordinis monastici, 1493
De proprietate monachorum, before 1494
De vanitate et miseria humanae vitae, before 1494
Liber de scriptoribus ecclesiasticis, 1494
De laudibus sanctissimae matris Annae, 1494
De scriptoribus ecclesiasticis, 1494^[34]
Chronicon Hirsaugiense, 1495–1503
Chronicon Sponheimense, c. 1495-1509 -Chronik des Klosters Sponheim, 1024-1509;Eigenverlag Carl Velten, Bad Kreuznach 1969 (German)
De cura pastorali, 1496
De duodecim excidiis oberservantiae regularis, 1496
De triplici regione claustralium et spirituali exercitio monachorum, 1497
Steganographia, c. 1499
Chronicon successionis ducum Bavariae et comitum Palatinorum, c. 1500-1506
Nepiachus, 1507
De septem secundeis id est intelligentiis sive spiritibus orbes post deum moventibus, c. 1508^[35](The Seven Secondary Intelligences,1508), a history of the world based onastrology;
Antipalus maleficiorum, 1508
Polygraphia,written 1508, published 1518
Annales Hirsaugienses, 1509–1514. The full title isAnnales hirsaugiensis.. plectens historiam Franciae et Germaniae, gesta imperatorum, regum, principum, episcoporum, abbatum, et illustrium virorum,Latinfor "The Annals of Hirsau...including the history of France and Germany, the exploits of the emperors, kings, princes, bishops, abbots, and illustrious men". Hirsau was a monastery nearWürttemberg,whose abbot commissioned the work in 1495, but it took Trithemius until 1514 to finish the two-volume, 1,400-page work. It was first printed in 1690. Some consider this work to be one of the firsthumanisthistory books.
Compendium sive breviarium primi voluminis chronicarum sive annalium de origine regum et gentis Francorum, c. 1514
De origine gentis Francorum compendium, 1514 -An abridged history of the Franks / Johannes Trithemius;AQ-Verlag, Dudweiler 1987;ISBN 978-3-922441-52-6(Latin/English)
Liber octo quaestionum, 1515

Compilations

Marquard Freher,Opera historica,Minerva, Frankfurt/Main, 1966
Johannes Busaeus,Opera pia et spiritualia(1604 and 1605)
Johannes Busaeus,Paralipomena opuscolorum(1605 and 1624)

Notes

^Brann, Noel L. (1999-01-01).Trithemius and Magical Theology.Albany: SUNY Press.ISBN 978-0-7914-3962-3.
^Holden, Joshua (2 October 2018).The Mathematics of Secrets: Cryptography from Caesar Ciphers to Digital Encryption.Princeton University Press.ISBN 978-0-691-18331-2.Retrieved20 February2022.
^Rodriquez, Mercedes Garcia-Arenal; Mediano, Fernando Rodríguez (15 April 2013).The Orient in Spain: Converted Muslims, the Forged Lead Books of Granada, and the Rise of Orientalism.BRILL. p. 383.ISBN 978-90-04-25029-1.Retrieved20 February2022.
^Zambelli, Paola (2007).White Magic, Black Magic in the European Renaissance.BRILL. p. 251.ISBN 978-90-04-16098-9.Retrieved20 February2022.
^Arnold, Klaus (1991).Johannes Trithemius (1462–1516).Quellen und Forschungen zur Geschichte des Bistums und Hochstifts Würzburg, 23 (English = Sources and research on the history of the diocese and bishopric of Würzburg, #23) (in German) (2. Aufl. ed.).Würzburg:Schöningh.pp. 144–157.ISBN 978-3-877170-23-6.OCLC 470202364.2., bibliographisch und überlieferungsgeschichtlich neu bearb. Aufl. (English = 2nd Edition, updated bibliographical and historical lore)
^Brann, Noël L. (1 January 1981).The Abbot Trithemius (1462-1516): The Renaissance of Monastic Humanism.BRILL. p. 95.ISBN 978-90-04-06468-3.Retrieved23 November2021.
^Grafton, Anthony; Grafton, Professor of History Anthony (2009).Worlds Made by Words: Scholarship and Community in the Modern West.Harvard University Press. p. 56.ISBN 978-0-674-03257-6.Retrieved23 November2021.
^Wood, Christopher S.; Wood, Professor Christopher S. (15 August 2008).Forgery, Replica, Fiction: Temporalities of German Renaissance Art.University of Chicago Press. p. 115.ISBN 978-0-226-90597-6.Retrieved23 November2021.
^Bastress-Dukehart, Erica (19 August 2021).The Zimmern Chronicle: Nobility, Memory, and Self-Representation in Sixteenth-Century Germany.Routledge. p. 19.ISBN 978-1-351-88018-3.Retrieved23 November2021.
^Muller, Richard A.; Thompson, John L. (20 August 2020).Biblical Interpretation in the Era of the Reformation: Essays Presented to David C. Steinmetz in Honor of His Sixtieth Birthday.Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 26.ISBN 978-1-7252-8377-0.Retrieved23 November2021.
^Amphora.Alcuin Society. 1972. p. 10.Retrieved23 November2021.
^Grafton 2009,p. 56.
^Grafton, Anthony (30 June 2009).Christianity and the Transformation of the Book: Origen, Eusebius, and the Library of Caesarea.Harvard University Press. p. 1.ISBN 978-0-674-03786-1.Retrieved23 November2021.
^Brann 1981,p. 98.
^Dery, Mark (1994).Flame Wars: The Discourse of Cyberculture.Duke University Press. p. 41.ISBN 978-0-8223-1540-7.Retrieved25 July2023.
^McCarthy, Andrew D. (1 April 2016).Staging the Superstitions of Early Modern Europe.Routledge. p. 65.ISBN 978-1-317-05068-1.Retrieved25 July2023.
^Brann, Noel L. (1999).Trithemius and Magical Theology: A Chapter in the Controversy over Occult Studies in Early Modern Europe.SUNY Press. p. 165.ISBN 9780791439616.Retrieved22 October2021.
^Baron, Frank (2013).Faustus on Trial: The Origins of Johann Spies's 'Historia' in an Age of Witch Hunting.Walter de Gruyter. pp. 95–103.ISBN 9783110930061.Retrieved22 October2021.
^Waas, Glenn Elwood (1941).The Legendary Character of Kaiser Maximilian.Columbia University Press. pp. 153–162.Retrieved22 October2021.
^Grimm, Jacob; Grimm, Wilhelm (1981).The German Legends of the Brothers Grimm.Institute for the Study of Human Issues. p. 116.ISBN 978-0-915980-71-0.Retrieved2 February2022.
^Jones, John Henry (3 March 2011).The English Faust Book: A Critical Edition Based on the Text of 1592.Cambridge University Press. p. 4.ISBN 978-0-521-17503-6.Retrieved2 February2022.
^Indice de Libros Prohibidos (1877)[Index of Prohibited Books of Pope Pius IX (1877)] (in Spanish). Vatican. 1880.Retrieved2 August2009.
^Index Librorum Prohibitorum (1900)[Index of Prohibited Books of Pope Leo XIII (1900)] (in Latin). Vatican. 1900. p.298.Retrieved2 August2009.index librorum prohibitorum tricassinus.
^Reeds, Jim (1998). "Solved: The ciphers in book III of Trithemius's Steganographia".Cryptologia.22(4): 191–317.doi:10.1080/0161-119891886948.
^Ernst, Thomas (1996). "Schwarzweiße Magie: Der Schlüssel zum dritten Buch der Stenographia des Trithemius".Daphnis: Zeitschrift für Mittlere Deutsche Literatur.25(1): 1–205.
^Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas,The Western Esoteric Traditions: A Historical Introduction(Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), pp. 50-55
^Walker, D. P.Spiritual & Demonic Magic from Ficino to Campanella(Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2003), pp. 86-90
^Brann, Noel L., "Trithemius, Johannes", inDictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism,ed. Wouter J. Hanegraff (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2006), pp. 1135-1139.
^Robert Hooke (1705).The Posthumous Works of Robert Hooke.Richard Waller, London. p. 203.
^Predel, B. (1994), "Cr-Cs (Chromium-Caesium)",Cr-Cs – Cu-Zr,Landolt-Börnstein - Group IV Physical Chemistry, vol. 5d, Springer-Verlag, p. 1,doi:10.1007/10086090_968,ISBN 3540560734
^Muchembled, Robert; Bethencourt, Francisco; Monter, William; Egmond, Florike (March 2007).Cultural Exchange in Early Modern Europe.Cambridge University Press. p. 286.ISBN 978-0-521-84548-9.Retrieved22 November2021.
^Brann, Noel L. (1 January 1999).Trithemius and Magical Theology: A Chapter in the Controversy over Occult Studies in Early Modern Europe.SUNY Press. p. 106.ISBN 978-0-7914-3962-3.Retrieved22 November2021.
^Ellison, Katherine (10 June 2016).A Cultural History of Early Modern English Cryptography Manuals.Routledge. p. 51.ISBN 978-1-315-45820-5.Retrieved23 November2021.
^Digital Version MGH-Bibliothek Archived2007-06-30 at theWayback Machine
^Trithemius, Johannes (1522)."De septem secunda Deis id est intelligentiis sive spiritibus moventibus... - Johannes Trithemius - Google Books".google.

References

Brann, N. L. (1981).The Abbot Trithemius,Leiden: Brill
Kahn, David (1967).The Codebreakers: the Story of Secret Writing,1967, 2nd edition 1996, pp. 130–137ISBN 0-684-83130-9
Kuhn, Rudolf (1968).Großer Führer durch Würzburgs Dom und Neumünster: mit Neumünster-Kreuzgang und Walthergrab,p. 108
Wolfe, James Raymond (1970).Secret Writing: the Craft of the Cryptographer.New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 112–114.
Christel Steffen (1969). "Untersuchungen zum" Liber de scriptoribus ecclesiasticis "des Johannes Trithemius", Aus: Archiv für Geschichte des Buchwesens Bd 10, Lfg 4 - 5 [1969] 1247 - 1354.

External links

Works by or about Johannes Trithemiusat theInternet Archive
Steganographia (Latin). Digital Edition, 1997
Steganographia (Latin). Google Books, 1608 edition
Steganographia (Latin). Google Books, 1621 edition
Solved: The Ciphers in Book iii of Trithemius'sSteganographia,PDF, 208 kB
Hill Monastic Manuscript Library article on Trithemius(includes links to photographs of various Trithemiusfirst editions.)
(in Italian)The complete and solved Steganography books
Chisholm, Hugh,ed. (1911)."Trithemius, Johannes".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913)."John Trithemius".Catholic Encyclopedia.New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Polygraphiae libri sex Ioannis TrithemijFromGeorge Fabyan Collectionat theLibrary of Congress
Steganographia qvæ hvcvsqve a nemine intellectaFromGeorge Fabyan Collectionat theLibrary of Congress
Trithemius RedivivusTranslations and resources pertaining to theSteganographiaof Johannes Trithemius
Literature by and about Johannes Trithemiusin theGerman National Librarycatalogue
Works by and about Johannes Trithemiusin theDeutsche Digitale Bibliothek(German Digital Library)
"Johannes Trithemius".Repertorium "Historical Sources of the German Middle Ages" (Geschichtsquellen des deutschen Mittelalters).
Latin worksin theAnalytic Bibliography of On-Line Neo-Latin Texts
De septem secundeis in German translation (Über die sieben Erzengel, die nach dem Willen Gottes die Planeten bewegen und die Geschicke der Welt lenken)
Johannes TrithemiusGemeinde Trittenheim

[h225-1] Brann, Noel L. (1999-01-01).Trithemius and Magical Theology.Albany: SUNY Press.ISBN 978-0-7914-3962-3.

[2] Holden, Joshua (2 October 2018).The Mathematics of Secrets: Cryptography from Caesar Ciphers to Digital Encryption.Princeton University Press.ISBN 978-0-691-18331-2.Retrieved20 February2022.

[3] Rodriquez, Mercedes Garcia-Arenal; Mediano, Fernando Rodríguez (15 April 2013).The Orient in Spain: Converted Muslims, the Forged Lead Books of Granada, and the Rise of Orientalism.BRILL. p. 383.ISBN 978-90-04-25029-1.Retrieved20 February2022.

[4] Zambelli, Paola (2007).White Magic, Black Magic in the European Renaissance.BRILL. p. 251.ISBN 978-90-04-16098-9.Retrieved20 February2022.

[ka-jt-1991-5] Arnold, Klaus (1991).Johannes Trithemius (1462–1516).Quellen und Forschungen zur Geschichte des Bistums und Hochstifts Würzburg, 23 (English = Sources and research on the history of the diocese and bishopric of Würzburg, #23) (in German) (2. Aufl. ed.).Würzburg:Schöningh.pp. 144–157.ISBN 978-3-877170-23-6.OCLC 470202364.2., bibliographisch und überlieferungsgeschichtlich neu bearb. Aufl. (English = 2nd Edition, updated bibliographical and historical lore)

[6] Brann, Noël L. (1 January 1981).The Abbot Trithemius (1462-1516): The Renaissance of Monastic Humanism.BRILL. p. 95.ISBN 978-90-04-06468-3.Retrieved23 November2021.

[7] Grafton, Anthony; Grafton, Professor of History Anthony (2009).Worlds Made by Words: Scholarship and Community in the Modern West.Harvard University Press. p. 56.ISBN 978-0-674-03257-6.Retrieved23 November2021.

[8] Wood, Christopher S.; Wood, Professor Christopher S. (15 August 2008).Forgery, Replica, Fiction: Temporalities of German Renaissance Art.University of Chicago Press. p. 115.ISBN 978-0-226-90597-6.Retrieved23 November2021.

[9] Bastress-Dukehart, Erica (19 August 2021).The Zimmern Chronicle: Nobility, Memory, and Self-Representation in Sixteenth-Century Germany.Routledge. p. 19.ISBN 978-1-351-88018-3.Retrieved23 November2021.

[10] Muller, Richard A.; Thompson, John L. (20 August 2020).Biblical Interpretation in the Era of the Reformation: Essays Presented to David C. Steinmetz in Honor of His Sixtieth Birthday.Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 26.ISBN 978-1-7252-8377-0.Retrieved23 November2021.

[11] Amphora.Alcuin Society. 1972. p. 10.Retrieved23 November2021.

[FOOTNOTEGrafton200956-12] Grafton 2009,p. 56.

[13] Grafton, Anthony (30 June 2009).Christianity and the Transformation of the Book: Origen, Eusebius, and the Library of Caesarea.Harvard University Press. p. 1.ISBN 978-0-674-03786-1.Retrieved23 November2021.

[FOOTNOTEBrann198198-14] Brann 1981,p. 98.

[15] Dery, Mark (1994).Flame Wars: The Discourse of Cyberculture.Duke University Press. p. 41.ISBN 978-0-8223-1540-7.Retrieved25 July2023.

[16] McCarthy, Andrew D. (1 April 2016).Staging the Superstitions of Early Modern Europe.Routledge. p. 65.ISBN 978-1-317-05068-1.Retrieved25 July2023.

[17] Brann, Noel L. (1999).Trithemius and Magical Theology: A Chapter in the Controversy over Occult Studies in Early Modern Europe.SUNY Press. p. 165.ISBN 9780791439616.Retrieved22 October2021.

[18] Baron, Frank (2013).Faustus on Trial: The Origins of Johann Spies's 'Historia' in an Age of Witch Hunting.Walter de Gruyter. pp. 95–103.ISBN 9783110930061.Retrieved22 October2021.

[19] Waas, Glenn Elwood (1941).The Legendary Character of Kaiser Maximilian.Columbia University Press. pp. 153–162.Retrieved22 October2021.

[20] Grimm, Jacob; Grimm, Wilhelm (1981).The German Legends of the Brothers Grimm.Institute for the Study of Human Issues. p. 116.ISBN 978-0-915980-71-0.Retrieved2 February2022.

[21] Jones, John Henry (3 March 2011).The English Faust Book: A Critical Edition Based on the Text of 1592.Cambridge University Press. p. 4.ISBN 978-0-521-17503-6.Retrieved2 February2022.

[22] Indice de Libros Prohibidos (1877)[Index of Prohibited Books of Pope Pius IX (1877)] (in Spanish). Vatican. 1880.Retrieved2 August2009.

[23] Index Librorum Prohibitorum (1900)[Index of Prohibited Books of Pope Leo XIII (1900)] (in Latin). Vatican. 1900. p.298.Retrieved2 August2009.index librorum prohibitorum tricassinus.

[24] Reeds, Jim (1998). "Solved: The ciphers in book III of Trithemius's Steganographia".Cryptologia.22(4): 191–317.doi:10.1080/0161-119891886948.

[25] Ernst, Thomas (1996). "Schwarzweiße Magie: Der Schlüssel zum dritten Buch der Stenographia des Trithemius".Daphnis: Zeitschrift für Mittlere Deutsche Literatur.25(1): 1–205.

[26] Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas,The Western Esoteric Traditions: A Historical Introduction(Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), pp. 50-55

[27] Walker, D. P.Spiritual & Demonic Magic from Ficino to Campanella(Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2003), pp. 86-90

[28] Brann, Noel L., "Trithemius, Johannes", inDictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism,ed. Wouter J. Hanegraff (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2006), pp. 1135-1139.

[29] Robert Hooke (1705).The Posthumous Works of Robert Hooke.Richard Waller, London. p. 203.

[30] Predel, B. (1994), "Cr-Cs (Chromium-Caesium)",Cr-Cs – Cu-Zr,Landolt-Börnstein - Group IV Physical Chemistry, vol. 5d, Springer-Verlag, p. 1,doi:10.1007/10086090_968,ISBN 3540560734

[31] Muchembled, Robert; Bethencourt, Francisco; Monter, William; Egmond, Florike (March 2007).Cultural Exchange in Early Modern Europe.Cambridge University Press. p. 286.ISBN 978-0-521-84548-9.Retrieved22 November2021.

[32] Brann, Noel L. (1 January 1999).Trithemius and Magical Theology: A Chapter in the Controversy over Occult Studies in Early Modern Europe.SUNY Press. p. 106.ISBN 978-0-7914-3962-3.Retrieved22 November2021.

[33] Ellison, Katherine (10 June 2016).A Cultural History of Early Modern English Cryptography Manuals.Routledge. p. 51.ISBN 978-1-315-45820-5.Retrieved23 November2021.

[34] Digital Version MGH-Bibliothek Archived2007-06-30 at theWayback Machine

[35] Trithemius, Johannes (1522)."De septem secunda Deis id est intelligentiis sive spiritibus moventibus... - Johannes Trithemius - Google Books".google.

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People	BMLO Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB
Other	IdRef Historical Dictionary of Switzerland SNAC RISM