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Tyrol (federal state)

Coordinates:47°16′N11°24′E/ 47.27°N 11.4°E/47.27; 11.4
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For other uses, seeTyrol.
Tyrol
Tirol
Federal state
Flag of Tyrol
Flag
Coat of arms of Tyrol
Coat of arms
Official logo of Tyrol
Brandmark
Anthem:Andreas-Hofer-Lied
Location of Tyrol
Coordinates:47°16′N11°24′E/ 47.27°N 11.4°E/47.27; 11.4
CountryAustria
CapitalInnsbruck
Government
• BodyTyrolean Landtag
•GovernorAnton Mattle(ÖVP)
• Deputy GovernorsJosef Geisler (ÖVP), Georg Dornauer (SPÖ)
Area
• Total12,534 km2(4,839 sq mi)
Population
(1 January 2023)
• Total771,304
• Density62/km2(160/sq mi)
GDP
[1]
• Total€45.400 billion (2021)
• Per capita€46,700 (2021)
Time zoneUTC+1(CET)
• Summer (DST)UTC+2(CEST)
ISO 3166 codeAT-7
HDI(2019)0.933[2]
very high·3rd of 9
NUTS RegionAT3
Votes in Bundesrat5 (of 62)
Websitetirol.gv.at

Tyrol(/tɪˈroʊl,taɪˈroʊl,ˈtaɪroʊl/tih-ROHL,ty-ROHL,TY-rohl;[3]German:Tirol[tiˈʁoːl]ⓘ;Italian:Tirolo) is an Austrianfederal state.It comprises the Austrian part of the historicalPrincely County of Tyrol.It is a constituent part of the present-dayEuroregion Tyrol–South Tyrol–Trentino(together withSouth TyrolandTrentinoinItaly). The capital of Tyrol isInnsbruck.[4]

Geography

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Tyrol is separated into two parts, divided by a 7-kilometre wide (4.3 mi) strip ofSalzburg State.The two constituent parts of Tyrol are the northern and largerNorth Tyrol(Nordtirol) and the southeastern and smallerEast Tyrol(Osttirol). Salzburg State lies to the east of North Tyrol, while on the south Tyrol has a border to theItalianprovince ofSouth Tyrol,which was part of theAustro-Hungarian Empirebefore theFirst World War.With a land area of 12,683.85 km2(4,897.26 sq mi), Tyrol is the third-largest federal state in Austria.

North Tyrol shares its borders with the federal states Salzburg in the east andVorarlbergin the west. In the north, it adjoins theGermanfederal state ofBavaria;in the south, it shares borders with theItalianprovince ofSouth Tyroland theSwisscantonofGraubünden.East Tyrol shares its borders with the federal state ofCarinthiato the east and Italy'sProvince of Belluno(Veneto) to the south.

The federal state's territory is located entirely within theEastern Alpsat theBrenner Pass.The highest mountain in the federal state is theGroßglockner,part of theHohe Tauernrange on the border with Carinthia. It has a height of 3,797 m (12,457.35 ft), making it the highest mountain in Austria.

Lakes

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History

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Main article:History of Tyrol
Tiroler Wallfahrer(Tyrolean pilgrims) byAlois Schönn,19th century
Golden Roof,Innsbruck

Inancienttimes, the region was split between theRomanprovinces ofRaetia(west of the Inn River) andNoricum.From the mid-6th century, it was resettled by GermanicBavariitribes.[citation needed]In theEarly Middle Agesit formed the southern part of the Germanstem duchyofBavaria,until theCounts of Tyrol,formerVogtofficials of theTrentandBrixenprince-bishops atTyrol Castle,achievedimperial immediacyafter the deposition of the Bavarian dukeHenry the Proudin 1138, and their possessions formed astateof theHoly Roman Empirein its own right.

When the Counts of Tyrol died out in 1253, their estates were inherited by theMeinhardinerCounts ofGörz.In 1271, the Tyrolean possessions were divided between CountMeinhard II of Görzand his younger brotherAlbert I,who took the lands of East Tyrol around Lienz and attached it (as "outer county" ) to his committal possessions aroundGorizia( "inner county" ).

The last Tyrolean countess of the Meinhardiner Dynasty,Margaret,bequeathed her assets to theHabsburgdukeRudolph IV of Austriain 1363. In 1420, the committal residence was relocated fromMeranoto Innsbruck. The Tyrolean lands were reunited when the Habsburgs inherited the estates of the extinct Counts of Görz in 1500.

In the course of theGerman mediatizationin 1803, theprince-bishopricsofTrentandBrixenweresecularizedand merged into the County of Tyrol (which in the next year became a constituent land of theAustrian Empire), but Tyrol was ceded to theKingdom of Bavariain 1805.Andreas Hoferled theTyrolean Rebellionagainst the French and Bavarian occupiers. Later, South Tyrol was ceded to theKingdom of Italy,a client state of the First French Empire, by Bavaria in 1810. After Napoleon's defeat, the whole of Tyrol was returned to Austria in 1814.

Tyrol was aCisleithanianKronland(royal territory) ofAustria-Hungaryfrom 1867. The County of Tyrol then extended beyond the boundaries of today's federal state, including North Tyrol and East Tyrol; South Tyrol andTrentino(Welschtirol) as well as three municipalities, which today are part of the adjacent province of Belluno. AfterWorld War I,these lands became part of theKingdom of Italyaccording to the 1915London Pactand the provisions of theTreaty of Saint Germain.From November 1918, it was occupied by 20,000–22,000 soldiers of the Italian Army.[5]

Heinrich Maier, Walter Caldonazzi and their group helped the allies to fight the V-2, which was produced byconcentration campprisoners.

Tyrol was the center of an important resistance group against Nazi Germany around Walter Caldonazzi, which united with the group around the priestHeinrich Maierand the Tyrolean Franz Josef Messner. The Catholic resistance group very successfully passed on plans and production facilities forV-1 rockets,V-2 rockets,Tiger tanks,Messerschmitt Me 163 Kometand other aircraft to the Allies, with which they could target German production facilities. Maier and his group informed the American secret service OSS very early on about the mass murder of Jews in Auschwitz. For after the war they planned an Austria united with South Tyrol and Bavaria.[6]

AfterWorld War II,North Tyrol was governed byFranceand East Tyrol was part of the British Zone of occupation untilAustriaregained independence in 1955.

Towns

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View of Innsbruck from Mt.Bergisel
A view from the tower of the old townhall toInnsbruck Cathedral
Hall in Tirol

The capital, Innsbruck, is known for its university, and especially for its medicine. Tyrol is popular for its famousskiresorts, which includeKitzbühel,IschglandSt. Anton.The 15 largest towns in Tyrol are:

Town Inhabitants
January 2017
1. Innsbruck 132,236
2. Kufstein 18,973
3. Telfs 15,582
4. Hall in Tirol 13,801
5. Schwaz 13,606
6. Wörgl 13,537
7. Lienz 11,945
8. Imst 10,371
9. St. Johann in Tirol 9,425
10. Rum 9,063
11. Kitzbühel 8,341
12. Zirl 8,134
13. Wattens 7,870
14. Landeck 7,764
15. Jenbach 7,088

Demographics

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Historical population
YearPop.±%
1869236,426—
1880244,736+3.5%
1890249,984+2.1%
1900266,374+6.6%
1910304,713+14.4%
1923313,888+3.0%
1934349,098+11.2%
1939363,959+4.3%
1951427,465+17.4%
1961462,899+8.3%
1971544,483+17.6%
1981586,663+7.7%
1991631,410+7.6%
2001673,504+6.7%
2011709,319+5.3%
2021762,652+7.5%
Source: Censuses[7]

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Economy

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The federal state'sgross domestic product(GDP) was 34.6 billion euro in 2018, accounting for 9% of Austria's economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 40,900 euro or 136% of the EU27 average in the same year.[8]

Transport

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Tyrol has long been a central hub for European long-distance routes and thus a transit land for trans-European trade over the Alps. As early as the 1st century B.C. Tyrol had one of the most important north–south links of theRoman Empire,theVia Claudia Augusta.Roman roads crossed the Tyrol from the Po Plain in present-day Italy, following the course of the Etsch and Eisack in present South Tyrol over the Brenner and then following the northernWipp valleyto Hall. From there roads branched along theRiver Inn.TheVia Raetiawent westwards and up onto theSeefeld Plateau,where it crossed intoBavariawhere Scharnitz is today. ThePorta Claudia,built in the early 17th century is a fortification that underlines the importance of the road in the Early Modern Period.

Today Tyrol has international road, rail and air connections.Innsbruck Airportis Tyrol's international airport. In addition there are several smaller airports in various places such asSt. Johann in Tirol,Höfenin theAußerfernorLangkampfen.Manypublic transitcompanies operate a common tariff scheme as part of theTyrol Transport Association.

Administrative divisions

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Districts of Tyrol

The federal state is divided into ninedistricts(Bezirke); one of them, Innsbruck, is astatutory city.There are 277 municipalities. The districts and their administrative centres, from west to east and north to south, are:

North Tyrol
East Tyrol

Sister relationships

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Culture

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The traditional form ofmural artknown asLüftlmalereiis typical of Tyrolean villages and towns.

Kletzenbrotis asweet breadmade with dried fruits and nuts for theAdvent season.Because it is associated with Tyrol it is also known as "Tyrolean Dried Fruit Bread".

Identity

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The question of which regional unit was the bearer of primary identification was raised in the 1987 Austrian Consciousness Survey. The possible answers were: the hometown (local patriotism), one's own province (regional patriotism), (Central) Europe (European consciousness), the world (cosmopolitanism).[9]

Emotional connectedness according to territorial units (1987)
in: Vienna Lower Austria Burgenland Tyrol Carinthia Vorarlberg Styria Upper Austria Salzburg
Homeplace 38 30 31 16 23 21 25 35 24
Bundesland 8 16 24 58 53 44 39 23 33
Austrian 46 55 44 19 24 28 32 37 35
German 1 0 - 1 - - 2 1 2
(Middle-)European 4 1 - 1 - 4 2 1 4
World Citizen 4 - 1 2 - 3 1 2 -
other 2 0 - - 1 - 0 0 3

A research project led by Peter Diem[10]offers a thoroughly comparable picture: In Vienna and Lower Austria, Austria patriotism dominated (1988) over territorial consciousness.[clarification needed]In Upper Austria, Salzburg and Styria, national patriotism slightly outweighed federal state patriotism.[clarification needed]In Carinthia, Tyrol and Vorarlberg, national patriotism clearly dominated. When asked to rate their own national patriotism on a ten-point scale, 83% of Carinthians, 69% of Tyroleans, 63% of Vorarlbergers, Burgenlanders and Styrians, 59% of Upper Austrians, 55% of Lower Austrians, 47% of Viennese and 43% of Salzburgers gave it the highest value.

The results of this study underline the assumption of a highly developed sense of national identity in most Austrian provinces. Peculiarly, the federal provinces are also largely "endogamous" in relation to other provinces, i.e. they correspond to what ethnologists would call a gentile association, a "tribe".

It is therefore also permissible to identify the inhabitants of the Austrian provinces as the "tribes" that a book published in London would like to portray. (The Times Guide to the Peoples of Europe, London 1994The Times guide to the peoples of Europe)

See also

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References

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  1. ^"Basisdaten Bundesländer"(PDF).Retrieved2023-09-01.
  2. ^"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab".hdi.globaldatalab.org.Retrieved2018-09-13.
  3. ^"Tyrol".Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
  4. ^"Tyrol, Austria".Lonely Planet.Retrieved1 November2016.
  5. ^"Accademia degli Agiati"(PDF).
  6. ^Elisabeth Boeckl-Klamper, Thomas Mang, Wolfgang Neugebauer:Gestapo-Leitstelle Wien 1938–1945.Vienna 2018,ISBN978-3902494832,pp. 299–305; Hans Schafranek:Widerstand und Verrat: Gestapospitzel im antifaschistischen Untergrund.Vienna 2017,ISBN978-3707606225,pp. 161–248; Christoph Thurner "The CASSIA Spy Ring in World War II Austria: A History of the OSS's Maier-Messner Group" (2017), p. 35.
  7. ^"Historic Censuses - STATISTICS AUSTRIA".Statistics Austria.
  8. ^"Regional GDP per capita ranged from 30% to 263% of the EU average in 2018".Eurostat.
  9. ^Österreichbewußtsein im Wandel, Ernst Bruckmüller, 1994
  10. ^Integrative Phänomene, Diem Peter, 1988
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