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Coordinates:37°30′52″N34°34′46″E/ 37.5144°N 34.5794°E/37.5144; 34.5794
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Tynna
Porsuk Höyük
Zeyve Höyük
Tynna is located in Turkey
Tynna
Shown within Turkey
Alternative nameTunna
LocationTurkey
RegionNiğde Province
Coordinates37°30′52″N34°34′46″E/ 37.5144°N 34.5794°E/37.5144; 34.5794

Tynna,possibly also known asDana,was an ancientAnatoliancity located at the foothills of theTaurus Mountains,near the town ofUlukışlaand theCilician Gatesin southern Cappadocia.[1][2]

It is known in the present-day as Porsuk Höyük[3]or Zeyve Höyük[4]inAsiatic Turkey.[5][6]

Name[edit]

The name of the city wasTunnaorDunna(Hittite:𒌷𒁺𒌦𒈾) during the Hittite Empire.[7][8]

InClassical Antiquity,the city was known asTynna(Ancient Greek:Τυννα,romanized:Tunna;Latin:Tynna).[9]

History[edit]

Bronze Age[edit]

Tunna might have been founded during the Hittite Old Kingdom by the sons of the kingḪattušili I,some time during the late Middle and early Late Bronze Age.[10]

Beginning with the reign of the Hittite kingŠuppiluliuma I,Tunna was referred to in state treaties of the Hittite Empire as the cult site of the goddess Ḫallara, who headed the local pantheon.[3][11][8]

According to a bronze tablet and the Ulmi-Teššub treaty, Tunna was a location in the region ofTarḫuntaššain the Ḫūlaya River Land where the hypostasis of the storm godTarḫuntašbearing the epithet ofpiḫaššaššiš(𒁉𒄩𒀸𒊭𒀸𒅆𒅖) was venerated,[11][9]withpiḫaššaššiš Tarḫuntaš(𒀭𒌋𒁉𒄩𒀸𒊭𒀸𒅆𒅖) possibly meaninglit. 'Tarḫuntaš of Lightning'.[12]

Tunna was mentioned alongsideḪupišnaandZallarain a Hittite local deity list, and a Chief of the Cooks was responsible for the cult inventory of the country of Tunna.[9]

The Hittite magician Tunnawi or Tunnawiya might have been a native of Tunna, as suggested by the meaning of her name, meaninglit. 'Woman from Tunna'orlit. 'the mountain-god Tunna has sent her'.Tunnawi appears to have lived in the early 14th century BC, and she was the author of a ritual against impurity, ataknaz daritual for the royal couple, a birth ritual, and a ritual of the cattle.[13]

Due to its strategic location at theCilician Gates,Tunna was located on one of the main routes which in ancient times connected theAnatolian Plateauto theSyro-Mesopotamianregion.[1]

Tunna (?)
Common languagesLuwian
Religion
Luwian religion
King
• 8th century BC
Tarḫunazzas
• Unknown
Masauraḫisas (?)
Vassal
ofTuwana
Historical eraIron Age
Preceded by
Hittite empire
Today part ofTurkey

Iron Age[edit]

Identification[edit]

Atuna[edit]

Although Tunna has been suggested as a possible location for the capital of thekingdom Atuna,[14]this latter kingdom was instead likely located further north, in northern Cappadocia.[15][16][17]

Since Atuna later obtained the territory of the Tabalian kingdom ofŠinuḫtu,it was likely in the region immediately south of theHalys river's southernmost bend, to the immediate north of Šinuḫtu, and to the west of the kingdom ofTabal proper[15][18][19]and around the site which the present-day village of Bohça,[20]which was possibly its capital and where the king Kurdis of Atuna had erected a stele.[15][21][16][22][23]

Phonetically, the name Tunna could not represent a variant of a possible form*Atunna,since the initial/a/did notdisappearin theLuwian language,which also suggests against identifying Tunna with Atuna.[24]

Tunnas[edit]

The country around Tunna might have corresponded to the lands of Upper Tunnas (Hieroglyphic Luwian:𔑏‎𔖱𔗔𔑢𔐤𔗔‎,romanized:sarras Tunnas[25][26][27]) and Lower Tunnas (Hieroglyphic Luwian:𔐓𔐤𔖹𔗦𔗷𔑢𔐤𔗦𔔂‎,romanized:annantarris Tunnas[25][26][27]) referred to in an economic inventory from the kingdom ofTabal properrecording the transfer of goods.[28]

History[edit]

In the 9th century BC, Tunna was destroyed during the campaign of the Neo-Assyrian kingShalmaneser IIIin the Tabalian region in 837 BC.[29]

The "silver mountain," Tunni, visited by Shalmaneser III during this campaign might have been identical with the site of Tunna,[30]and the country of Tunna might also have been identical with the country of Tuna mentioned in lead strips from the kingdom of Tabal proper, although this identification is still uncertain.[31]

During the 8th century BC, Tunna was aTabalianpetty city-state ruled by a king named Tarḫunazzas, who was himself a vassal of the kingWarpalawas IIofTuwana.[32]In an inscription at the site corresponding to present-day Bulgarmaden, Tarḫunazzas recorded that, in exchange for his services, his overlord Warpalawas II had offered to him the Mount Mudis.[33][34][35]

Mount Mudis was a rocky outcrop of theTaurus Mountainsnear theCilician Gates,[36]and was likely identical with the "alabaster mountain," Mount Mulî, which the Neo-Assyrian king Shalmaneser III climbed and from where he extractedalabasterduring his campaign in the Tabalian region in 837 BCE. The nameMulî(𒈬𒇷𒄿[37][38][39][40]) was the Akkadian form of a Luwian original nameMudis(𔑿𔑣𔗔‎)[41][42][30][43]which had experienced the Luwian sound shift from/d/to/l/.[33][35][44]

Based on the close association of Mount Tunni with Mount Mulî in the Neo-Assyrian records, both of these mountains were located close to each other, in the northeastern end of theBolkarand Taurus Mountains, where are presently located the silver mines of Bulgarmaden and thegypsummine at Porsuk-Zeyve Höyük.[33][1][35][45]

New defensive structures were built at Tunna during the reign of Warpalawas II.[29]

Another petty-king of Tunna who was vassal of the kings of Tuwana might have been Masauraḫisas, who possibly reigned in the middle or late 8th century BC,[1]and who is known from an inscription by his general Parḫwiras.[29]

List of rulers[edit]

Classical Antiquity[edit]

During the Hellenistic period, Tunna became known as Tynna (Ancient Greek:Τυννα,romanized:Tunna;Latin:Tynna),[9][9][30]and was mentioned byPtolemy.[51]

Tynna was located in the neighbourhood ofFaustinopolis,and remained inhabited throughRomantimes.[51][5]

References[edit]

  1. ^abcdBeyer 2012,p. 47.
  2. ^Prechel 2016,p. 188-189.
  3. ^abTaracha 2009,p. 86.
  4. ^Bryce 2009,p. 145.
  5. ^abRichard Talbert,ed. (2000).Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World.Princeton University Press. p. 66, and directory notes accompanying.ISBN978-0-691-03169-9.
  6. ^Lund University.Digital Atlas of the Roman Empire.
  7. ^Simon 2013,p. 279-280.
  8. ^abPrechel 2016,p. 188.
  9. ^abcdePrechel 2016,p. 189.
  10. ^Beyer 2012,p. 48.
  11. ^abTaracha 2009,p. 117.
  12. ^Singer 2005,p. 559.
  13. ^Hutter 2014,p. 189.
  14. ^Aro 2013,p. 389.
  15. ^abcBryce 2009,p. 93.
  16. ^abBryce 2012,p. 145.
  17. ^Weeden 2023,p. 1000.
  18. ^Bryce 2012,p. 145-146.
  19. ^Bryce 2012,p. 278-279.
  20. ^Weeden 2017,p. 730.
  21. ^Weeden 2010,p. 59.
  22. ^Simon 2013,p. 280.
  23. ^Simon 2013,p. 290.
  24. ^Simon 2013,p. 281-282.
  25. ^abHawkins 2000b,p. 506.
  26. ^abHawkins 2000b,p. 512.
  27. ^abHawkins 2000c,p. 503.
  28. ^Simon 2013,p. 284-285.
  29. ^abcBarat et al. 2022,p. 76.
  30. ^abcWeeden 2017,p. 727.
  31. ^Weeden 2017,p. 727-729.
  32. ^Bryce 2009,p. 152.
  33. ^abcHawkins 1997,p. 414.
  34. ^Bryce 2009,p. 148-149.
  35. ^abcSimon 2013,p. 280-281.
  36. ^Bryce 2012,p. 152.
  37. ^"Mulu [1] (GN)".Ancient Records of Middle Eastern Polities.Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus.Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.
  38. ^"Muli [MOUNT MULI] (GN)".The Royal Inscriptions of Assyria online.Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus.Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.
  39. ^"Muli [MOUNT MULI] (GN)".Textual Sources of the Assyrian Empire.Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus.Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.
  40. ^"Muli [MOUNT MULI] (GN)".Textual Sources of the Assyrian Empire.Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus.Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.
  41. ^Hawkins 2000b,p. 523.
  42. ^Hawkins 2000a,p. 521-525.
  43. ^Yakubovich, Ilya; Arkhangelskiy, Timofey."BULGARMADEN".Annotated Corpus of Luwian Texts.Retrieved25 March2023.
  44. ^D'Alfonso 2012,p. 178.
  45. ^Streck 2014,p. 189-190.
  46. ^Hawkins 2000b,p. 522.
  47. ^Hawkins 2000c,p. 521.
  48. ^Adiego 2019,p. 153.
  49. ^Hawkins 2000b,p. 528.
  50. ^Hawkins 2000c,p. 527.
  51. ^abSimon 2013,p. 279.

Sources[edit]

37°30′52″N34°34′46″E/ 37.5144°N 34.5794°E/37.5144; 34.5794

This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain:Smith, William,ed. (1854–1857). "Tynna".Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography.London: John Murray.

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