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Tondis onPeutinger Table(north of Templ Augusti and Lacus Muziris)

Tyndis(Ancient Greek:Τύνδις[1]) was an ancient Indian seaport/harbor-town mentioned in theGraeco-Romanwritings. According to thePeriplus of the Erythraean Sea,Tyndis was located north of portMuzirisin the country of theCerobothra(present-dayKoyilandyKerala).[2][3]

Previously, Tyndis was attributed toThondi,a region ruled by thePandyacountry in present dayTamil Nadu.[4]Alternatively, the Cheras of the early historical period (c. second century BCE - c. third century CE[5]) had their original centre atKarurin the interior Tamil Nadu and harbours atMuzirisand Tyndis on theMalabar coast(Kerala).[5]Tyndis was a satellite feeding port to Muziris, according to the Periplus.[6]It was a major center of trade, next only to Muziris, between the Cheras and theRoman Empire.[7]Pliny the Elder(1st century CE) states that the port of Tyndis was located at the northwestern border ofKeprobotos(Chera dynasty).[8]TheNorth Malabarregion, which lies north of the port at Tyndis, was ruled by the kingdom ofEzhimaladuringSangam period.[9]According to the Periplus, a region known asLimyrikebegan atNauraand Tyndis. However thePtolemymentions only Tyndis as the Limyrike's starting point. The region probably ended atKanyakumari;it thus roughly corresponds to the present-day Malabar Coast.

Names, routes and locations of thePeriplus of the Erythraean Sea(1st century CE)

There are references to a port with the name Tondi, on the Kerala coast, in the earlyTamiltexts. It was under the control of theCherarulers (probably via/under a collateral branch).[10][11]No archaeological evidence has been found for Tyndis.[10]

Different variations of the name[edit]

  • Periplus of the Erythraean Sea- Tyndis[2]
  • Pliny the Elder (Natural History) - Tyndis[2]
  • Peutinger Table - Tondis[2]
  • Claudius Ptolemy (Geography) - Tyndis[2]

Sources[edit]

Graeco-Roman descriptions[edit]

  • Periplus of the Erythraean Sea(c. 1st century[2]), 54-56, mentions Tyndis as "a well known village on the coast".
    • "Naura and Tyndis, the first ports of trade of Limyrike"
    • "Tyndis, a well known village on the coast, is in the kingdom of Keprobotos..."
    • Tyndis is situated 500stades(92 km) north to Muziris by river and sea.[2]
  • Pliny the Elder(1st century) - "the Caelobothras ruled a kingdom extending to Tyndis (on the north-west)".[2]
  • By the timeClaudius Ptolemy(2nd century) wrote, Tyndis had grown large enough for him to call it (Geography7.1.8) a town (polis).[12]
  • Tabula Peutingerianalocates Tondis north of Muziris (north of Templ Augusti and Lacus Muziris).[2]

Early Tamil texts[edit]

There are references to a port with the name Tondi, on the Kerala coast, in the earlyTamiltexts. It was under the control of theCherarulers (probably via/under a collateral branch).[10]No archaeological evidence has been found for Tyndis.[10]

Location[edit]

The location ofMuzirisprovides clues for the location Tyndis, which was 500 stades (92 km) north of it (by river and sea).[2]

In ancient times, Tyndis held close connections withChera kingdom.The historic archives documented the Chera Kingdom as the powerful Tamil Kingdom whose turf extends the entire present-day state ofKerala,Kanyakumariand expanding up to Kongu Nadu.

The perfect array of religions, customs, languages, and traditions over the flow of time reflects in the prosperous heritage ofMalabar.Upon reaching the Tyndis port, they further traveled to the inlands using smaller boats and then by carts to the hill stations ofWayanadorCoorg,and then on wards in search ofspicesand precious herbs.


The exact location of the port is still unknown. Possible candidates include the following modern locations:

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, 53 and 54
  2. ^abcdefghijGurukkal, R., & Whittaker, D. (2001). In search of Muziris.Journal of Roman Archaeology,14,334-350.
  3. ^"Tyndis Port | Ancient Maritime Port in Malabar | Explore".Tyndis Heritage.Retrieved12 May2022.
  4. ^Tamil Nadu State Department of Archeology."Tamil Nadu governments excavation at Thondi port".Tamil Nadu State Department of Archeology.
  5. ^abGurukkal 2015,pp. 26–27.
  6. ^"Official website of Ponnani Municipality".
  7. ^Coastal Histories: Society and Ecology in Pre-modern India, Yogesh Sharma, Primus Books 2010
  8. ^abcdefghijGurukkal, R., & Whittaker, D. (2001). In search of Muziris.Journal of Roman Archaeology,14,334-350.
  9. ^A. Shreedhara Menon, A Survey of Kerala History
  10. ^abcdSelvakumar, V. (25 November 2016). K. S. Mathew (ed.).Imperial Rome, Indian Ocean Regions and Muziris: New Perspectives on Maritime Trade.Taylor & Francis. pp. 274–76.ISBN978-1-351-99752-2.
  11. ^"Classical Indo-Roman Trade".Economic and Political Weekly.48(26–27). 5 June 2015.
  12. ^Lionel Casson 2012,p. 213.

Bibliography[edit]

External links[edit]

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