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Turkish Naval Forces

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This article is about the Naval Forces of theRepublic of Turkeyestablished in 1923. For the Turkish Navy in theOttomanperiod, seeOttoman Navy.

Turkish Naval Forces
Türk Deniz Kuvvetleri
Türk Donanması
Seal of the Turkish Navy
Founded
  • 10 July 1920(as the Directorate of Naval Affairs)[1]
  • 1 July 1949(as the Turkish Naval Forces Command)[2]
CountryTurkey
TypeNavy
RoleNaval warfare
Size45,000 active personnel[3]
55,000 reserve personnel[3]
Part ofTurkish Armed Forces
HeadquartersAnkara
Motto(s)"Always Ready"
Colors
  • Blue
  • Gold
  • White
MarchTurkish Navy MarchPlayⓘ
Anniversaries27 September[1]
EquipmentList of equipment of the Turkish Naval Forces
List of active ships of the Turkish Naval Forces
Websitewww.dzkk.tsk.tr/en-US
Commanders
Commander-in-ChiefPresidentRecep Tayyip Erdoğan
Minister of National DefenceYaşar Güler
Chief of the General StaffGeneralMetin Gürak
CommanderAdmiralErcüment Tatlıoğlu
Chief of Staff of Turkish Naval ForcesVice Admiralİbrahim Özdem Koçer
Insignia
Identification
symbol
Naval AviationRoundel
Masthead Pennant
Turkish Naval Forces
Components
Special Forces
Naval infantry
History
Equipment
Turkish Armed Forces
Leadership
Branches
History
Special Forces
Member of
Current foreign deployments and missions

TheTurkish Naval Forces(Turkish:Türk Deniz Kuvvetleri), orTurkish Navy(Turkish:Türk Donanması), is thenaval warfareservice branch of theTurkish Armed Forces.

The modern naval traditions and customs of the Turkish Navy can be traced back to 10 July 1920, when it was established as theDirectorate of Naval Affairsduring theTurkish War of Independenceled byMustafa Kemal Atatürk.Since July 1949, the service has been officially known as theTurkish Naval Forces.

In 2008, the Turkish Navy had a reported active personnel strength of 48,600; this figure included anAmphibious Marines Brigadeas well as several Special Forces andCommandodetachments.[4]As of early 2021, the navy operates a wide variety ofshipsand 60 maritime aircraft.

History

Main article:Ottoman Navy

Ottoman fleet after Mudros

Following the demise of theOttoman Empirein the aftermath ofWorld War I,on 3 November 1918, thefleet commanderof theOttoman Navy,rear admiralArif Pasha, ordered all flags to be struck on all warships lying in theGolden Horn,and the Ottoman Navy ceased to exist.[5]The major surface combatants of the former Ottoman fleet (totalling 62,000 tons) were rendered inactive by theAlliesand in accordance with the terms of theArmistice of Mudros,the warships were disarmed during the last week of 1918. The battleshipTurgut Reisand the cruisersHamidiyeandMecidiyewere substantially limited and kept inactive inside the Golden Horn by the occupying forces.[6]Due to its larger size, the battlecruiserYavuz Sultan Selimwas transferred to theGulf of İzmiton the grounds that she could adversely affect the sea traffic inside the Golden Horn;[6]while her ammunition and guns were removed.[6]During this period, only a small number of Ottoman Navy vessels were allowed by theAlliesto remain on activecoast guardduties and were released from internment on 26 February 1919;[5]such as the torpedo boatsAkhisarandDıraçwhich patrolled theSea of Marmara,the gunboatHızır Reiswhich patrolled theGulf of İzmir,and the minelayersNusretandTir-i Müjganwhich conducted mine cleaning operations in theGulf of Saros.[6]

Before theTurkish War of Independencebegan, theBahriye Nazırlığı(Naval Ministry) sent the gunboatPrevezetoSinopand the gunboatAydın ReistoTrabzonin February 1919 for surveillance, reconnaissance and patrol duties.[6]However, a lack of coal to fuel their propulsion systems caused thePrevezeandAydın Reisto remain in harbour until the end of 1919.[6]During the early stages of the Turkish War of Independence, these two gunboats did not return to Istanbul, despite heavy pressure from the Ottoman government and the Allies.[6]Instead, they were placed under the command of theTurkish liberation forcesled byMustafa Kemal Atatürkand headquartered inAnkara.[6]

Turkish War of Independence

Directorate of Naval Affairs

A large number of the naval officers and students of the Naval Academy went toAnatoliafor participating in theTurkish War of Independence.On 10 July 1920, theDirectorate of Naval Affairs(Umur-u Bahriye Müdürlüğü) was founded in Ankara under the Ministry of National Defense and was given the duty of organizing and maintaining strategic logistical shipping through theBlack Seain order to provide the Turkish liberation forces in Anatolia with weapons and other supplies.[6]All existing naval institutions in the parts of Anatolia that were administered by the Ankara government were assigned to this Directorate.[6]The Directorate of Naval Affairs was extremely successful in organizing local surface units and volunteers and in forming an intelligence network to discover the movements of the enemy ships.[6]As a result, logistic transportation was carried out effectively.[6]TheTurkish Grand National Assemblyin Ankara made an agreement with theSoviet Unionto procure supplies for the Turkish liberation forces.[6]Aydın Reisleft fromSamsun(on 16 September 1920) andPrevezeleft fromTrabzon(on 30 September 1920) forNovorossiyskin order to transport weapons, other supplies and financial aid to the Turkish liberation forces.[5][6]TheTrabzon Shipping Detachment,which was founded on 21 September 1920, was renamed as theTrabzon Naval Shipping Commandwith the directive issued by the Ministry of National Defense on 26 October 1920.[6]On 1 January 1921, theSamsunNaval Command was formed.[7]In the subsequent stages of the Turkish War of Independence, due to the growing need for maritime shipping and the increase in the quantity and quality of the units and small ships, the organizational structure of the Directorate of Naval Affairs was gradually extended.[6]

In the same period, a number of Turkish civilian seamen formed a group under the name of theNaval Aid Organization(Muavenet-i Bahriye).[7]This group secretly obtained cannons, light weapons, ammunition, landmines and ordnance from the former Ottoman military warehouses in Istanbul that were under the control of the occupying Allies and sent them to the Turkish liberation forces in Anatolia with civil water transportation crafts.[7]

Presidency of the Naval Department

On 1 March 1921, the Directorate of Naval Affairs was transformed into the Presidency of the Naval Department (Bahriye Dairesi Reisliği) and had control over the Naval Commands in Samsun,Amasraandİzmit(formed on 28 June 1921); the Naval Transport Detachment in Trabzon; the Naval Transport Command inEreğli;the Naval Detachment inLake Eğirdir;and the Naval Liaison Group inFethiye(formed on 16 March 1921.)[6]During the War of Independence, Turkish naval forces transported 220,000 tons of weapons, ammunition and equipment to the land forces in Anatolia.[7]

Ministry of the Navy

Following theArmistice of Mudanyaon 11 October 1922, the former Ottoman Ministry of the Navy (Bahriye Nazırlığı) building in theKasımpaşaquarter ofIstanbul,on theGolden Horn,became the headquarters of the Istanbul Naval Command on 14 November 1922.[6]The establishment of the Ministry of the Navy (Bahriye Vekâleti) of the Republic of Turkey, headquartered in Ankara, was decided by theGrand National Assemblyon 29 December 1924, andTopçu İhsan Bey(İhsan Eryavuz) was appointed the first (and only) Naval Minister of Turkey.[8][9]When theRepublic of Turkeywas established on 29 October 1923, the former Ottoman vessels that remained under Turkish control were as follows:[10]

In active service: 2 cruisers (Hamidiye,Peyk-i Şevket), 2 yachts (Ertuğrul,Söğütlü), 1 destroyer (Taşoz), 4 gunboats (Burak Reis,Hızır Reis,Kemal Reis,İsa Reis), 1 minelayer (Nusret), 1 aviso (Galata), 4 tugs and 7 motorboats. Out of service (needing repair): 2 battleships (Yavuz Sultan Selim,Turgut Reis), 2 cruisers (Berk-i Satvet,Mecidiye), 4 destroyers (Muâvenet-i Millîye,Nümune-i Hamiyet,Basra,Samsun), 6 torpedo boats (Sultanhisar,Yunus,Akhisar,Dıraç,Musul,Berk Efşan), 1 gunboat (Sakız).

Preparations were made to carry out the maintenance and overhaul of small-tonnage warships (the threeTaşoz-class destroyers and the gunboatsBurak Reis,Sakız,İsa ReisandKemal Reis) and to make them combat-ready.[6]Thus, the cruiserHamidiye,which was planned to be employed as a Cadet Training Ship, was overhauled.[6]

During the 1920s, a commitment to refurbish the battlecruiserTCGYavuz(which remained in active service until 1950) as the centerpiece of the republic's fleet was the only constant element of the various naval policies which were put forward.[11]The battlecruiser remained inİzmituntil 1926, in a neglected state:[12][13][14]only two of her boilers worked, she could not steer or steam, and she still had two unrepaired scars from the mine damage in 1918. Enough money was raised to allow the purchase of a new 26,000-metric-ton (26,000-long-ton)floating dockfrom the German companyFlender,[6]asYavuzcould not be towed anywhere without risk of her sinking in rough seas.[15]The French companyAtelier et Chantiers de St. Nazaire-Penhöetwas contracted in December 1926 to oversee the subsequent refit, which was carried out by theGölcük Naval Shipyard.[13]Since theTreaty of Lausannein 1923 required the disarmament of theTurkish Straits,the infrastructures belonging to the Turkish Naval Forces on theBosphorus(inIstinye) and on the Golden Horn were transferred toGölcük.[6]In this period, Gölcük was designated as the main Turkish naval base.[6]

The overhaul works of TCGYavuzproceeded over three years (1927–1930); they were delayed when several compartments of the dock collapsed while being pumped out.Yavuzwas slightly damaged before she could be refloated and the dock had to be repaired before the overhaul works could be resumed. The Minister of the Navy,İhsan Eryavuz,was convicted of embezzlement in the resulting investigation which became known as theYavuz-Havuz case(havuzmeaning "dock" in Turkish naval engineering terminology.)[15]The investigation revealed that Ihsan Eryavuz had reduced the insurance obligation of the French company (Atelier et Chantiers de St. Nazaire-Penhöet) from 5 million to 1.5 million Turkish liras, and was convicted guilty of fraud,[16]which resulted in the abolition of the Ministry of the Navy on 27 December 1927.[7][17]

Undersecretariat of the Sea

Following the dissolution of the Ministry of the Navy, the naval forces were reorganized under the Ministry of National Defense[9]and on 16 January 1928[17]theUndersecretariat of the Sea(Deniz Müsteşarlığı) was established in order to undertake the duties of the former Ministry of the Navy.[7]With this new reorganization, the Turkish Fleet Command was put under the command of theTurkish General Staffin terms of administration and logistics.[6]On 2 November 1930, theNaval War College(Deniz Harp Akademisi) commenced training and education of Staff Officers at its facilities in theYıldız Palace.[6]DuringWorld War II,the naval schools were temporarily relocated fromIstanbultoMersinfor security reasons and conducted education and training activities in this city.[6]

In 1933, with the approval of theTurkish Grand National Assembly,Gölcükwas designated as the main base of the Turkish Navy.[6]In the same year, the first new ship built at theGölcük Naval Shipyard,the tanker TCGGölcük,was laid down; and launched the following year.[6]With the signing of theMontreux Conventionin 1936, Turkey's sovereignty over theTurkish Straitswas internationally recognized, andFortified Area Commandswere founded on theBosphorusandDardanellesstraits, with Naval Detachments assigned to these Commands.[6]

The Turkish Naval Forces were represented under the title of theNaval Undersecreteriatat the Turkish General Staff Headquarters in Ankara from 1928 to 1949.[6]The historic decree of the Higher Military Council on 15 August 1949 led to the foundation of the Turkish Naval Forces Command (Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutanlığı.)[6]After Turkey joinedNATOon 18 February 1952, the Turkish Naval Forces were integrated into the organizational branches of the alliance.[6]

Structure

TCGAnadolu(L-400)at theBosporusstraitduring the naval parade for celebrating thecentenary of the Turkish Republicon October 29, 2023. TCGAnadoluwas commissioned on April 10, 2023.[18][19][20]Baykar MIUS Kızılelmais ajet-poweredUCAVdesigned to operate on TCGAnadolu.[18][21][22]
TCGIstanbul(F-515),the lead ship of theIstanbul-class frigates,at theBosporusstrait during the naval parade for celebrating the centenary of the Turkish Republic in 2023. Built as part of theMILGEM project,theIstanbul-class frigates use Turkish systems such as theAselsanCENK 3D multi-beamAESAradar,[23]RoketsanMİDLASVLS,[24]SapanSAM,[24]SİPERSAM,[24]andAtmacaSSM.[24]

In 1961, the Turkish Naval Forces Command was organized into four main subordinate commands: TheTurkish Fleet Command,theTurkish Northern Sea Area Command,theTurkish Southern Sea Area Commandand theTurkish Naval Training Command.[6]In 1995, theTurkish Naval Training Commandwas renamed as theTurkish Naval Training and Education Command.[6]

Current Structure

Marines and Special Forces

The Turkish Navy maintainsmarine,explosive ordnance disposalandspecial operationsunits such as:

Equipment

Naval Aviation Command
Further information:List of active ships of the Turkish Naval Forces,List of equipment of the Turkish Naval Forces,Lists of ships of the Turkish Navy,andList of miscellaneous ships of the Turkish Navy

Modernisation programmes

The Turkish Navy is currently undergoing several modernisation programmes to replace its ageing equipment. As of 2023, the major modernisation projects are as follows:

Ships & Submarines

TF-2000-class air defense destroyer

A total of 16 ships of three types (Ada-class corvettes,Istanbul-class frigatesandTF2000-class destroyers) will be built within the scope of the National Ship (MILGEM) project, which aims to meet the warship needs of the Turkish Navy through national means. The first five ships built within this scope, the corvettesTCG Heybeliada (F-511),TCG Büyükada (F-512),TCG Burgazada (F-513),TCG Kınalıada (F-514),and the frigateTCG Istanbul (F-515),have been delivered to the Naval Forces Command.

The design activities of theTF-2000 classAAWdestroyer,[25]the last phase of the MILGEM Project, was started by the Design Project Office (DPO) of the Turkish Navy in 2017.[25]Initially four ships will be built, with the option to build up to eight in total.[25]The first TF-2000 class destroyer is planned to be delivered to the Turkish Navy in 2027.[25][26]

Istanbul-class frigate

TheIstanbul-class frigateprogramme was launched to construct four frigates to replace the agingYavuz-class frigatesin the mid-2020s. Developed under theMILGEMindigenous warship program, the Istanbul-class is an enlarged variant of theAda-classanti-submarine warfare corvette. TheIstanbul-class frigates will have around 50% increased fuel capacity and operational range capability compared to theAda-class corvettes.[27]

The firstIstanbul-class frigate,TCGIstanbul(F-515)was launched on 23 January 2021.[28][29][30]TCGIstanbul(F-515) was commissioned on 19 January 2024.[31][32]

TheIstanbul-class frigates use Turkish systems such as theAselsanCENK 3D multi-beamAESAradar,[33]RoketsanMİDLASVLS,[24]SapanSAM,[24]SİPERSAM,[24]andAtmacaSSM.[24]

Barbaros-class frigate modernisation

TCGSalihreis(F-246) at theDardanellesstrait during the centenary of theGallipoli campaignin 2015. The upgradedBarbaros-class frigatesare equipped with theSMART-S Mk2 3D radarand have twoMk. 41 Mod 8 VLSfor 64 ×RIM-162 ESSMand two Mk-141 launchers for 8 ×RGM-84 Harpoon.

On 3 April 2018, a contract was signed between theAselsan–HAVELSANjoint venture and the Undersecretariat for Defense Industries (SSM) regarding the mid-life upgrade project of theBarbaros-class frigates.[34][35]The project includes the integration of new weapons systems, a new combat management system, and new radars and sensors; together with the replacement of the original mast with an integrated mast and various upgrades. All four ships in the class are included in this project. The project is scheduled to be completed by 2025.[36]

The first twoBarbaros-class vessels (F-244, F-245) have received an 8-cell Mk41 vertical launcher system (VLS) module, which replaced the obsolete Mk.29 Sea Sparrow launcher, while the slightly longerSalihreis-subclass vessels (F-246, F-247) have received a second 8-cell Mk 41 VLS module which brought the total number of cells to 16 (they can store a total of 64RIM-162 ESSMmissiles). Additionally, the old AWS-9 3D air search radars in all four vessels have been replaced by theSMART-S Mk2 3D radars.

The mid-life modernisation program also projects to enhance EW capabilities, double the number of anti-ship missiles that the vessels are equipped with, while also replacing theHarpoonmissiles by the locally designed and producedAtmaca anti-ship missiles.The project also includes the substitution of theOerlikonSea ZenithCIWSsystems with onePhalanx CIWSand oneAselsanGökdeniz CIWS;the replacement of the existing TACTICOS combat management system with theHavelsan"B-SYS Combat Management System", and the installation of a 127mm main gun to the frigates. Finally, against asymmetric threats that the vessels may face, 2x2L/UMTASlaunchers will be integrated to the frigates.[37][38]

G-class frigate modernisation

TCGGöksu(F-497) in theMediterranean Seaon August 21, 2023. TheG-class frigatesare equipped with the GENESIS combat management system,SMART-S Mk2 3D radarandMk. 41 VLS,which has been installed in front of theMk. 13 GMLS.

TheG-class frigatesof the Turkish Navy have undergone a major modernisation program which included the retrofitting of a Turkish digital combat management system named GENESIS (Gemi Entegre Savaş İdare Sistemi).[39]The system was designed and implemented jointly by the Turkish Navy andHAVELSAN,a Turkish electronic hardware systems and software company.[40]The GENESIS upgraded ships were delivered between 2007 and 2011.[41][42]

The GENESIS advanced combat management system has the capacity of tracking more than 1,000 tactical targets, thanks to its digital sensor data fusion, automatic threat evaluation, weapon engagement opportunities andLink-16/22system integration.[43]

The modernisation program also includes the addition of an 8-cellMk.41 VLSforRIM-162 ESSM,together with the upgrade of the Mk-92fire control systembyLockheed Martin;[44]the retrofitting of theSMART-S Mk2 3D air search radarwhich replaced theAN/SPS-49;[45]and the addition of a new long rangesonar.[46][47]

The Mk.41 vertical launching system (VLS) has been fitted in front of theMk.13 launcher.TCGGedizwas the first ship in the class to receive the Mk.41 VLS installation.[48]

The G-class frigates of the Turkish Navy were also modified with theASISTlanding platform system at the Istanbul Naval Shipyard, so that they can accommodate theS-70B Seahawkhelicopter in all types of weather conditions.

Preveze-class submarine modernisation

TCGPreveze(S-353)surfaces at theGulf of Tarantoduring the NATO exerciseSorbet Royal 2005

Half-life Modernisation Project ofPreveze-class submarinecovers the modernisation of TCG Preveze (S-353), TCG Sakarya (S-354), TCG 18 Mart (S-355) and TCG Anafartalar (S-356) submarines in the inventory of the Naval Forces Command. Modernisation activities are carried out by STM-ASELSAN-HAVELSAN and ASFAT Partnership.

In the modernisation process, it is planned to carry out the procurement activities of Inertial Navigation System, Salinity-Depth-Density Measurement System, Floating Antenna, Satellite Communication Mast, Assault and Navigation Periscope System, Emergency Underwater Communication System, Cooled Water System, Static Converter and Air Freshening System by STM.[49]

Reis-class submarine

TheReis-class submarineclass vessels are the first submarines in the Turkish Navy withair-independent propulsion(AIP), which is made possible by fuel cell technology. The submarines can also deploy heavyweight torpedoes and anti-ship missiles, and lay mines against targets, both at sea and on land. Apart from Piri Reis, five more submarines of the project are expected to be commissioned by 2027. The sea trials of the first submarine of the class, Piri Reis, began on 6 December 2022.[50]The outfitting of the project's second submarine Hızır Reis and the hull production phases of two other vessels are ongoing. In 2015,Gölcük Naval Shipyardcommenced a 10-year programme to build six Type 214 submarines, locally known as the Reis-class submarines, with technology fromThyssen-Krupp Marine Systemsof Germany.[51]

Aircraft, UAVs & UCAVs

TheBaykar MIUS Kızılelmais a jet-powered,[21]low-observable,[52]supersonic,[53]carrier-capable[54]UCAVdesigned to operate onTCGAnadolu.[18][22][21][55][56]

Baykar MIUS Kızılelma UCAV

Developed for the Turkish Navy and Turkish Air Force as part of Project MIUS, the jet-enginedBaykar KızılelmaUCAVis designed to operate onTCGAnadolu.[21][18][22]Its maiden flight took place on 14 December 2022.[21][55][56]

Bayraktar TB3 UCAV

In February 2021, chairman of the Presidency of Defense Industries (SSB) Ismail Demir made public anew type of UAVbeing developed by Baykar that is planned to be stationed to Turkey's firstamphibious assault ship,TCG Anadolu.[57]The new aircraft being developed is a naval version of the Bayraktar TB2 equipped with a local engine developed byTEI.[58]According to the initial plans the ship was expected to be equipped withF-35Bfighter jets but following the removal of Turkey from the procurement program, the vessel got into a modification process to be able to accommodate UAVs. Mr. Demir stated that between 30 and 50 folding-winged Bayraktar TB3 UAVs will be able to land and take off using the deck of Anadolu.[59][22][60][61][62][63]

USVs

ULAQ

ULAQis the first indigenous and locally developed ArmedUnmanned Surface Vehicle(AUSV). The vehicle is being developed by a joint venture betweenAres ShipyardandMETEKSAN.The vessel is planned to be equipped with fourCiritand twoL-UMTASanti-tank missilesystems provided byRoketsan.Moreover, ULAQ is projected to have a 400-kilometer-long cruising range with 65 km per hour maximum speed. The vessel is planned to be operated in missions such as reconnaissance, surveillance and intelligence, surface warfare, asymmetric warfare, armed escort and force protection, and strategic facility security.[64]Currently, the project is undergoing sea trials and will start to fire tests through the third quarter of 2021.[65][66]First firing test of the vessel was completed on 26 May 2021 by destroying a designated target with Roketsan Cirit Missile.[67]

TCB Marlin

Main article:TCB Marlin SİDA

At a ceremony held on 9 January 2024, she entered servis in the Turkish Naval Forces as the first Armed USV with thehull numberTCB-1101 and nameMarlinSİDA.[citation needed]

Istanbul Naval Museum

Late 16th or early 17th centuryOttomangalleyknown asTarihi Kadırgaat theIstanbul Naval Museum,built in the period between the reigns of SultanMurad III(1574–1595) and SultanMehmed IV(1648–1687),[68][69]as evidenced byAMS radiocarbon datinganddendrochronological research.[69]She is the only surviving original galley in the world,[68][70]with the oldest continuously maintained wooden hull.[71]

TheIstanbul Naval Museumis located in theBeşiktaşdistrict ofIstanbul,Turkey.It was established in 1897 by theOttomanMinister of the Navy (Bahriye Nazırı)Bozcaadalı Hasan Hüsnü Pasha.[72][73]

The museum contains an important collection of military artifacts pertaining to theOttoman Navy.[72]In the maritime field, it is Turkey's largest museum, with a great variety of collections. Around 20,000 pieces are present in its collection, including the late 16th or early 17th centuryOttoman Navygalleyknown asTarihi Kadırga,built in the period between the reigns of SultanMurad III(1574–1595) and SultanMehmed IV(1648–1687),[68][69]as evidenced byAMS radiocarbon datinganddendrochronological research.[69]She is the only surviving original galley in the world,[68][70]and has the world's oldest continuously maintained wooden hull.[71]

Being connected to the Turkish Naval Forces Command, it is also the country's first military museum.[74]

In the early 21st century a new exhibition building was constructed. The construction began in 2008, and the building was reopened on 4 October 2013. It has two floors above ground level and one basement floor, all covering 20,000 m2(220,000 sq ft).[74]

The basement consists of diverse items likefigureheads,ornaments of naval ships, ship models, and pieces of theByzantinechain that was used for blocking the entrance of theGolden Hornduring theOttoman conquest of Constantinople (Istanbul)in 1453. In the first and second floors, a large number of imperial and othercaïquesare exhibited.[citation needed]

Many exhibition items underwent special restoration and conservation works due to deformation of the raw materials caused by heat, light, humidity, atmospheric conditions, vandalism and other factors.[74]

Insignia

Main article:Ranks of the Turkish Navy
NATO code OF-10 OF-9 OF-8 OF-7 OF-6 OF-5 OF-4 OF-3 OF-2 OF-1
Turkish Naval Forces[75]
Büyük amiral Oramiral Koramiral Tümamiral Tuğamiral Albay Yarbay Binbaşı Yüzbaşı Üsteğmen Teğmen Asteğmen
NATO code OR-9 OR-8 OR-7 OR-6 OR-5 OR-4 OR-3 OR-2 OR-1
Turkish Naval Forces[75]
 No insignia
Astsubay kıdemli başçavuş Astsubay başçavuş Astsubay kıdemli üstçavuş Astsubay üstçavuş Astsubay kıdemli çavuş Astsubay çavuş Astsubay astçavuş Uzman çavuş Çavuş Uzman onbaşı Onbaşı Er
  • Non-Turkish speakers might like to know that OF3, OF2, and OR2 literally translates as "Head of 1000", "Head of 100", and "Head of 10", respectively.

See also

Notes

References

  1. ^abHistory of Turkish Naval Forces(Official Turkish Naval Forces website)
  2. ^1949 Temmuzunda Türk Silâhlı Kuvvetleri yeniden örgütlendirilerek, Genelkurmay Başkanlığına bağlı Kara, Deniz, Hava Kuvvetleri kuruldu.,Genelkurmay Başkanlığı,Türk Tarihi, Silahlı Kuvvetleri ve Atatürkçülük,Genelkurmay Başkanlığı, 1973,p. 65.(in Turkish)
  3. ^abInternational Institute for Strategic Studies(15 February 2023).The Military Balance 2023.London:Routledge.p. 141.ISBN9781032508955.
  4. ^Library of Congress– Federal Research Division (August 2008),Country Profile: Turkey(PDF),pp. 25–26
  5. ^abcBernd Langensiepen, Ahmet Güleryüz,The Ottoman Steam Navy, 1828–1923,Naval Institute Press,Annapolis, Maryland,1995,ISBN1-55750-659-0,p. 57.
  6. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagah"Hata Sayfası".Retrieved14 December2014.
  7. ^abcdefCevat Ülkekul,"Kurtuluş Savaşı'nda Türk Denizcileri ve Cumhuriyet Bahriyesinin Kuruluşu"("Turkish Seamen during the War of Independence and Establishment of the Republican Navy"),Uluslararası Piri Reis Sempozyumu,27–29 Eylül 2004 (Bildiri), Office of Navigation of Hydrography and Oceanography.(in Turkish)
  8. ^Ümit Özdağ,Atatürk ve İnönü dönemlerinde Ordu-Siyaset İlişkisi,Bilgeoğuz, 2006,p. 97.(in Turkish)
  9. ^abTürkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm ansiklopedisi,Vol 12, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı, İslâm Ansiklopedisi Genel Müdürlüğü, 1988,[page needed](in Turkish)
  10. ^Bernd Langensiepen, Ahmet Güleryüz,The Ottoman Steam Navy, 1828–1923,Naval Institute Press,Annapolis, Maryland,1995,ISBN1-55750-659-0,p. 59.
  11. ^Güvenç and Barlas, p. 7
  12. ^Gardiner and Gray, p. 391
  13. ^abWhitley, p. 241
  14. ^Worth, p. 271
  15. ^abBrice, p. 277
  16. ^"The Yavuz-Havuz Case (Turkish)".Retrieved27 October2015.
  17. ^abGenel Tarihçe,Turkish Navy official site.
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  21. ^abcde"Baykar's unmanned fighter aircraft completes first flight".baykartech.15 December 2022.
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  24. ^abcdefghTayfun Ozberk (24 January 2024)."Turkey inks deal to replace four foreign-made weapons with local types".defensenews.
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