Tunxis
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| Extinct as a tribe | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 United States( Connecticut) | |
| Languages | |
| anEastern Algonquian language | |
| Religion | |
| Traditional tribal religion | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| OtherAlgonquian peoples |
TheTunxiswere a group ofQuiripispeakingConnecticutNative Americansthat is known to history mainly through their interactions with English settlers in New England. Broadly speaking, their location makes them one of theEastern Algonquian-speaking peoplesof Northeastern North America, whose languages shared a common root. More locally they were one of a number of Native communities in the lowerConnecticut River Valleywho shared common cultural traits.
In 1634, shortly after English colonists migrating from theMassachusetts Bay Colonymoved into the region, a smallpox epidemic swept through the region, killing many of the natives; the Tunxis people would have been as affected as the other groups.[1]
At the time the English colonization began, the main settlement of the Tunxis was on theFarmington River,some distance upstream from its confluence with the Connecticut River. In 1640, the Tunxis sold their agricultural fields to the governor of theConnecticut Colony,who was acting on behalf of a group of colonists from nearbyHartford,who called their new settlementFarmington.The Tunxis retained an area beside the Farmington River that came to be called “Indian Neck.”[2]This deed was confirmed by another deed in 1650.[3]
In the 1640s, the Tunxis community may have had between 100 and 150 members. Relations with the colonists were often uneasy, and the Tunxis were also involved in multiple meetings and skirmishes with other tribes. Because of this, in 1658 the General Court ordered the group to move its settlement from the east side of the Farmington River, very close to the center of the white settlement, to a site on the west side, on high ground soon known as "Fort Hill". In 1673 the Tunxis' disagreement with the Farmington settlers about the limits of the earlier sale led to the execution of a new confirmatory deed, with 200 acres of upland reserved to the Indians; their continuing ownership of the land at Indian Neck was confirmed in a postscript to the deed. Perhaps as a result of this recent amicable agreement, the Tunxis did not flee their homes or join with the Indians duringKing Philip’s War(1675-1676), and some served as scouts for the colonists’ forces. In 1688, the Tunxis demonstrated their friendliness by allowing a local Englishmen to suggest who he felt theirsachem(leader) should be, and accepted his choice.[4]
Encroachment on the Tunxis landholdings by English colonists caused them to make at least two complaints to theConnecticut General Assemblyduring the 18th century. In 1738, a petition claimed that most of Indian Neck had been taken over by non-Indian neighbors, but no action was taken. In 1768, one James Wauwus (with others) presented another petition, which stated that the English had taken over all of Indian Neck. A committee appointed by the legislature found that only four of a multitude of deeds had been properly validated by the legislature, but then recommended recognizing many of the others anyway. Wauwus and others protested, and the General Assembly rejected the report, but exactly what happened after that is not clear.[5]
Over time, the Tunxis had become largely Christianized and sold parts of their remaining land to settle debts. As more and more European settlers crowded into Farmington, the idea of moving away to secure more land and the company of more people like themselves held more appeal. In 1774, the Tunxis decided to sell their remaining lands and use the proceeds to move to theBrothertownsettlement in theOneidaterritory in New York. A few remained behind;Samson Occomcounted eight in 1785. Some members of these families lingered in town until the late 19th century.[6]
See also[edit]
- Massaco,a Tunxis settlement
References[edit]
- ^Grumet, Robert S.Historic Contact: Indian People and Colonists in Today's Northeastern United States in the Sixteenth Through Eighteenth Centuries.Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1995.
- ^De Forest, John W.History of the Indians of Connecticut from the Earliest Known Period to 1850.Hartford: Wm. J. Hamersley, 1852.p. 241.
- ^Bickford, C. P. and Farmington Historical Society.Farmington in Connecticut.Canaan, NH: Phoenix Pub., 1982.
- ^Bickford, C. P. and Farmington Historical Society.Farmington in Connecticut.Canaan, NH: Phoenix Pub., 1982.
- ^De Forest, John W.History of the Indians of Connecticut from the Earliest Known Period to 1850.Hartford: Wm. J. Hamersley, 1852.
- ^Bickford, C. P. and Farmington Historical Society.Farmington in Connecticut.Canaan, NH: Phoenix Pub., 1982.
