Type–token distinction
Thetype–token distinctionis the difference between aclass(type) of objects and the individualinstances(tokens) of that class. Since each type may be instantiated by multiple tokens, there are generally more tokens than types of an object. For example, the sentence "A rose is a rose is a rose"contains three word types: three word tokens of the typea,two word tokens of the typeis,and three word tokens of the typerose.The distinction is important in disciplines such aslogic,linguistics,metalogic,typography,andcomputer programming.
Overview
[edit]The type–token distinction separatestypes(abstract descriptive concepts) fromtokens(objects that instantiate concepts). For example, in the sentence "the bicycle is becoming more popular"the wordbicyclerepresents the abstract concept of bicycles and this abstract concept is a type, whereas in the sentence "the bicycle is in the garage",it represents a particular object and this particular object is a token. Similarly, the word type 'letter' uses only four letter types:L,E,TandR.Nevertheless, it uses bothEandTtwice. One can say that the word type 'letter' has six letter tokens, with two tokens each of the letter typesEandT.Whenever a word type is inscribed, the number of letter tokens created equals the number of letter occurrences in the word type.
Some logicians consider a word type to be the class of its tokens. Other logicians counter that the word type has a permanence and constancy not found in the class of its tokens. The type remains the same while the class of its tokens is continually gaining new members and losing old members.[citation needed]
Typography
[edit]Intypography,the type–token distinction is used to determine the presence of a text printed bymovable type:[1]
The defining criteria which a typographic print has to fulfill is that of the type identity of the variousletter formswhich make up the printed text. In other words: each letter form which appears in the text has to be shown as a particular instance ( "token" ) of one and the same type which contains a reverse image of the printedletter.
Charles Sanders Peirce
[edit]The distinctions between using words as types or tokens were first made by American logician and philosopherCharles Sanders Peircein 1906 using terminology that he established.[2]Peirce's type–token distinction applies to words, sentences, paragraphs and so on: to anything in a universe of discourse of character-string theory, orconcatenation theory.
Peirce's original words are the following.
A common mode of estimating the amount of matter in a... printed book is to count the number of words. There will ordinarily be about twenty 'thes' on a page, and, of course, they count as twenty words. In another sense of the word 'word,' however, there is but one word 'the' in the English language; and it is impossible that this word should lie visibly on a page, or be heard in any voice.... Such a... Form, I propose to term a Type. A Single... Object... such as this or that word on a single line of a single page of a single copy of a book, I will venture to call a Token..... In order that a Type may be used, it has to be embodied in a Token which shall be a sign of the Type, and thereby of the object the Type signifies.
— Peirce 1906, also Ogden and Richards, 1923, 280-1.[3]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^Brekle, Herbert E.:Die Prüfeninger Weiheinschrift von 1119. Eine paläographisch-typographische Untersuchung,Scriptorium Verlag für Kultur und Wissenschaft, Regensburg 2005,ISBN3-937527-06-0,p. 23
- ^Charles Sanders Peirce, Prolegomena to an apology for pragmaticism, Monist, vol.16 (1906), pp. 492–546.
- ^Ogden, C. K. & Richards, I. A. (1923). The meaning of meaning. London: Kegan Paul.
Sources
[edit]- Baggin J. and Fosl P. (2003)The Philosopher's Toolkit.Blackwell: 171-73.ISBN978-0-631-22874-5.
- Peper F., Lee J., Adachi S., Isokawa T. (2004)Token-Based Computing on Nanometer Scales,Proceedings of the ToBaCo 2004 Workshop on Token Based Computing, Vol.1 pp. 1–18.
