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Tzipi Livni

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Tzipi Livni
ציפי לבני
Ministerial roles
2001Minister of Regional Cooperation
2001–2002Minister without Portfolio
2002–2003Minister of Agriculture
2003–2006Minister of Immigrant Absorption
2004–2005Minister of Housing and Construction
2006–2007Minister of Justice
2006–2009Minister of Foreign Affairs
2013–2014Minister of Justice
2013–2014Minister for the Promotion of the Diplomatic Process
Faction represented in theKnesset
1999–2005Likud
2005–2012Kadima
2013–2014Hatnua
2014–2019Zionist Union
2019Hatnua
Other roles
2009–2012Leader of the Opposition
2018–2019Leader of the Opposition
Personal details
Born(1958-07-08)8 July 1958(age 66)[1]
Tel Aviv,Israel
Signature

Tziporah Malka"Tzipi"Livni(Hebrew:ציפי (ציפורה) מלכה לבני,pronounced[tsipoˈʁamalˈkaˈtsipiˈlivni];born 8 July 1958) is an Israeli politician, diplomat, and lawyer. A former member of theKnessetand leader in the center-left political camp, Livni is a formerforeign minister,vice prime minister,minister of justice,andleader of the opposition.She is known by some for her efforts to resolve theIsraeli–Palestinian conflict.[2]

Widely considered the most powerful woman in Israel sinceGolda Meir,[3][2]Livni has served in eight different cabinet positions throughout her career, setting the record formost government roles held by an Israeli woman.[4]She has been thefirst femaleIsraelivice prime minister,justice minister,agriculture minister,andhousing minister.Born to a prominent right-wing,revisionist Zionistfamily, Livni has become one of Israel's leading voices in support of atwo-state solution—one that ensures Israel's security and identity as a Jewish and democratic state.[5][6]Among her supporters in Israel and in international media, Livni was given the nickname "Mrs. Clean" for her image as an "honest politician."[7][8][9][10][11][12]

From 2001 to 2009, Livni served in the cabinets ofAriel SharonandEhud Olmert,most notably asforeign minister,during which time she led multiple rounds of peace talks with the Palestinians. In September 2008, Livni prepared to take office asprime minister,but the political climate in the country prevented her from forming a government. The following year, she led her party to win a plurality of seats in the Knesset, but was again blocked from becoming prime minister, due to the rightist parties' majority in the Knesset. Consequently, she served asleader of the oppositionfrom 2009, until her resignation from theKnessetin 2012.[13]

Later that year, Livni founded a new party,Hatnuah,[14]to compete in the 2013 elections, after which she was appointed Justice Minister in theThirty-third government of Israel,again leading a new round of Israeli–Palestinian peace talks. In December 2014, a number of policy disputes within the government ledBenjamin Netanyahuto dismiss Livni from his cabinet and call new elections. In the 2015 election, Livni joined forces withLabor PartyleaderIsaac Herzogto create theZionist Union,a unified bloc of their two parties. In January 2019Avi Gabayannounced that Labor would not run with Hatnuah in theApril 2019 Israeli legislative election.On 18 February 2019, following several weeks of poor poll results, Livni announced her retirement from politics as well as Hatnuah's withdrawal from the election.[15]

Early life and education

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Born inTel Aviv,[16]Livni is the daughter ofEitan Livni(born inPoland) and Sara (née Rosenberg), both prominent formerIrgunmembers.[17]After Israel's independence, Eitan and Sara Livni became the first couple to marry in the newfound country.[18][2]Her father served as the chief operations officer of the Irgun.

As a child, Livni was a member of theBetaryouth movement and playedbasketballforElitzur Tel Aviv.[19]Growing up in an Israel dominated by theLabour Party,Livni says she felt marginalized, believing that the establishment had minimized her parents' contribution to Israel's founding.[20]Despite the hard-line image of the Irgun, she says her parents had respect for the Arabs[20]and acted only against the British army, not civilians.[21]

During the 1984 Likud primaries, her father, who had served in the Knesset forHerutand Likud as a moderate,[14]did not campaign for a seat in the Knesset, and urged party members to support aDruzecandidate instead because he thought it important for Likud to haveArab representation.[20]

IDF service and Mossad

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Livni served in theIDF,attaining the rank of Lieutenant.[22]Livni began studying law atBar-Ilan Universityin 1979, but suspended her law studies when she joined theMossadin 1980. She served in the Mossad from 1980 to 1984, between the ages of 22 and 26. According to an interview inYedioth Ahronothdescribed inThe Sunday Times,she served in the elite unit responsible for theassassinations following the Munich massacre.[23]She resigned from the Mossad in August 1984 to marry and finish her law studies.[24]

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Livni graduated with anLL.B.fromBar-Ilan University's Faculty of Law in 1984. She practiced at a private firm for about ten years, specializing incommercial law,public law,andreal estate law,before entering public life in 1996.[4][25]

Livni resides inRamat HaHayal,Tel Aviv.[26]She is married to advertising executive Naftali Spitzer, and the couple have two children, Omri (born 1987) and Yuval (born 1990). Spitzer, who was raised in aMapai-supporting family but switched to Likud in 1996, has gone on to support his wife's political career from the start in the 1990s.[27]

Livni is a vegetarian.[28]Besides her native language,Hebrew,Livni also speaks fluentEnglishandFrench,having lived inParisfor a number of years.[4]

Livni's father,Eitan Livni,aHerutmember of Knesset, died in 1991. Her mother, Sara, who died in 2007, stood by Livni's decision to leave Likud and also accepted her support for the two-state solution, although it "hurt her."[18][20]

Political career

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Livni entered politics in 1996 when she ran for a spot on Likud's Knesset list and was given place number 36 on the slate.[29]Likud won 32 seats in the1996 election,leaving her out, but newly elected Prime Minister Netanyahu appointed her as director general of thegovernment-owned corporationsauthority, where she oversaw theprivatizationof a number of companies.[30]While in this capacity, in 1998 she was considered a prominent candidate to become director general of the Finance Ministry.[19]

Livni would later rue the decision to privatize certain companies and natural resources. AsHatnuahchairwoman in 2013, she wrote: "I am not sure that today I would once again privatizeIsrael Chemicalsand the natural resources at theDead Sea."[31]

1999–2005: Likud

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Livni was first elected to the Knesset as a member of the Likud in 1999. She initially did not take an active role in lawmaking.[32]WhenAriel Sharonbecame prime minister in 2001, he appointed her to numerous positions in his cabinet. Her first cabinet position as a Likud member wasMinister of Regional Co-operationwhich she held from 7 March 2001 until 29 August 2001. In December 2002 Sharon appointed her to serve asMinister of Agriculture.She held this position until February 2003. In 2003, Livni was appointedMinister of Immigrant Absorption.She held this position until 2006. In 2004, Livni was appointedMinister of Housing and Construction,which she held this position until 2005.[33]AfterShinuileft the coalition, Sharon appointed herMinister of Justice.In this capacity, Livni's prominence on the national stage grew, and she was considered a person of integrity who stood on the side of the rule of law, particularly with respect to various corruption cases attributed to different members of her party.[32]

Livni was an avid supporter of Sharon'sdisengagement plan,and was generally considered to be among the key moderate members of the Likud party. She often mediated between various elements inside the party, and was integral to garnering government support for disengagement with the "Livni Plan". She made efforts to achieve atwo-state solutionto theIsraeli–Palestinian conflict,including successful efforts to have the pullout from theGaza Stripratified by the Knesset. On 12 November 2005, she spoke at the official annual commemoration ofYitzhak Rabin'sassassination.[34]In 2004, she received theAbirat Ha-Shilton( "Quality of Governance" ) award.

2005–2012: Kadima

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On 20 November 2005, Livni, a member of Likud's moderate wing,[14]formed the Kadima Party with Sharon andEhud Olmert.Ahead of the 28 March elections, Livni was appointed to be the new Foreign Minister, while continuing to serve as Justice Minister, as a result of the mass resignation of Likud Party members from the government.[35]

In the selection of candidates for the March 2006Knesset election,Livni was awarded the number three position on Kadima's list of candidates, which effectively guaranteed her election to the Knesset.[36]

2006–2009: Foreign Minister of Israel

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Livni and French FMDouste-Blazy

In 2006, Livni was appointed as Israel'sMinister of Foreign Affairs.She held this position until 2009. In Ehud Olmert's government, Livni was also appointedDesignated Acting Prime Minister(also known as Vice Prime Minister), taking the place of the prime minister if he or she is outside the country or temporarily or permanently unable to fulfill his or her duties. She ceased serving as Justice Minister at that time, but again held that position from 29 November 2006 to 7 February 2007, while still serving in her primary role of Foreign Minister.[36]

As Foreign Minister, Livni was in charge of negotiations with thePalestinian Authority.During these negotiations, she raised the possibility of fi xing the future border between Israel and the future Palestinian state so as to placeIsraeli Arabtowns within the Palestinian state, an idea originally suggested by Israeli politicianAvigdor Liberman.[37]Her record for pragmatism as foreign minister earned her a high level of respect among US, European, and even Arab diplomatic circles, that has lasted even after she left the post.[14]

Livni and U.S. Secretary of StateHillary Rodham Clinton,2009

After the March2006 Knesset election,she was described as "the second most powerful politician in Israel".[38]Livni is the second woman in Israel to hold the post of foreign minister, afterGolda Meir.In 2007, she was included in theTime100Most Influential People in the World.[39]Forbesranked her the 40thmost powerful woman in the worldin 2006,[40]39th in 2007,[41]and 52nd in 2008.[42]

Livni became the first Israeli cabinet minister to explicitly differentiate Palestinianguerrillaattacks against Israeli military targets from terrorist attacks against civilians. In an interview on the US television news showNightline,recorded on 28 March 2006, Livni stated, "Somebody who is fighting against Israeli soldiers is an enemy and we will fight back, but I believe that this is not under the definition of terrorism, if the target is a soldier."[43]

Livni meets with PresidentGeorge W. Bush

In 2007, she met withPalestinian prime minister,Salam Fayyad,to discuss "improving the lives of the Palestinian people, without compromising Israel's security."[44]

On 2 May 2007, Livni called for Olmert's resignation in the wake of the publication of theWinograd Commission's interim report criticizing Olmert and Defense MinisterEhud Barakfor their handling of theSecond Lebanon Warin 2006. She offered herself as leader of Kadima if Olmert decided to step down, and asserted her confidence in her ability to defeat him in a party election should he decline.[45][46]However, her call was ignored by Olmert and her decision to stay in the Cabinet sparked some controversy.[47]

Livni and Hungarian PMGordon Bajnai

In 2008, Livni condemned a photomontage of PopeBenedict XVIwith aswastikadisplayed on his chest, which was published on a website run by supporters of her Kadima party.[48]

2008–2009: Candidate for Prime Minister

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Youth for Tzipi Livni party 2009.

Kadima leadership victory

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Facing multiple criminal investigations for corruption, Ehud Olmert announced his intention to resign his post as prime minister following a Kadima leadership election, which was held on 17 September 2008. Livni andShaul Mofazemerged as the main rivals for the leadership.[49]Livni won theKadima leadership electionby a margin of just 431 votes (1%).[50][51]Palestinian peace negotiators were reportedly pleased with the result.[52]

Forming a government

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As the new leader of the ruling party, Livni became prime-minister designate. Upon declaring victory, she stated "the national responsibility (bestowed) by the public brings me to approach this job with great reverence."[53]

On 21 September 2008, Olmert formally resigned in a letter submitted to presidentShimon Peres,and the following day Peres formally asked Livni to form a new government.[54][55]Livni faced tough negotiations with Kadima's coalition partners, particularly the Shas party, which had set conditions for joining a Livni government, including an increase in child allowances to Haredi communities, and a vow not to negotiate the status of Jerusalem during peace talks with the Palestinians.[56][57]Livni was able to sign a coalition agreement with the Labor party, led by former prime minister Ehud Barak,[58]but on 26 October, informed the President that she was unable to form a government and suggested Israel go to elections. Livni cited her unwillingness to sell out her principles just to become prime minister, stating, "I was willing to pay a price to form a government, but I was never willing to risk the political and economic future of Israel. If someone is willing to sell out his principles for the job, he is not worthy of it."[59]For its part, Likud, the main opposition party led by Benjamin Netanyahu, lobbied Shas and other parties essential to Livni's government to support early elections.[60]

2009 elections

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Kadima youth activists, 2009

In February 2009 Israel held elections for the Knesset. Livni, foreign minister and head of theKadimaparty, campaigned againstBenjamin Netanyahuof theLikudparty to lead the new government. While election results gave Kadima the most seats in the Knesset, parties to the right in Israel's political spectrum gained enough seats that a coalition government under Kadima leadership was unlikely. As a result, Israeli presidentShimon Peresasked Netanyahu and Likud (which received one fewer seat than Kadima in the elections) to form a government; this was the first time in Israel's history that the party with the most seats was not asked to attempt to form a government.[61]

Livni declares victory in 2009 elections

The New York Timescommended Livni for "refusing the extortionist conditions set byShas,"and endorsed her candidacy for prime minister, saying Israelis would have" a clear choice in February between a leader who has the courage to abandon tired old thinking on politics and security and one who has not. "[62]Although it expressed some doubts, the Israeli newspaperHaaretzalso endorsed Livni for prime minister.[63]

When Livni was tapped to form the next governing coalition, Palestinian political analyst Mahdi Abdel Hadi said that Livni had been received warmly in the Gulf, and that she was the leader most Arabs want to see as Israel's next prime minister.[64]During the 2009 general elections, Arab media depicted her very negatively but as the lesser of the evils.[65][66][67]

2009–2012: Leader of the Opposition

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Livni upon assuming the role of Leader of the Opposition in the Knesset

Following the 2009 elections in which Livni's Kadima won the most seats, but could not form a government, she took the party into opposition, becoming Israel's first female leader of the opposition.

After an internal Foreign Ministry document stated that someEuropean Unioncountries were considering freezing a planned upgrade in relations with Israel, Livni, asopposition leader,wrote in the message addressed to EU foreign policy chiefJavier Solana,the EU's external relations commissionerBenita Ferrero-Waldner,and the EU's current council president, Czech foreign ministerKarel Schwarzenberg:"You all know my commitment to peace between Israel and its neighbors and to the two-state solution, a commitment shared with the majority of the Israeli public. I believe that this kind of attitude, one which directly links an upgrade in relations with regional diplomatic progress, is overlooking the substantial gains that the upgrade could provide both to the people of Israel and the people of Europe."[68]

On 25 May 2009, Livni toldHarvard Universitystudents: "On the Iranian issue, there is no opposition or coalition in Israel.... Iran represents the threat of extreme Islamic state". She said Iran was a threat to other countries in the region, and Iran must be stopped from attaining nuclear weapons.[69]

Prior toLebanon's 2009 general elections(and its inclusion ofHezbollah), Livni "acknowledged an important principle" from U.S. PresidentBarack Obama's then-recentspeech in Cairothat "Elections alone do not make true democracy." She explained her position in aNew York Timesop-ed by alluding to her experience as Israel's justice minister whenHamasparticipated inPalestinian elections in 2006:"At the time, the counterargument was that the very participation in elections would act as a moderating force on extremist groups. With more accountability, such groups would be tempted to abandon their militant approach in favor of a purely political platform. But this analysis ignored the possibility that some radical groups sought participation in the democratic process not to forsake their violent agenda but to advance it." Livni advocated that "the international community must adopt at the global level what true democracies apply at the national one—a universal code for participation in democratic elections. This would include requiring every party running for office to renounce violence, pursue its aims by peaceful means and commit to binding laws and international agreements." She added: "The intent here is not to stifle disagreement, exclude key actors from the political process or suggest that democracy be uniform and disregard local cultures and values."[70]

Livni visiting a medical center inAshkelonwith members of Kadima

Livni voiced support for Israel's gay community ahead of Gay and Lesbian Pride Month in June 2009. She addressed an event held at the gay community's municipal center in Tel Aviv'sMeir Park.[71][72]After a 1 August 2009 attack on a gay youth center that left two people dead and 15 wounded in Tel Aviv, Livni, who is in contact with the gay and lesbian community, said "This event should shake up society, and all the circles inherent in it, including the political establishment and the education system, and on this day deliver an unequivocal message against intolerance, incitement and violence, and to act against any manifestation of these." She attended a rally near the location of the attack, along with hundreds of Israelis and some other politicians, and urged Israel's gay and lesbian community to continue living their lives, despite the "hate crime."[73]Livni opposed Netanyahu's land reform bill.[74]

Livni touring the site of a kindergarten hit by bombs from Gaza

On 8 October 2009, Livni was honored byYale Universityas a Chubb Fellow for her work and the inspiration spurred by her activities. She is the third Israeli leader to receive this honor afterShimon PeresandMoshe Dayan.The list also includes former U.S. PresidentsJimmy CarterandBill Clinton.Livni referred to theGoldstone Reportaccusing Israel of committing war crimes in Gaza, and said there was a huge ethical gap between those seeking to murder children in their homes and those unintentionally harming civilians used by terrorists as human shields. Referring to the Israeli shelling of several UN schools in Gaza where thousands of civilians were taking shelter during the2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict,Livni insisted that she "regret(s) every civilian casualty, but what happened at the UN school was not a mistake."[75][76]Addressing the peace process, Livni said Israel is not involved in it as a favor to anyone, but that it is in the interest of all parties. At her next stop in Miami, Livni became the first Israeli woman to receive the International Hall of Fame Award from theInternational Women's Forum.[77][78]

As opposition leader, Livni noted in a 2009 Knesset speech that she herself did not supportYitzhak Rabin's policies at the time. "The dispute is around the question of whether you can have it both ways—maintaining Israel as a Jewish state and keeping the entire Land of Israel," she said.[79]Political analysts see Livni's speech at the 2003 commemoration rally for Rabin as a turning point in her political career when she became more popular among theIsraeli peace camp.She delivered a speech which many found deeply moving in which she said the day Rabin was murdered was "the day that the skies fell down on me because of what happened to us, to all the citizens of Israel." As foreign minister, Livni would again attend the memorial for Rabin in 2009.Labor Partyofficials were not keen on this idea, fearing that her appearance would cost them votes. Some Kadima officials also seemed reluctant, fearing her appearance at left-wing event would send some votesLikud's way.[80]Livni attended the memorial for Rabin in 2009.[81]

After a draft document authored by Sweden (the then-holder of the rotating EU presidency) surfaced that calls officially for a division of Jerusalem and implies that the EU would also recognize a unilateral Palestinian declaration of statehood, Livni wrote a letter to Swedish Foreign MinisterCarl Bildt,saying it was "wrong and not helpful," and that she conveyed "deep concern regarding what appears to be an attempt to prejudge the outcome of issues reserved for final status negotiations." European efforts to "dictate for either party the nature of the outcome on the status of Jerusalem," she said, would only serve to endanger the fulfillment of "our shared vision of two states for two peoples into a reality."[82]Livni also called on France to speak up against the draft during her meeting with Sarkozy in Paris.[83]

Tzipi Livni at Biyalik Rogazin

In December 2009, Livni travelled to Paris and met with French presidentNicolas Sarkozy."Time is against us," she told reporters following talks at theElysee Palacethat also touched on Iran. "We discussed the need to re-launch the peace process between Israel and the Palestinians, and I believe that this is part of Israel's interest to relaunch the negotiations from the point at which we stopped basically a year ago."[84]

Criticism

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During the2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict,Livni was criticized byArab LeagueChairmanAmre Moussawho said that "I am greatly surprised by, and I reject, the words of the Israeli foreign minister (Livni), who asks: 'Is there a humanitarian crisis? There is no humanitarian crisis in Gaza'."[85]Livni was quoted as saying "Israel has been supplying comprehensive humanitarian aid to the [Gaza] strip... and has even been stepping this up by the day."[86]Israel would later allow a daily three-hour truce during the offensive to enable aid to flow through a humanitarian corridor.[87]Livni declared that the 2009 Gaza military offensive had "restored Israel's deterrence.... Hamas now understands that when you fire on its citizens it responds by going wild – and this is a good thing."[88]

UK arrest warrants

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Livni and British Foreign SecretaryWilliam Hague
Further information:Universal jurisdiction § United Kingdom

In December 2009, awarrantfor Livni's arrest was understood to have been issued by a British court, following an application by lawyers acting for Palestinian victims ofOperation Cast Lead.The warrant focused on Livni's role in Israel's war against Hamas-run Gaza earlier in the year, and was withdrawn after her visit was canceled. For several years, Palestinian activists have made largely unsuccessful attempts to prosecute Israeli officials in European courts underuniversal jurisdiction.[89]The warrant was issued on 12 December and revoked on 14 December 2009, after it was revealed that Livni had not entered British territory.[90][91][92]

The British Foreign Secretary,David Miliband,contacted Livni and his Israeli counterpartAvigdor Liebermanto formally explain the incident and apologize on behalf of the British government.[93]Miliband had expressed concern at the situation and said officials were looking "urgently at ways in which the UK system might be changed in order to avoid this sort of situation arising again". Judges in the United Kingdom can issue arrest warrants for war crimes suspects around the world under theGeneva Conventions Act 1957without any requirement to consult public prosecutors, which was something Miliband described as "unusual".[94]J Streetapplauded Miliband's rejection of the warrant and "his promise to pursue a change in the law that would prevent unfortunate events like these from happening in the future."[95]Prime MinisterGordon Brownexpressed his regret over the warrant and spoke to Livni, reassuring her that she was "most welcome in Britain any time." Livni's office later stated that Brown promised to seek legislative changes to ensure no Israeli official would risk arrest while on British soil.[96]

Yehuda Blum,Israel's former ambassador to the United Nations and a professor of law atHebrew University of Jerusalem,commented: "The abuse and misuse of this concept of universal jurisdiction should be discontinued." Blum said the law was intended for use in cases with no clear jurisdiction, such as piracy in international waters, and should not be expanded for political aims. Israeli officials, acting under orders from Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, told the British ambassador they expect quick action to change the law.[97]Livni called the arrest warrant "an abuse of the British legal system".[98]

In 2011, private groups asked the UKCrown Prosecution Serviceto issue an arrest warrant against Livni under universal jurisdiction because of her alleged role in Israeli military action against Gaza in December 2008.Keir Starmer,Britain's chief prosecutor, blocked the issue of an arrest warrant.[99]

Leadership defeat and resignation

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In November 2011, the three candidates opposed to Tzipi Livni in 2008 called for a primary to be held as soon as possible, citing the probability of Knesset elections soon. On 19 January 2012, Livni set the primary date for 27 March 2012. Livni lost by a wide margin (64.5% to her 35.5%) to challenger and former defense ministerShaul Mofaz.In May 2012, despite Mofaz's appeal for her to remain in the party, Livni resigned from the Knesset. She stated that although she was leaving the Knesset, she was not retiring from public life, as Israel was "too dear" to her. Commenting on decisions she made, which may have contributed to her loss, she stated "I am not sorry for not backing down in the face of political blackmail—even when the price was being in the government—and for not willing to sell the country to the ultra-Orthodox," adding "And I'm definitely not sorry for the main issue I promoted. Even if the Israeli–Palestinian conflict isn't in vogue right now, there's an urgent need to reach a permanent agreement with the Palestinians as well as with the Arab world."[100]

2012–2014: Hatnua

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2013 elections

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Main article:2013 Israeli legislative election

On 27 November 2012, Livni announced the establishment of a new party, calledHatnua( "The Movement" ).[101][102]She was joined by seven members of Knesset from the Kadima Party:Yoel Hasson,Robert Tiviaev,Majalli Wahabi,Orit Zuaretz, Rachel Adato, Shlomo Molla andMeir Sheetrit[102]as well as former Labor Party leadersAmram MitznaandAmir Peretz.

Minister of Justice

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Following the2013 elections,in which Hatnua won six seats in the Knesset, Livni did not recommend any candidate for prime minister to President Peres. After other party leaders endorsed Netanyahu, Livni led Hatnua in being the first of several parties to agree to join a new coalition under Prime MinisterBenjamin Netanyahu,forming thethirty-third government of Israel.According to the coalition agreement negotiated between Hatnua and Likud, Livni was appointedjustice minister,as well as chief negotiator with the Palestinian Authority. As environmental issues constituted a central plank in Hatnua's platform, Livni required her party be given the environmental protection ministry, to which she appointed Amir Peretz. Fulfilling her constitutional duty as Justice Minister, Livni served as chairwoman of the powerful Ministerial Committee on Legislation. Given her clout and experience with Western leaders, Netanyahu unofficially charged Livni with overseeing Israel'sdiplomatic relationswith the United States and Europe, with Foreign MinisterAvigdor Libermanplaying a lesser role.[citation needed]

2013–14 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks

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Livni, U.S. Secretary of StateJohn Kerry,and Palestinian negotiatorSaeb Erekatannounce the resumption of peace talks

Livni led the Israeli negotiation team in thepeace talks,brokered by U.S. Secretary of StateJohn Kerryand Middle East envoyMartin Indykfrom July 2013 until April 2014. Upon announcing the resumption of talks between Israel and the Palestinians at a press conference delivered at the U.S. State Department, Livni criticized the "cynicism and pessimism" surrounding Israeli–Palestinian peace process, and expressed hope that the negotiators would do everything in their power to transform a "spark of hope into something real and lasting." In concluding remarks praised for their poignancy, she said, "I believe that history is not made by cynics. It is made by realists who are not afraid to dream. And let us be these people."[103]The process collapsed in April 2014 when internal political difficulties prevented Israel from releasing a promised fourth tranche of pre-Oslo prisoners and the Palestinians reacted by acceding to several international treaties.[104]Indyk cited Israel's settlement policy during the talks as a critical factor leading to the collapse.[105]

Dismissal

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Livni briefs The Israel Project

Livni continued on asjustice ministeruntil 2 December 2014, when a coalition crisis over multiple policy disagreements boiled over, and Netanyahu fired Livni along with Finance MinisterYair Lapidfrom their posts, accusing the two of plotting to overthrow the government.[106]Livni and Lapid had often criticized government decisions, which Netanyahu claimed amounted to an "opposition within the coalition," and made it "impossible to govern." A particular source of frustration for Netanyahu was Livni's control of the powerful ministerial committee on legislation.[107]

In late December 2014, Secretary of StateJohn Kerrytold European Union ambassadors that his stance against a unilateral Palestinian measure at the UN Security Council was influenced by his talks with Livni and former president Shimon Peres, who said such a move could serve the political interests of those opposing the peace process such as Netanyahu andNaftuli Bennet.[108][109]

2014–2019: The Zionist Union

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Zionist Unioncampaign poster

2015 elections

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Main article:2015 Israeli legislative election

After the dissolution of the Knesset in December 2014, Labor leaderIsaac Herzogand Livni announced a joint slate between Labor and Hatnua, called theZionist Union,to contest the 2015 elections in an effort to keep Netanyahu, leader of theLikudParty, from securing a fourth term as prime minister. They proposed to share the role of prime minister (an arrangement known in the Knesset as rotation) if they won enough votes, though Livni also stated she would step back if her participation presented a hurdle to coalition building.[110]The partnership between Livni and Herzog created significant momentum and galvanized Israel's center-left voters who saw the partnership as having a realistic chance to defeat Netanyahu and form a government.[111]

Manyopinion polls during the campaignshowed Likud and the Zionist Union in dead heat, and the few weeks leading up to the elections suggested Livni and Herzog had overtaken Netanyahu, and would emerge with a plurality of voters. Initial exit polls indicated that the combined parties had won 27 seats, but the final count showed the Zionist Union garnering only 24 to Likud's 30. Following the elections, Livni and the Zionist Union went into opposition.

Leader of the Opposition

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Livni at an 2015LGBTQ prideevent inBe'er Sheva

Livni served as a member of the KnessetForeign Affairs and Defense Committee,theConstitution, Law and Justice Committee.In August 2015, in response to the submission of a motion to raise the Palestinian flag at the UN headquarters, Livni initiated the creation of the Foreign Affairs and Defense Subcommittee onInternational Lawfare,which she chaired. At the committee's inaugural meeting, Livni characterized the Palestinian motion as "part of an orchestrated diplomatic and legal struggle that is meant to create legitimacy for a Palestinian state with all that that means, and to deny legitimacy to the State of Israel." She argued that despite the lack of attention it receives, "[lawfare] is a war front as any other." The committee's mandate, according to Livni, is to "deal with lawfare not only to see how we can defend ourselves, but also to try to change international trends against Israel in a legal context and how to deal with moves the Palestinians are trying to make over Israel's head."[112]

On 11 February 2017, it was reported thatUN Secretary-GeneralAntónio Guterreshad offered Livni the post ofUnder-Secretary-General of the United Nations,although this never materialised.[113]

Split and resignation

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On 1 January 2019 at a televised Zionist Union party meeting, Labor leaderAvi Gabayannounced that Labor would not run with Hatnua in theApril 2019 Israeli legislative election,surprising Livni.[114]Electoral polls showed that Hatnua was not close to crossing the 3.25% electoral threshold, and Livni announced her retirement from politics on 18 February 2019 as well as Hatnua's withdrawal from the election so as not to split the centre-left vote.[115]

Post-Knesset career

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In September 2019, Livni was named a Fisher Family Fellow atHarvard Kennedy School.[116]

Livni laudedJoe Biden's victory over Donald Trump in the2020 United States presidential election,stating that Biden is committed to democratic principles and that his election is "a blessing" for the United States, Israel, and the rest of the free world.[117]

In a May 2024 interview, Livni called on the Israeli government to plan for the postwar governance ofGazaafter the resolution of theIsrael-Hamas warand warned that delays in engaging with Arab partners such as the Palestinian Authority,Egypt,theUAE,andSaudi Arabiacould be a costly mistake.[118]

On 11 July 2024,The Jerusalem Postreported thatYair Golan,leader of the newly formedDemocratsparty, was considering appointing Livni to the second position in the new party'selectoral list.[119]

Awards and honors

[edit]
  • 2004: Knight of Quality Government Award[120]
  • 2004: Abirat Ha-Shilton ( "Quality of Governance" ) award.
  • 2009: Honored byYale Universityas a Chubb Fellow.
  • 2009: International Hall of Fame Award from theInternational Women's Forum.
  • 2018: Golden Arrow Award[121]

Affiliations

[edit]
  • A board member of theInternational Crisis Group
  • A member of The Aspen Ministers Forum
  • A member of the international group of leaders who wrote the Declaration of Principles for Freedom Prosperity and Peace.
  • Senior fellow atHarvard Kennedy School
  • Global steering committee of "Campaign for nature" (founded byWyss Foundation)

References

[edit]
  1. ^Tzipi Livnion the Knesset website
  2. ^abcSenor, Daniel Senor; Livni, Tziporah Malka (5 June 2024)."The last Israeli to negotiate with the Palestinians - with Tzipi Livni (Part 1)".Call Me Back - with Dan Senor.Retrieved5 June2024.Tzipi Livni has served as a minister of eight different cabinet ministries under three prime ministers: Ariel Sharon, Ehud Olmert, and Benjamin Netanyahu. Her positions have included Justice Minister, Foreign Minister and Vice-Prime Minister. She has also been the official leader of the opposition. As foreign minister, Tzipi Livni led negotiations with the Palestinian Authority, she was a key government figure during Israel's disengagement from Gaza and during Hamas's subsequent takeover of Gaza. She was foreign minister during Israel's Second Lebanon War and during Israel's operation to take out Syria's nuclear reactor. She began her service as a member of the Likud Party, and then the Kadima Party, and later the Hatnua Party and Zionist Union. Earlier in her career, Tzipi served in the Mossad (including in the elite unit famous for being responsible for the assassinations following the Munich massacre). No major Israeli political figure has had more recent experience trying to negotiate a two-state solution than Tzipi Livni.
  3. ^"Israel's foreign minister has edge in party race".Reuters. 1 August 2008.Retrieved6 December2015.
  4. ^abc"Tzipi Livni".Knesset.gov.il.Retrieved26 February2017.
  5. ^"Profile: Tzipi Livni".BBC News. 27 November 2012.Archivedfrom the original on 29 November 2012.Retrieved8 October2013.
  6. ^Ethan Bronner,Main Party in Israeli Coalition Set to Pick Leader,The New York Times,16 September 2008
  7. ^"חדשות 2 – תכנית הילדים החדשה של ציפי לבני".Mako.co.il. 26 February 2009.Retrieved26 February2017.
  8. ^Benny Morris (14 December 2008)."Israel's crisis of leadership".Los Angeles Times.Archivedfrom the original on 16 March 2014.
  9. ^Westcott, Kathryn (2 May 2007)."Tzipi Livni: Israel's 'Mrs Clean'".BBC News.Archivedfrom the original on 3 April 2012.Retrieved25 April2010.
  10. ^"Livni, don't give in".Haaretz.24 April 2009.Archivedfrom the original on 1 April 2009.Retrieved25 April2010.
  11. ^McGirk, Tim (5 June 2008)."Israel's Mrs. Clean".Time.Jerusalem.Archived fromthe originalon 11 August 2010.Retrieved25 April2010.
  12. ^Isabel Kershner(26 October 2008)."As Israeli Elections Are Called, Livni Is Assessed".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on 19 September 2010.
  13. ^"Seventeenth Knesset: Government 31".Knesset.gov.il.Retrieved26 February2017.
  14. ^abcd"Israel election: Who are the key candidates?".BBC News. 14 March 2015.Retrieved26 February2017.
  15. ^Wootliff, Raoul; staff, T. O. I."Leaving politics, Livni warns this election may be last gasp of democracy".timesofisrael.Retrieved18 February2019.
  16. ^Verma, Sonia (2 May 2007)."Next in Line".The Times.Archivedfrom the original on 4 June 2011.Retrieved6 May2007.
  17. ^"News in Brief".Haaretz.9 October 2007.Archivedfrom the original on 6 June 2011.
  18. ^abYigal Hai (10 October 2007)."'My mother was a warrior'".Haaretz.Archivedfrom the original on 14 January 2011.
  19. ^abShavit Ben-Arie,Havrot HaKnesset, 2011 (Hebrew).
  20. ^abcdBen Birnbaum (23 August 2013)."The Believer: Tzipi Livn and the Quest for Peace in Israel and Palestine".The Daily Beast.Newsweek.Retrieved29 September2013.
  21. ^Interview with Tzipi Livni at Hudson Union Society (15 July 2010).Tzipi Livni – Difference between freedom fighter & terrorist(YouTube).New York:Hudson Union Society.My father and my mother, both of them were freedom fighters, not terrorists. And it's very important to say this—not because it's about my parents—because they acted against the British army, and not civilians. And this is a distinction that needs to be made also today. I cannot accept the words that say, 'One man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter.'[dead YouTube link]
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  23. ^Mahnaimi, Uzi (15 February 2009)."Looking for love: Livni the lonely spy".The Sunday Times.London.Archivedfrom the original on 4 June 2011.Retrieved20 February2009.
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  25. ^"Archived copy".Archived fromthe originalon 7 January 2019.Retrieved6 January2019.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  26. ^Explosion Heard Outside Home of Opposition Leader Tzipi Livni
  27. ^Ravid, Barak; Lanski, Na'ama (28 August 2008)."Winning Combination".Haaretz.Retrieved21 October2021.{{cite news}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  28. ^Cohen, Roger (7 July 2007)."Her Jewish State".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on 23 April 2009.Retrieved7 August2007.Mirla Gal, who would reach the top of the Mossad during a 20-year career, met Livni in first grade. [...] "We were curious because her world wasn't ours," Gal said over lunch at a beachfront Tel Aviv restaurant. "Even then she was principled. When I was 12, she turned vegetarian and has been ever since."
  29. ^Livni, Tzipi
  30. ^Eisenberg Group Acquires 17% More ICL Shares from State at $230 Mln
  31. ^Ilan Lior (19 January 2013)."In Q&A with Haaretz readers, Livni rues decision to privatize Dead Sea resources".Haaretz.Archivedfrom the original on 9 January 2013.
  32. ^abPROFILE / Current Kadima Chairwoman Tzipi Livni
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  41. ^"The 100 Most Powerful Women".Forbes.30 August 2007. Archived fromthe originalon 11 October 2007.
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  43. ^Antonio Cassese (15 December 2006).The Multifaceted Criminal Notion of Terrorism in International Law.Oxford University Press.{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help)
  44. ^Benn, Aluf (8 July 2007)."Livni and Fayad meet, discuss improving Palestinians' lives".Haaretz.Archivedfrom the original on 15 October 2008.Retrieved16 September2008.
  45. ^Olmert's Survival Prospects Dim Amid Livni ChallengeBloomberg, 3 May 2007
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  55. ^Gil Hoffman and Greer Fay Cashman (22 September 2008)."Peres entrusts Livni with forming gov't".The Jerusalem Post.Archivedfrom the original on 19 September 2010.
  56. ^"Israel's Livni now in battle for premiership".AFP. 7 September 2008. Archived fromthe originalon 21 September 2008.
  57. ^"Shas: If Livni wants a coalition, she must fulfill our demands".Haaretz.18 September 2008.Archivedfrom the original on 2 December 2010.
  58. ^Yossi Verter; Mazal Mualem; Barak Ravid (22 September 2008)."Livni offers Barak 'full partnership' in new gov't".Haaretz.Archivedfrom the original on 19 September 2010.
  59. ^Linda Gradstein (27 October 2008)."Livni Abandons Effort to Form Israeli Coalition".The Washington Post.
  60. ^Yair Ettinger (22 September 2008)."Netanyahu asks Shas to back bid for early general elections".Haaretz.Archivedfrom the original on 9 March 2009.
  61. ^Amy Tiebel (20 February 2009)."Netanyahu urges moderates to join broad government".International Herald Tribune.Fox News.Archivedfrom the original on 29 March 2012.Retrieved29 May2014.
  62. ^"Tzipi Livni's choice, now Israel's choice".The New York Times.2 October 2008.Archivedfrom the original on 21 February 2014.
  63. ^"Livni is the preferred candidate".Haaretz.10 February 2009.Archivedfrom the original on 13 February 2009.
  64. ^"¥T The Players of World War 3: Tzipi Livni -The Mossad Graduate ¥T".YouTube. 18 September 2008.Archivedfrom the original on 21 December 2021.Retrieved25 April2010.
  65. ^Marc Lynch (10 February 2010)."Arabs watching the Israeli elections".Foreign Policy.Archivedfrom the original on 8 May 2011.Retrieved25 April2010.
  66. ^Zvi Bar'el (11 February 2009)."Arab media declares early Israel election victory for 'extreme right'".Haaretz.Archivedfrom the original on 18 March 2009.Retrieved25 April2010.
  67. ^Nahmias, Roee (20 June 1995)."Arab media: 'Which extremist will Israel elect?'".Ynetnews.Retrieved25 April2010.
  68. ^Barak Ravid (24 April 2009)."Livni urges EU: Don't halt EU-Israel relations upgrade".Haaretz.Archivedfrom the original on 8 February 2010.Retrieved25 April2010.
  69. ^Tzipi Livni (26 May 2009)."On the iranian issue, there is no opposition or coalition in Israel".YouTube.Archivedfrom the original on 21 December 2021.Retrieved25 April2010.
  70. ^Tzipi Livni (5 June 2009)."Democracy's Price of Admission".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on 11 April 2011.
  71. ^Natasha Mozgovaya (2 June 2009)."Livni, Clinton voice support for gay community in Israel and U.S".Haaretz.Archivedfrom the original on 23 November 2010.Retrieved25 April2010.
  72. ^"ציפי לבני באירוע פתיחת חודש הגאווה".Facebook.Retrieved25 April2010.
  73. ^Ben Hartman; Yuval Goren; Noah Kosharek; Barak Ravid (8 February 2009)."Livni to gay Israelis: Don't let hate crime stop you living your lives".Haaretz.Archivedfrom the original on 6 February 2010.
  74. ^Yuval Azoulay (29 July 2009)."Livni: Netanyahu after headlines, not Israel's interests".Haaretz.Archivedfrom the original on 8 February 2010.Retrieved25 April2010.
  75. ^Chris McGreal and Rory McCarthy; Mark Tran (6 January 2009)."Israeli shelling kills dozens at UN school in Gaza".Archivedfrom the original on 8 January 2009.
  76. ^"'No Negotiations' with Hamas ".Der Spiegel.13 January 2009.Archivedfrom the original on 16 January 2009.
  77. ^Yitzhak Benhorin (20 June 1995)."Livni honored by Yale University".Ynetnews.Archivedfrom the original on 12 October 2009.Retrieved25 April2010.
  78. ^"Livni slams Goldstone report at Yale".The Jerusalem Post.9 October 2009.Archivedfrom the original on 16 March 2014.
  79. ^Yair Ettinger, Jonathan Lis and Ofri Ilani (30 October 2009)."Leaders, family eulogize former PM Yitzhak Rabin 14 years on".Haaretz.Archivedfrom the original on 22 November 2010.Retrieved25 April2010.
  80. ^Yossi Verter (30 October 2008)."Livni, Barak to vie for support of peace camp at Rabin memorial".Haaretz.Archivedfrom the original on 10 December 2008.Retrieved25 April2010.
  81. ^Dana Weiler-Polak (24 December 2006)."Obama in address to memorial rally: Give meaning to Yitzhak Rabin's death".Haaretz.Archivedfrom the original on 16 March 2014.Retrieved25 April2010.
  82. ^Barak Ravid (19 December 2009)."Livni to Sweden: Ditch EU plan on dividing Jerusalem".Haaretz.Archivedfrom the original on 20 June 2010.Retrieved25 April2010.
  83. ^"'France should oppose EU J'lem draft'".The Jerusalem Post.3 December 2009.Archivedfrom the original on 16 March 2014.
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  85. ^"Hamas warns of more hostages Sunday".Gulf Daily News.4 January 2009.Archivedfrom the original on 3 May 2012.Retrieved25 April2010.
  86. ^"Livni: No crisis in Gaza Strip".Al Jazeera English.1 January 2009.Archivedfrom the original on 19 January 2011.Retrieved25 April2010.
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  89. ^Ian Black and Ian Cobain (14 December 2009)."British court issued Gaza arrest warrant for former Israeli minister Tzipi Livni".The Guardian.London.Archivedfrom the original on 16 December 2009.Retrieved25 April2010.
  90. ^"Foreign Ministry outraged over U.K. arrest warrant against Livni".Haaretz.14 December 2009.Archivedfrom the original on 13 April 2010.Retrieved14 December2009.
  91. ^Marcus Dysch (14 December 2009)."Livni cancels JNF visit to UK".The Jewish Community Online.Archivedfrom the original on 18 December 2009.
  92. ^"Israel condemns attempt in a UK court to arrest Livni".BBC News. 15 December 2009.Archivedfrom the original on 16 December 2009.Retrieved15 December2009.
  93. ^"Britain apologizes to Livni over arrest warrant".Haaretz.17 December 2009.Archivedfrom the original on 23 January 2010.Retrieved7 January2010.
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  97. ^"Israeli officials routinely face UK legal threats".MINA.Macedonia Online.15 December 2009.Archivedfrom the original on 1 March 2012.Retrieved25 April2010.
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  107. ^Jodi Rudoren,Israeli Premier, Seeking to Broaden Coalition, Reserves Crucial Post for Rival,The New York Times,7 May 2015
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  109. ^Barak Ravid,Kerry: Peres and Livni told me UN vote on Palestine would help Netanyahu and Bennett,Haaretz(20 December 2014)
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  114. ^GABBAY SHOCKS LIVNI ON LIVE TV, KICKS HER OUT OF ZIONIST UNION,JPost, 1 January 2019
  115. ^TEARFUL TZIPI LIVNI QUITS POLITICS,Jpost, 18 February 2019
  116. ^"Tzipi Livni Named Future of Diplomacy Project Fisher Family Fellow at Harvard Kennedy School's Belfer Center".
  117. ^Tzipi Livni (7 November 2020)."Biden Is Good for Israel".Haaretz.
  118. ^Cave, Damien; Rasgon, Adam (14 May 2024)."Israeli Military Leaders See Danger in Lack of a Plan to Govern Gaza".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Retrieved16 June2024.
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  120. ^"Knesset Member, Tzipi Livni".Archived fromthe originalon 17 April 2004.
  121. ^"Golden Arrow | Com.sult".Archived fromthe originalon 22 December 2015.
[edit]
Political offices
Preceded by Minister of Regional Cooperation
2001 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of Agriculture
2002–2003 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of Immigrant Absorption
2003–2006 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of Housing and Construction
2004–2005 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of Justice
2004–2006 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of Justice
2006–2007 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of Foreign Affairs
2006–2009 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Vice Prime Minister
2006–2009 		Succeeded by
Vacant
Preceded by Leader of the Opposition
2009–2012 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of Justice
2013–2014 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Leader of the Opposition
2018 		Succeeded by
Party political offices
Preceded by Leader ofKadima
2008–2012 		Succeeded by
New office Leader ofHatnua
2012–2019 		Incumbent
Co-leader of theZionist Union
2014–2019 		Office abolished
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tzipi_Livni&oldid=1233956246"