Turkic history

Turkichistoryis the systematic documentation and study of events involving theTurkic peoples.

Origins

Turks were an important political identity ofEurasia.They first appeared atInner Eurasiansteppesand migrated to many various regions (such as Central Asia,West Asia,Siberia,and Eastern Europe.) and participated in many local civilizations there. It is not yet known when, where, and how the Turks formed as a population identity. However, it is predicted thatProto-Turkic populationshave inhabited regions that they could have the lifestyle ofEurasianequestrianpastoralnomadic culture.

Türkwas first used as a political identity in history during theGöktürk Khaganateperiod.Theold Turkic scriptwas invented byGöktürksas well.The rulingAshina clanorigins are disputed.

Shoroon Bumbagar tombmural,Göktürk,7th century CE, Mongolia.

Although there are debates about its inception, the history of the Turks is an important part ofworld history.The history of all people that emerged inEurasiaand North Africa has been affected by the movements of the Turks to some degree. Turks also played an important role in bringingEastern culturesto the West andWestern culturesto theEast.Their own religion became the pioneer and defender of the foreign religions they adopted afterTengrism,and they helped their spread and development (Manichaeism,Judaism,Buddhism,Orthodox,Nestorian ChristianityandIslam).

The beginning of Turkic history

3rd century BC

• 240 BC:Great Wall of China started to be built to protect the nation againstInner Asian nomads.
• c. 202 BC:XiongnuchanyuModu conquered the Hunyu ( hồn dữu ), Qushe ( khuất bắn ),Dingling( leng keng ), Gekun ( cách côn ), and Xinli ( tân lê );The Gekun and Xinli would later appear among the Turkic-speakingTiele people,respectively, asHeguandXue.TheDinglingwere also proposed to be early Proto-Turkic peopleor ancestors ofTungusic speakersamong theShiwei.or related toNa-DenéandYeniseianspeakers,

Map of Asia, 200 BC

4th century

• 395:Migration Period

5th century

• 461:Sabir peoplearoundSiberia
• 480:Pre-Bulgariansbetween theCaspian Seaand theDanube

Middle Ages/Turks

6th century

Map of Asia, 565 AD

• 540:The re-emergence of the lost Central Asian Turks mentioned in theErgenekon epic
• 540:SasanianKing of Iran,Hormizd IV,born to aKhazarPrincess mother who married to theKhosrow I
• 551:Establishment of theFirst Turkic Khaganate.
• 552:Göktürksrevolt againstRourandomination.
• 565:Defeat of theHephthaliteson their war withGöktürks.
• 567:Western Turkic Khaganateambassador Maniakh sent byIstämitoConstantinople.
• 567:Establishment of thePannonian Avars.
• 568:Zemarchus,a Byzantine diplomat, sent to theGöktürksEmpire.
• 582:Separation of theFirst Turkic Khaganate.

Map of the Asia, 600 AD

7th century

Central Asia

• 625:Establishment ofTokhara Yabghus.
• 630:Eastern Turkic Khanatecame under Chinese domination,Western Turkic Khanatecame under Chinese influence.
• 639:TurkicprinceAshina Jiesheshuai's attempt on a Turkic revolt in the Chinese emperor's palace.
• 659:Western Turkic Khaganatecame under Chinese rule.
• 665:Establishment ofTurk Shahis.
• 674:The appearance of Turkic mercenaries (Mamluks) inArabarmies.
• 681:Second Turkic Khaganateestablished.
• 699:The establishment of theTurgesh Khanate(in present-dayKyrgyzstan)

Eastern Europe

• 626–627:Eastern Roman EmperorHeraclius' request for help from theKhazars,theKhazars' invasion of theCaucasusby defeating theSassanidsafterthe Sassanids and Pannonian Avars besieged Constantinople
• 630:Khazars' settlement in theDon-Volgabasin, which was affiliated to theWestern Turkic Khaganate,and the establishment of theGreat Bulgarian Khanatein the north of theBlack Sea.
• 651–652:War of theArab Empireand theKhazars,who overthrew theSassanidsand captured all ofIran
• 678:The division of theGreat Bulgarian Khanateby the westward pressure of theKhazars

8th century

Inner Asia

Replica ofBilge Khagan's memorial complex inTurkey.

• 705–715:Arabs takeTransoxiana
• 720–735:Orkhon MonumentsinÖtüken
• 721–737:Turgeshattack against Arabs
• 744:The destruction of theSecond Turkic Khanateby the rebelliousUyghurs,KarluksandBasmyls
• 745:Establishment of theUyghur Khaganate,independent khanate ofKimeksin what is todayKazakhstan
• 750:The strengthening ofArab-Turkicrelations after theAbbasidscame to the head of the Arab Empire
• 751:The entry of the Chinese into Central Asia, the defeat of the Chinese by the Arabs with the help of theKarluksin theBattle of Talas,the conversion of theKarlukstoIslam
• 762:Uyghur KhaganateaidedTang dynastyin China in suppressing theAn-Lu-Shan uprising
• 765:Adoption of theMani religionby theUyghur Khan Bögü
• 766:The dissolution of theTürgesh Khanateby theKarluksof theUyghur Khanate,the establishment of the autonomousKarluk Khanate,the laying of the foundations of theOghuz Yabgu Stateby theOghuzeswho escaped from theKarluksand migrated to the vicinity of theCaspianandArallakes.
• 789–795:Fight for the throne and decline in theUyghur Khaganate

Eastern Europe

• 705:Theodora of Khazaria,a Khazar princess and Byzantine empress as the second wife ofJustinian II
• 713–737:Khazar-Arab War,Khazarloss ofCaucasus
• 716:The first written agreement of theDanube Bulgarian Khanatewith theByzantine Empireand the start of taxation
• 717–718:Aid of theBulgarianstoByzantiumagainst theArab Siege of Constantinople
• 740:Adoption of Judaism as the official religion of theKhazars
• 741:Tzitzak,aKhazarprincess, Empress of the Byzantine Empire by marriage to Eastern Roman EmperorConstantine V.Mother of Byzantine emperor,Leo IV the Khazar
• 745–775:Bulgarian-Byzantine relations tense
• 764:Invasion of theCaucasusandwestern Iranby theKhazars,defeating theAbbasids
• 780:Founding ofVolga Bulgaria
• 792:After theBattle of Markeli,Byzantiumbegan to pay taxes to theBulgariansagain.
• 795:Bardanes Tourkos,a Byzantine general of Khazar-Armenian descent who launched an unsuccessful rebellion against Emperor Nikephoros I

9th century

Map of theKhazar Khanateat its greatest extent.

Reconstruction of alamellar helmetthat is being considered as an Avar lamellar helmet fromNiederstotzingen,Dated 560–600 AD.

Central Asia

• 821:UighursrepulseTibetans
• 832:TheUighur Khaganateplunged into turmoil
• 840:The collapse of theUyghur Khaganateas a result of the attack of theKyrgyz people,the establishment of theKyrgyz Khaganate,the escape of theUyghursto the southwest, theKarluks,who did not recognize theKyrgyzsovereignty, declared their independence and laid the foundation of theKarakhanid State.
• 848:The establishment of theGanzhou Uyghur Kingdomof theUyghurswho migrated to the South West
• 856:The establishment of theKarahoca Uyghur Kingdomby anotherUyghurbranch that migrated to the southwest.

Eastern Europe

• 860:The Russians, who expanded to the south, reachedKievin theKhazar Khaganate.
• 861:Migration ofPechenegsaroundSri Daryato the north of theBlack Seaunder the pressure ofOghuzes,KimeksandKarluks
• 880:The formation of theKimek–Kipchak confederation
• 889:The advance of thePechenegsin the north of theBlack Seato the west under the pressure of theKhazarsandKipchaks
• 892:ThePechenegsadvancing to the west forced theHungariansfrom theDnieperto migrate beyond theCarpathians,forming an agreement with theByzantine Empire.

Asia and Africa

• 833–842:The increasing influence ofTurkic slave soldiersin theAbbasidpalace duringCaliph Mutasim's reign
• 836:The relocation of theAbbasidcapital fromBaghdadtoSamerra,where theTurkic slave garrisonwas located
• 868:Tulunidsovereignty overEgypt,Syria,Palestineand the north ofIraqbut still remain within theAbbasid Caliphate

10th century

Central Asia

• 923:The establishment of theLater Tang dynastyby theShatuo Turks,descended from theGöktürks,in the north of China
• 924:The destruction of theKyrgyz Stateby theMongol Khtai,the end of the Turkic rule inÖtüken,the migration of theKyrgyzto their present homeland.
• 934:WithSatuk Buğra Khan's acceptance ofIslam,theKarakhanid Stateadopt the religion ofIslam
• 979:TheShatuo Turkscame under the domination of the Han Chinese NorthernSong dynasty,the Shatuo flee to Inner Mongolia where they come theOngudTurks.The Ongud assimilated to the Mongols.
• 990–999:TheKarakhanid Statedestroyed theSamanid Empire,Transoxianacame under Turkic rule after 300 years.

Eastern Europe

• 920:Russo-Pecheneg War
• 922:Visit ofIbn Fadlanas ambassador to theBulgarian Khanate of İdil,which converted to Islam
• 940:Russian-Byzantine alliance againstKhazars,KhazarsloseCrimea
• 943:Pechenegsallied with theRussiansagainst theByzantine Empire
• 965:Oghuz Yabgu State's alliance with theRussiansagainst theKhazars
• 968–972:Pechenegs' attacks on theRussians
• 969:The capture of theKhazarcapital by the Russian kingSvyatoslav I,the withdrawal of theKhazarsto the north of theCaucasus
• 985:Oghuz Yabgu State's alliance with theRussiansagainst theVolga Bulgarian State
• 986:Settlements of theSeljuksin the south ofKazakhstanby breaking away from theOghuz Yabgu State

Asia and Africa

• 905:The end of theTuluniddynasty inEgyptby theAbbasids
• 935:AnotherTurkicdynasty, theIkhshidid dynasty,seized power inEgyptand dominatedSyria,Palestine,Hejazand northernSudan.
• 977:Sabuktigin establishsGhaznavid dynastyin Khorasan(modern-dayAfghanistan)
• 969:Termination of the rule of theIkhshidid dynastyby theFatimid State

11th century

Ghaznavid Empire at its greatest extent in 1030 CE underMahmud.

Mahmud of Ghazni and his court.

1100

KARAKHANID
KHANATE

KIEVAN
RUS'

Cumans

Pechenegs

Kyrgyzs

FATIMID
CALIPHATE

GEORGIA

XI XIA

Jurchen

Kimeks

KHITAN EMPIRE

QOCHO

GHAZNAVID
EMPIRE

CHOLA
EMPIRE

WESTERN
CHALUKYAS

PAGAN

DALI

KHMER

MALAYU

PALA
EMPIRE

SELJUK
EMPIRE

SONG
DYNASTY

SULTANATE
OF RUM

GO-
RYEO

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The Seljuk Empire and the Sultanate of Rum, with contemporary Asian polities circa 1100.

Central Asia

• 1030:Ghaznavid Empire reaches to its greatest extent underMahmud of Ghazni.
• 1036:TheKansu Uyghur Kingdomcame under the rule of the MongolianTankut Kingdom.
• 1042:The division of theKarakhanid Stateinto East and West
• 1050:The destruction of theKimek Khanateby the invasion of theKipchaks
• 1089:Samarkand-centered Western Karakhanid State entered theSeljuknationality
• 1091:The Eastern Karakhanid State, based inKashgar,became subject to theSeljuks.
• 1092:As a result of theGreat Seljuk Statebeing dragged into internal turmoil, the two Karakhanid states became independent again.

Eastern Europe

• 1016:The destruction of theKhazar Khaganateby theRussiansand theByzantine Empire
• 1037:Settlement ofPechenegsdefeated by theRussiansin Romania
• 1061–1068:TheKipchaks,who defeated theRussians,captured the north of theBlack SeaandUkraine
• 1091:After theBattle of Manzikert,thePechenegs,who attacked theByzantine Empire,which was in turmoil, were destroyed by the Byzantine-Kipchak alliance aroundEnez.
• 1093:Cuman–Kipchak Confederationdecisive defeat of theKievan Rus'at theBattle of the Stuhna River.

Asia

• 1038:Establishment of theSeljuk StateinKhorasan.
• 1040:In theBattle of Dandanaqan,theSeljuksdefeated theGhaznavidsand spread towardsPersia.
• 1048:TheSeljuks,who defeated the Byzantine-Georgian alliance at theBattle of Kapetron,enteredEastern Anatolia.
• 1055:SeljuksconquerBaghdadand seize theAbbasid Caliphate.
• 1056:Sejuk princess,Khadija Arslan Khatun,married to the Abbasid Caliph,Al-Qaim.
• 1063:Abbasid princess, Sayida Khatun, daughter of Abbasid CaliphAl-Qaimmarried to the Seljuk Sultan,Tughril I.
• 1064:SeljuksconquerAniCastle and break the Armenian-Georgian resistance
• 1071:TheOghuzTurcomanswho have defeated theByzantine Empireat theBattle of Manzikert,started settlements atAnatolia.
• 1071:Sifri Khatun,Seljuk princess, daughter of sultanAlp Arslanmarried to the Abbasid caliph,Al-Muqtadi.
• 1072:Establishment ofDanishmend PrincipalityinSivasas subordinate toGreat Seljuks
• 1077:Establishment of theSeljuk Sultanate of Rûmwhose capital isIznikas subordinate to theGreat Seljuks.
• 1081:The construction of the navy on theAegeancoast of the Çaka Principality and the establishment of theTurkish Naval Forces
• 1085:Establishment of the Syrian Seljuk State.
• 1087:Mah-i Mulk Khatun,Seljuk princess, daughter ofMalik-Shah Imarried to the Abbasid caliph,Al-Muqtadi.Abbasid and Seljuk Prince, Ja'far ibn Abdallah al-Muqtadi, was born from this marriage.
• 1092:As a result of the murder ofSultan Melikşahby theOrder of Assassins,theGreat Seljuk Statewas dragged into internal turmoil
• 1096:The destruction of the pioneers of theFirst Crusadeby theAnatolian Seljuk StateinIznik
• 1096–1099:As a result of theFirst Crusade,IznikandWestern Anatoliawere taken back byByzantium,andCrusader stateletswere formed on the Syrian andPalestiniancoasts.

South Asia

• 1001–1027:The expeditions ofMahmud of Ghazni,the ruler of theGhaznavids,in Indian subcontinent resulted in the spread of Turkic sovereignty andIslamto the north of India
• 1037–1059:The struggle of theGhaznavidswith theSeljuk Empireresulted intoKhorasanandIranbeing dominated by theSeljuks
• 1059:Peace treatybetweenGhaznavidsandSeljuks
• 1079–1080:Ghaznavids's defeat of theGhurid dynasty,which gained power inAfghanistan

12th century

Asia

• 1100:TheDanishmendsdefeated thePrincipality of AntakyainMalatyaand definitively stopped theCrusaders' advance toSoutheastern Anatolia.
• 1101:The defeat of theAnatolian Seljuk Stateand theDanishmendsby the Crusaders inKastamonuandMerzifon
• 1104:TheGreat Seljuk Statedefeated the Crusaders inHarranand blocked their advance to theEuphrates.
• 1104:Establishment ofBörüoğulları AtabeyinDamascus
• 1105–1128:Seljuks struggle against the Crusaders inSyria,the resistance ofDamascusandAleppoto the Crusader sieges
• 1108:Seljuk princess,Ismah Khatun,married to the Abbasid Caliph,Al-Mustazhir.
• 1124:Seljuk princess,Amira Khatun,married to the Abbasid Caliph,Al-Mustarshid.
• 1127:Establishment ofZengi AtabeylikinMosul
• 1127–1174:The struggle of theZengid's with the Crusaders
• 1137:Seljuk princess,Fatimah Khatun,married to the Abbasid Caliph,Al-Muqtafi.
• 1140:Abbasid princess, Zubaydah, daughter ofAl-Muqtafimarried to the Seljuk Sultan,Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud.
• 1144:The conquest ofUrfaby theZengid's
• 1144:Establishment of Beytegin Atabeylik inErbil
• 1147–1149:Organized after the fall ofUrfa,in theSecond Crusade,theAnatolian Seljuk Statedefeated the Crusaders' German army inEskişehirandLadik,theZengid's repelled the Crusaders'Siege of Damascus
• 1150:The elimination of theUrfa County,one of the four Crusader states, by theZengids
• 1154:Elimination of theBörioğulları Atabeyby theZengids
• 1158:Abbasid princess,Kerman Khatun,daughter ofAl-Muqtafi,married to the Seljuk Sultan,Muhammad II ibn Mahmudand then another Seljuk Sultan,Arslan-Shah.
• 1173–1178:TheAnatolian Seljuk Statebecame the only power inAnatoliaby capturing all the lands of theDanishmends.
• 1174–1183:Salahaddin Ayyubi's EndingZengidsovereignty inSyria
• 1176:The defeat of theByzantinesby theAnatolian Seljuk Statein theBattle of Myriokephalon,the finalization of theSeljuksovereignty inAnatolia
• 1186:Seljuk princess,Seljuki Khatunmarried to the Abbasid Caliph,al-Nasir.
• 1190:The invasion ofKonyaby the German arm of the Crusaders in theThird Crusade,the disintegration of the German army after the drowning of the German EmperorFrederick BarbarossainSilifke
• 1192:Seljuk Sultan,Kaykhusraw Imarried to Dawlat Raziya Khatun, daughter ofManuel Maurozomes,a Byzantine nobleman.

Iran and Central Asia

• 1092–1118:Internal turmoil and emergence of semi-independent atabeyliks within theGreat Seljuk State
• 1132:The MongolianKarahitaysstarted to move towards Turkic lands by eliminating theQocho.
• 1134:Karahitaysoverthrow the Eastern Karakhanids
• 1137:Karahitaysoverthrow the Western Karakhanids and demolish their dominance in Central Asia
• 1141:The collapse of theGreat Seljuk State,which was defeated by theKarahitaysin theBattle of Qatwan
• 1154–1157:Dissolution of theGreat Seljuk Stateafter the rebellion of theOghuzs,the independence of theKhorezmshahs State
• 1182–1194:TheKhwarazmshahsconqueredTransoxianaby defeatingIran,KhorasanandKarahitays
• 1188:The elimination of theKerman Seljuk State,one of the successors of theGreat Seljuk State,by theOghuzes
• 1194:The abolition of the Iraqi Seljuk State, one of the successors of theGreat Seljuk State,by theKhwarazmshahs State.

South Asia

• 1135:The Seljuk army re-enteringGhazniand ta xing theGhaznavidsagain
• 1148–1151:Great destruction caused by theGhuridsafter capturingGhazni
• 1152:Seljukscapture ofGhaznifromGhurids
• 1157–1163:With the disintegration of theGreat Seljuk State,GhazniandAfghanistanfell back into the hands of theGhurids.
• 1186:The conquest of theGhaznavid State,which continued to dominatePunjab,withLahoreas its capital, caused by theGhurids.

Eastern Europe

Cumanbattle mask, c. 13th century

• 1111–1116:Kipchaktribes defeated by theRussians
• 1123:Georgianssupported byKipchaksexpelGreat Seljuksfrom Tbilisi
• 1150:The Kipchaks regain their strength in theDnieper.
• 1154:The Kipchaks, who repulsed theRussians,re-established their dominance aroundKharkiv.
• 1157–1174:Conflicts betweenVolga BulgarianandRussians
• 1174–1185:Military successes of theKipchaksagainst theRussians
• 1200:The dissolution of theKimek–Kipchak confederation

13th century

Cuman–Kipchak confederation,c. 1200 CE

Statue ofKayqubad I(r. 1220–1237) inAlanya,Turkey

Spread of theMongol Empirein the 13th century

Asia and the Middle East

• 1202:The expansion of theAnatolian Seljuk StatetoEastern Anatoliaby eliminating theSaltuklu Principality
• 1207:The opening of theAnatolian Seljuk Stateto theMediterraneanwith the conquest ofAntalya
• 1214:The opening of theAnatolian Seljuk Stateto theBlack Seawith the conquest ofSinop
• 1228:Elimination of theMengüçlü Principalityby theAnatolian Seljuk State
• 1230:TheKhorezmshahs,who escaped from theMongol invasionand advanced toAnatolia,were stopped by theAnatolian Seljuk Statein theBattle of Yassıçemen
• 1239:Therevolt of Baba İshakweakened theAnatolian Seljuk State.
• 1243:The defeat of theAnatolian Seljuk Stateby theMongolsin theBattle of Kösedağ
• 1250:The seizure of power by the Turkish-originMamluk Sultanatein Egypt, putting an end to theAyyubids
• Nureddin Beylaid the foundations of the principality inKaraman
• 1299:Founding of theOttoman State

Central Asia

• 1212:The elimination of theKarakhanids,who ruled inFergana,by theKhwarazmshahs State.

South Asia

• 1206:Establishment ofDelhi Sultanateby Turkic-origin slave commanders
• 1236:Delhi Sultanate's dominance of all ofnorthern India,KashmirandBangladesh
• 1290:Turko-Afghan-originKhalji dynastyseized power in theDelhi Sultanate

14th century

• 1320–1424:Tughluk Dynastyin Delhi established and ruled most of the India.
• 1346:TheOttomansentered Europe.
• 1361:Conquest of Edirneby theOttomansoccurred.
• 1370:TheSalarsare descended from Turkmen who migrated from Central Asia and settled in a Tibetan area of Qinghai under Ming Chinese rule. The Salar ethnicity formed and underwent ethnogenesis from a process of male Turkmen migrants from Central Asia marryingAmdoTibetanwomen during the early Ming dynasty.
• 1370:Timur's seizure of power, establishment ofTimurid Empire.
• 1382:Tokhtamyshleads theGolden Horde's Army and setsMoscow on fire.
• 1389:Battle of Kosovo:Ottomandomination in the Balkans
• 1389–1403:Reign ofBayezid
• 1398:Timur'smilitary expedition to India

15th century

Asia

• 1402:Battle of AnkarabetweenTimurandBayezid I
• 1406:Re-emergence ofAkkoyunluandKarakoyunlupeople on the stage of history
• 1453:Conquest of IstanbulbyMehmed the Conqueror
• 1453–1504:The golden age of theAkkoyunlu state.

Central Asia

• 1405:Timur's death
• 1405–1447:Arrival ofShahruhinHerat
• 1447–1449:Ulugh Beg
• 1456:Establishment of theKazakh Khanate

Eastern Europe

• 1430:Crimean Khanateformed
• 1445:Establishment of theKhanate of Kazan
• 1462–1505:Astrakhan Khanate,Kazakh khanatecreated
• 1473:Sultan Husayn Bayqara:Timurid Renaissance

Modern era (1500 AD – present)

16th century

Eastern Europe

• 1502:TheCrimean Khanate's destruction of theGolden Hordestate
• 1552:Russia's annexation of theKazan Khanate
• 1556:The annexation of theAstrakhan Khanateby Russia
• 1557:Russia's annexation of theNogai Khanate
• 1571:Crimean Khanateburns Moscow
• 1580–1598:Russia's elimination of theSiberian Khanate

Central Asia

• 1500:Muhammed ShaybaniandUzbeksinTransoxiana
• 1510:The defeat ofMuhammed ShaybanibyShah Ismail

Asia

• 1502:Ismail's establishment of theSafavid dynastyin Iran
• 1514:TheBattle of Çaldıran,the settlement of theOttomansinEastern Anatolia
• 1516:Battle of Ridaniye,OttomanstakingSyriaandPalestinefrom theMamluk State
• 1517:Ottomandomination inHijaz
• 1534:OttomanstakingIraqfromSafavids
• 1538:Ottomandomination inYemen
• 1551:Ottomanrule reachingQatarandOman
• 1578:Ottomansreaching theCaspian Sea
• 1590:Ottomanconquest of the entireCaucasusandWestern Iran

South Asia

• 1526:Establishment of theMughal Empire

Africa

• 1516:Establishment ofOttomanadministration inAlgeria
• 1516–1517:The Ottomans' destruction of the Mamluk State, Ottomandomination inEgypt
• 1551:Beginning ofOttomanrule inLibya
• 1557:Establishment of theAbyssinian Provinceby theOttomans
• 1574:Beginning ofOttomanrule inTunisia
• 1577:The spread ofOttomanrule inFezzan
• 1576–1580:Ottomaninfluence inMorocco

17th century

Eastern Europe

• 1600:The defeat of theSiberian Khanate.
• 1606:TheTreaty of Zitvatorok,which symbolized theOttoman Empire's peak
• 1683:Siege of Viennaby theOttomans.
• 1699:Treaty of Karlowitz.The decline of theOttomans.

Central Asia

• 1605:Russian invasion ofYenisey
• 1615–1650:The struggle of theYenisei Kyrgyzpeople against theRussians
• 1620:Russia's annexation ofYakutlands
• 1628:Dolgan'sdomination by Russia
• 1628–1630:AnotherMongoliantribe, theKalmyks,who were defeated by the Eastern Mongols, trampled onKazakhstanand settled in theVolgaregion.
• 1634–1642:Russia's suppression of theYakutrevolts
• 1639:Russia's Reaching the Pacific Ocean
• 1680:MongolcaptureEast Turkestan,end ofChagatai Khanate

South Asia

• 1628–1658:Shah Jahan,emperor of India.
• 1658–1707:Aurangzeb,emperor of India.

18th century

A contemporary court portrait ofNader Shah,a member of the TurkicAfshar tribe,who establishedAfsharid Iran.

Eastern Europe

• 1742–1775:Pugachev Warin Russia (Tatar uprising)
• 1783:Annexation ofCrimeaby theRussians.

Asia

• 1717–1730:Tulip Eraof theOttomans.
• 1736–1747:Nader ShahofTurkomanorigin establishedAfsharid Empire,owning the identity of TurkicAfshar tribes.
• 1794:Qajar dynastyfounded inIranby aTurk.

Central Asia

• 1709:Establishment ofKokand Khanate
• 1709–1718:TheDzungarian-Kazakh KhanateConflict
• 1718:The division of theKazakh Khanateinto three kingdoms.
• 1721:Russia's annexation ofKhakassia
• 1731:The minor part of theKazakh Khanatecame underRussianprotection.
• 1740–1747:Iranian domination in theKhiva Khanate
• 1755–1759:TheManchu Dynasty,which took over the administration in China, seizedEast Turkestanwhich was in the hands of theDzungarians
• 1755:Tuvaunder the rule of theManchu Dynasty,which seized power in China
• 1756:Russia's capture of theAltairegion
• 1785:Manghud's takeover of theBukhara Khanate

Africa

• 1705:TheHuseyni Dynastyappointed inTunisia,which was a part of theOttoman Empire
• 1798–1799:Egyptexpedition ofNapoleon Bonaparte.Turkish-French conflicts.

19th century

Eastern Europe

• 1829:Greece's independence
• 1878:Treaty of Berlin,Serbia,Montenegro,Romaniagaining their independence,Bulgariagaining autonomy
• 1881:Greek annexation ofThessaly
• 1881:Atatürk's birth
• 1885:Bulgaria's annexation ofEastern Rumelia
• 1813:Russia's annexation ofDagestanandAzerbaijan
• 1827:Russian domination of theBalkars
• 1828:Karachays' entry into Russian domination
• 1828:Russia's annexation ofYerevanandNakhchivan
• 1829:Russia's annexation ofAkhaltsikhe
• 1839:Tanzimat Edictin theOttoman Empire
• 1876:The first constitution of theOttoman Empirelegislated.

Central Asia

• 1820:TheGreat Juzof theKazakh Khanatecame under the rule of theKokand Khanate
• 1847:The lands of theKazakh Khanatecompletely passed into the hands of Russia
• 1851–1854:The defeat of theKhiva Khanateto theRussians
• 1864:The start of Russian expeditions toWest Turkestan
• 1865:Establishment of Kashgar Khanate inEast Turkestan
• 1866:TheEmirate of Bukharacame under Russian rule
• 1868:TheKokand Khanatecame under Russian rule
• 1871:Russian occupation ofLake Balkhash
• 1873:TheKhiva Khanatecame under Russian rule
• 1876:Russia's annexation of theKhanate of Kokand
• 1877–1878:China's elimination of the Khanate of Kashgar
• 1881–1884:Russia's annexation ofTurkmenistan

South Asia

• 1805:TheMughal Statecame under the auspices of theBritishwho defeated theMaratha Confederation
• 1857:TheBritishoverthrow theMughal State

Africa

• 1807:Britishabolishslave trade,Royal Navypatrol around Africa to intercept slave ships
• 1822:Sudan's entry intoOttomanrule
• 1830–1842:French invasion ofAlgeria
• 1831–1840:Ottoman-Egyptian struggle,Egyptgaining autonomy
• 1869:Opening of theSuez Canal
• 1881:SecondFrench invasion of Algeria
• 1882:Britishinvasion ofEgypt
• 1885:Italian invasion ofHabesh
• 1885:End of Turkish rule inSudan
• 1888:Britishinvasion ofSomalia,end of Turkish presence inHorn of Africa

20th century

• 1905:Beginning ofJadidism movements.
• 1910–1920:Alash Horda GovernmentofKazakhsandKyrgyz
• 1911–1912:Invasion ofTripoliby Italy
• 1912:Balkan wars
• 1915–1916:Gallipoli campaign
• 1917:Turkistan's declaration of autonomy
• 1918:TheArmistice of Mudroswas signed betweenTurkeyand theAllied Powers.
• 1918:Establishment ofAzerbaijan Democratic Republic.
• 1919–1922:TheTurkish War of Independencetook place.
• 1919–1928:Basmachi Uprisingagainst theSoviet Union
• 1921–1944:Tuvan People's Republic
• 1922:Turkish victory overGreeks
• 1923:Turkeyproclaimed to be a Republic
• 1932–1934:East Turkestan Islamic RepublicofUyghursin China
• 1938:Ataturk's death
• 1944:Short-livedEast Turkestan Republicestablished with the help of the Russian army
• 1955:Xin gian g Uyghur Autonomous Region:DeclaringXin gian g(East Turkistan) an autonomous region
• 1971:European withdrawal from Central Asia
• 1974:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
• 1983:The declaration of independence of theTurkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
• 1988:The beginning of the Azeri-Armenian conflict
• 1990:Soviet invasion ofBaku
• 1991:The collapse of theUSSRand the emergence of theCommonwealth of Independent States
• 1992:Admission of theCISTurkic republics to the UN:
  • Kazakhstan
  • Uzbekistan
  • Azerbaijan
  • Turkmenistan
  • Kyrgyzstan
• 1992:The first Turkic Speaking Countries Summit was held inAnkaraon 30 October 1992.
• 1993:The occupation of a region ofAzerbaijanby theArmenians.
• 1993:In 1993, the Turkish Culture and Arts Joint Administration was established inAlmaty,which provides cooperation in the fields of culture and arts of Turkic Speaking Countries.
• 1993:The first Turkic Congress, which was a cultural, economic and political forum and was attended by all Turkic states and communities and related communities.

21st century

• 2005:Tulip Revolutionin Kyrgyzstan.
• 2005:Kazakh leaderNursultan Nazarbayev's proposal to establish a common market in Central Asia in his address to the nation.
• 2005:Andijan massacrein Uzbekistan
• 2006:Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipelineput into service.
• 2007:The first meeting ofripariancountries to determine the status of theCaspian Sea.
• 2008:Establishment of theParliamentary Assembly of Turkic Speaking CountriesbetweenTurkey,Azerbaijan,KazakhstanandKyrgyzstanon 21 November 2008.
• 2009:Establishment ofOrganization of Turkic States.
• 2013:Gezi Park protests
• 2016:Turkish coup attemptbyPeace at Home Council

Aminiatureshowing the march ofSuleiman the MagnificenttoNakhchivan.

Notes

Turkish books

• İbrahim Kafesoğlu,Türk Millî Kültürü,Ankara, 1983.
• Zeki. Velidi Togan,Umumi Türk Tarihine Giriş,İstanbul, 1970.
• Faruk Sümer,Oğuzlar,İstanbul, 1980.
• Bahaeddin Ögel,İslamiyetten Önce Türk Kültür Tarihi,Ankara, 1962.
• Bahaeddin Ögel,Türk Kültür Tarihine Giriş,İstanbul, 1978.
• Bahaeddin Ögel,Büyük Hun İmparatorluğu Tarihi,Ankara, 1981.
• Çeçen Anıl,Tarihte Türk Devletleri,İstanbul, 1986.
• O. Esad Arseven,Türk Sanat Tarihi,İstanbul, 1955.
• Muharrem Ergin,Orhun Abideleri,İstanbul, 1977.
• Erol Güngör,Tarihte Türkler,İstanbul, 1989.
• Abdülkadir İnan,Eski Türk Dini Tarihi,İstanbul, 1976.
• A. Nimet Kurat,Karadeniz Kuzeyindeki Türk Kavimleri ve Devletleri,Ankara, 1972.
• Hüseyin Namık Orkun,Eski Türk Yazıtları,İstanbul, 1986.
• Hüseyin Namık Orkun,Türk Tarihi,Ankara, 1946.
• Osman Turan,Türk Cihan Hakimiyeti Mefrukesi Tarihi,İstanbul, 1978.
• Bahaeddin Ögel,Türk Mitolojisi,Ankara, 1971.
• Yusuf Hikmet Bayur,Hindistan Tarihi,Ankara, 1946.
• İbrahim Kafesoğlu,Selçuklu Tarihi,İstanbul, 1972.
• İbrahim Kafesoğlu,Harzemşahlar Devleti Tarihi,Ankara, 1956.
• M. Altay Köymen,Büyük Selçuklu İmparatorluğu Tarihi,Ankara, 1954.
• Çağatay Uluçay,İlk Müslüman Türk Devletleri,İstanbul, 1977.
• Faruk Sümer,Karakoyunlular,Ankara, 1984.
• A.N. Kurat,Peçenek Tarihi,İstanbul, 1937.
• B. Yenilmez,Yenilmez,Rize, 2002.

English and foreign books

• R. Grousset,L'Empire des steppes,Paris, 1960 (Türkçe çevirisi: Reşat Uzmen-Bozkır İmparatorluğu, 1996.)
• DE. Guignes,Histoire generale des Huns des Turcs et des Mongols,Paris, 1756.
• Jean-Paul Roux,Historie des Turcs,1984.
• Jean-Paul Roux,Timur,1994.
• Fayard Paris,Historie des Turcs,1984.
• D.Sinor,Aspects of Altaic Civilization,1963.
• M. Barthold,Turkestan down to the Mongol Invansıon,Londra, 1968.
• E. Berl,Historie de l'Europe d'Attila a Tamerlan,Paris, 1946.
• M.A. Czaplıcka,The Turks of Central Asia in History and at the Present Day,Oxford, 1918.
• W. Eberhard,Kultur und Siedlung der Randvölker China,1942.
• L. Hambis,La Haute-Asie,Paris, 1953.
• Hammer-Purgstall, Von,Historie de l'Empire ottoman depuis son origine jusqu!a nos jours,Paris, 1835.
• H.H. Howorth,History of the Mongols,Londra, 1876.
• Jean-Paul Roux, Türklerin Tarihi – Pasifikten Akdenize 2000 Yıl, 2004

See also

• Outline of the Ottoman Empire

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