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Turners

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This article is about German-American gymnastic club members. For the unincorporated community, seeTurners, Missouri.For the New Zealand automotive retailer, seeTurners Automotive Group.

Gymnastics room inTurner Hall, Milwaukee,c. 1900
3,000 Turners performed at the Federal Gymnastics Festival in Milwaukee, 1893.

Turners(German:Turner,German:[ˈtʊʁnɐ]ⓘ) are members ofGerman-Americangymnastic clubs calledTurnvereine.They promoted German culture, physical culture, and liberal politics. Turners, especiallyFrancis Lieber(1798–1872), were the leading sponsors of gymnastics as an American sport and the field of academic study.

In Germany, a major gymnastic movement was started byTurnvater( "father of gymnastics" ) and nationalistFriedrich Ludwig Jahnin the early 19th century when Germany was occupied byNapoleon.TheTurnvereine(German:[ˈtʊʁnfɛɐ̯ˌʔaɪ̯nə]ⓘ;"gymnastic unions"; from Germanturnenmeaning “to practice gymnastics,” andVereinmeaning “club, union” ) were not only athletic but also political, reflecting their origin in similar ethnocentric "national gymnastic" organizations in Europe (such as the CzechSokol), who were participants in various national movements for independence. TheTurner movementin Germany was generallyliberalin nature, and many Turners took part in theRevolutions of 1848.[1]

Group portrait of the St. Louis, Missouri Turnverein in 1860

After the failure of the 1848 Revolution in Germany, the Turner movement was suppressed, and many Turners left Germany, some emigrating to the United States, especially to theOhio Valleyregion,Wisconsin,Missouri,andTexas.Several of theseForty-Eighterswent on to becomeUnion soldiers,and some becameRepublicanpoliticians.[2]Besides serving as physical education, social, political, and cultural organizations for German immigrants, Turners were also active in public education and labor movements.[3][4][5]They were leading promoters of gymnastics in the United States as a sport and as a school subject.[6]In the United States, the movement declined after 1900, and especially after 1917.[7]

History in the United States

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Postage stamp commemorating the hundredth anniversary of the American Turners

The Turner movement was preceded by the first wave of gymnastics in the United States in the 1820s, led by Germans, such asCharles BeckandCharles Follen,and Americans, such asJohn Neal.Beck opened the first gymnasium in the U.S. in 1825 at theRound Hill Schoolin Northampton, Massachusetts.[8]Follen opened the first college gymnasium and the first public gymnasium in the States in 1826 atHarvard Collegeand in Boston, Massachusetts, respectively.[9]Neal was the first American to open a public gymnasium in the U.S. in Portland, Maine in 1827.[10]He also documented and promoted these early efforts in theAmerican Journal of Education[11]andThe Yankee,helping to establish the American branch of the movement.[12]

TheTurnvereinemade a contribution to the integration of German-Americans into their new home. The organizations continue to exist in areas of heavy German immigration, such asIowa,Texas,Wisconsin,Indiana,Ohio,Minnesota,Missouri,Syracuse, New York,Kentucky,New York City,Sacramento,andLos Angeles.

About 1000 Turners served as Union soldiers during the Civil War. Anti-slavery was a common element, as typified byCarl Schurz.Many Republican leaders in German communities were members. They provided the bodyguard at Abraham Lincoln's inauguration on March 4, 1861, and at his funeral in April 1865. In theCamp Jackson Affair,a large force of German volunteers helped prevent Confederate forces from seizing the government arsenal inSt. Louisjust prior to the beginning of the war.[13]After the Civil War, the national organization took a new name,Nordamerikanischer Turnerbund,and supported German-language teaching in public high schools, as well as gymnastics. Women's auxiliaries were formed in the 1850s and 1860s. The high point in membership came in 1894, with 317 societies and about 40,000 adult male members, along with 25,000 children and 3000 women.[14]

In the 1904 Olympics several competitors represented various Turners organizations in Missouri, Illinois, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and New York, and some of the teams at the Olympics were sponsored by Turners organizations.

Like otherGerman-Americangroups, the Turners experienced suspicion duringWorld War I,even though they now had very little contact with Germany. German-language instruction ended at many schools and universities, and the federal government imposed restrictions on German-language publications. The younger generation generally demanded the switch to the exclusive use of English society affairs, which allowed many Turner societies to continue to function.[3]

Cultural assimilationand both World Wars with Germany took a gradual toll on membership, with some halls closing and others becoming regular dance halls, bars, or bowling alleys.[5]As of 2011, 54 Turner societies still existed around the U.S. The current headquarters of American Turners is inLouisville, Kentucky.[15]

In 1948, theUS Post Officeissued a 3-centcommemorative stampto mark the 100th anniversary of the movement in the country.

The Turnverein in Sacramento, founded in 1854, claims to be the oldest institution within the city still in existence.[16]The Turnverein Vorwaerts ofFort Wayne, Indiana,owned theHugh McCulloch Housefrom 1906 until 1966.[17]: 2 It was listed on theNational Register of Historic Placesin 1980.[18]

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Vintage photos of the MilwaukeeTurnverein

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  • 1866
    1866
  • 1869
    1869
  • 1875
    1875
  • 1879
    1879
  • 1915
    1915

Other Wisconsin Turners in 1915

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  • Kenosha
    Kenosha
  • Madison
    Madison
  • Madison Bears (seniors)
    Madison Bears (seniors)
  • New Holstein
    New Holstein
  • Sheboygan
    Sheboygan

Monuments in the United States

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  • Jahn Monument in St. Louis, Missouri
    Jahn Monument in St. Louis, Missouri
  • Davenport, Iowa Turngemeinde Monument
    Davenport, Iowa Turngemeinde Monument

Jahn Monument in Berlin with memorial plaques from AmericanTurnvereine

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  • The Berlin monument
    The Berlin monument
  • Chicago, 1861
    Chicago, 1861
  • Cincinnati, 1865
    Cincinnati, 1865
  • Philadelphia, 1861
    Philadelphia, 1861
  • Washington, D.C., 1911
    Washington, D.C., 1911

Turner Halls

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See also

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References

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  1. ^Claire E. Nolte."The German Turnverein".Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions.RetrievedJanuary 9,2011.
  2. ^Gruen, Mardee. "Milwaukee Turners, local Jews go back 141 years."Wisconsin Jewish ChronicleApril 29, 1994; p. 6, col. 1
  3. ^abAnnette R. Hofmann (August 3, 1998)."150 years of Turnerism in the United States".Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Max Kade Center.
  4. ^John B. Jentz."Turnvereins".Encyclopedia of Chicago.RetrievedJuly 20,2019.
  5. ^abMary Lou LeCompte."TURNVEREIN MOVEMENT".Texas State Historical Association.RetrievedJanuary 9,2011.
  6. ^George Eisen; David Kenneth Wiggins (1995).Ethnicity and Sport in North American History and Culture.ABC-CLIO. p. 28.ISBN9780275954512.
  7. ^Annette R. Hofmann, "Transformation and Americanization: The American Turners and their new identity."International Journal of the History of Sport19.1 (2002): 91-118.
  8. ^Leonard, Fred Eugene (1923).A Guide to the History of Physical Education.Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and New York, New York: Lea & Febiger. pp. 232–233.
  9. ^Leonard, Fred Eugene (1923).A Guide to the History of Physical Education.Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and New York, New York: Lea & Febiger. pp. 235–236.
  10. ^Leonard, Fred Eugene (1923).A Guide to the History of Physical Education.Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and New York, New York: Lea & Febiger. pp. 227–250.
  11. ^Leonard, Fred Eugene (1923).A Guide to the History of Physical Education.Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and New York, New York: Lea & Febiger. pp. 235–250.OCLC561890463.
  12. ^Barry, William D. (May 20, 1979). "State's Father of Athletics a Multi-Faceted Figure".Maine Sunday Telegram.Portland, Maine. pp. 1D–2D.
  13. ^Scott Williams."THE ROLE OF GERMAN IMMIGRANTS IN CIVIL WAR - MISSOURI".The Missouri Civil War Museum. Archived fromthe originalon March 3, 2012.RetrievedJanuary 10,2011.
  14. ^Steven A. Reiss, ed.,Sports in America from Colonial Times to the Twenty-First Century: An Encyclopedia(2011) pp 913-916.
  15. ^"Welcome to American Turners".American Turners. Archived fromthe originalon April 6, 2011.RetrievedJanuary 9,2011.
  16. ^"Homepage of the Sacramento Turnverein".RetrievedJune 13,2019.
  17. ^"Indiana State Historic Architectural and Archaeological Research Database (SHAARD)"(Searchable database).Department of Natural Resources, Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology.RetrievedJuly 1,2015.Note:This includesKaren Anderson (November 1979)."National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Hugh McCulloch House"(PDF).RetrievedJuly 1,2015.and Accompanying photographs.
  18. ^"National Register Information System".National Register of Historic Places.National Park Service.July 9, 2010.

Further reading

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  • Barney, Robert Knight."German Turners in America: Their Role in Nineteenth Century Exercise Expression and Physical Education Legislation." in Earle F. Zeigler ed.,American Sport and Physical Education History (to 1875)(1975): 116+.online
  • Barney, Robert Knight."Knights of Cause and Exercise: German Forty-Eighters and Turnvereine in the United States during the Antebellum Period."Canadian Journal of History of Sport13.2 (1982): 62-79.
  • Barney, Robert Knight."America's First Turnverein: Commentary in Favor of Louisville, Kentucky."Journal of Sport History11.1 (1984): 134-137.online
  • Hoyt, D. J. (1999).A strong mind in a strong body: Libraries in the German-American Turner movement.New York, NY: Peter Land.
  • Kramer, William M., and Norton B. Stern. "The Turnverein: A German Experience for Western Jewry."Western States Jewish History16 (1984): 227.
  • Metzner, Henry.A brief history of the American Turnerbund(1924)online
  • Pfister, Gertrud. "The Role of German Turners in American Physical Education,"International Journal of the History of Sport26 (no. 13, 2009) 1893-925
  • Pumroy, Eric, and Katja Rampelmann.Research guide to the Turner movement in the United States(Greenwood, 1996).
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