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Ultra-high-definition television

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(Redirected fromUHDTV)
"Ultra HD" redirects here. For the video disc format, seeUltra HD Blu-ray.For the resolution commonly referred to as "Ultra HD", see4K resolution.

Comparison of 8K UHDTV, 4K UHDTV,HDTVandSDTVresolution
Diagram of theCIE 1931 color spacethat shows theRec. 2020(UHDTV)color spacein the outer triangle andRec. 709(HDTV) color space in the inner triangle. Both Rec. 2020 and Rec. 709 useIlluminant D65for thewhite point.

Ultra-high-definition television(also known asUltra HD television,Ultra HD,UHDTV,UHDandSuper Hi-Vision) today includes4K UHDand8K UHD,which are twodigital videoformats with anaspect ratioof16:9.These were first proposed byNHK Science & Technology Research Laboratoriesand later defined and approved by theInternational Telecommunication Union(ITU).[a]

TheConsumer Electronics Associationannounced on October 17, 2012, that "Ultra High Definition", or "Ultra HD", would be used for displays that have anaspect ratioof 16:9 or wider and at least one digital input capable of carrying and presenting native video at a minimum resolution of3840 × 2160.[5][6]In 2015, theUltra HD Forumwas created to bring together the end-to-end video production ecosystem to ensure interoperability and produce industry guidelines so that adoption of ultra-high-definition television could accelerate. From just 30 in Q3 2015, the forum published a list up to 55 commercial services available around the world offering 4K resolution.[7]

The "UHD Alliance", an industry consortium of content creators, distributors, and hardware manufacturers, announced during aConsumer Electronics Show(CES) 2016 press conference its "Ultra HD Premium" specification, which defines resolution, bit depth, color gamut,high dynamic range(HDR) performance required for Ultra HD (UHDTV) content and displays to carry their Ultra HD Premium logo.[b]

Alternative terms[edit]

Ultra-high-definition television is also known as Ultra HD, UHD, UHDTV, and 4K.[13][14][15][16][17]In Japan, 8K UHDTV will be known as Super Hi-Vision sinceHi-Visionwas the term used in Japan for HDTV.[18][19]In the consumer electronics market companies had previously only used the term4Kat the 2012CESbut that had changed to "Ultra HD" during CES 2013.[16][17]"Ultra HD" was selected by theConsumer Electronics Associationafter extensive consumer research, as the term has also been established with the introduction of "Ultra HD Blu-ray".[20]

Technical details[edit]

Super Hi-Vision/8K Specifications[18][19][21][22]
Number of pixels7680×4320
Aspect ratio16:9
Viewing distance0.75 H
Viewing angle100°
ColorimetryRec. 2020
Frame rate120 Hz progressive
Bit depth12 bits per channel (RGB)
Audio system22.2 surround sound
Sampling rate48/96 kHz
Audio bit depth16/20/24 bits
Number of audio channels24 ch
Upper layer9 ch
Middle layer10 ch
Lower layer3 ch
LFE2 ch
Uncompressed video bit rate144 Gbit/s
See also:Rec. 2020andDisplayPort: DisplayID

Resolution[edit]

Two resolutions are defined as UHDTV:[13][14][15]

  • UHDTV-1 is 3840 pixels wide by 2160 pixels tall (8.3megapixels), which is four times as many pixels as the1920 × 1080(2.07 megapixels) of current1080pHDTV(full HDTV).
    • Also known as 2160p, and4K UHD.Although roughly similar in resolution to 4K digital cinema formats, it should not be confused withother 4K resolutionssuch as the4096 × 2160DCI 4K/Cinema 4K.The total number of pixels of RGB stripe type is 8.3 megapixels.
  • UHDTV-2 is 7680 pixels wide by 4320 pixels tall (33.18 megapixels), also referred to as 4320p and8K UHD,which is sixteen times as many pixels as current1080pHDTV,which brings it closer to the detail level of15/70 mm IMAX.[14][23][24]NHKadvertises the 8K UHDTV format with22.2 surround soundasSuper Hi-Vision,which can be broadcast with H.264 codecs.[25]

Color space, dynamic range, frame rate and resolution/aliasing[edit]

The human visual system has a limited ability to discern improvements in resolution when picture elements are already small enough or distant enough from the viewer. At some home viewing distances and current TV sizes, HD resolution is near the limits of resolution for the eye and increasing resolution to 4K has little perceptual impact, if consumers are beyond the critical distance (Lechner distance) to appreciate the differences in pixel count between 4K and HD. One exception is that even if resolution surpasses the resolving ability of the human eye, there is still an improvement in the way the image appears due to higher resolutions reducingspatial aliasing.

UHDTV provides other image enhancements in addition to pixel density. Specifically, dynamic range and color are greatly enhanced, and these impact saturation and contrast differences that are readily resolved greatly improve the experience of 4KTV compared to HDTV. UHDTV allows the future use of the newRec. 2020(UHDTV) color space which can reproduce colors that cannot be shown with the currentRec. 709(HDTV) color space.[18]

In terms ofCIE 1931 color space,the Rec. 2020 color space covers 75.8%, compared to coverage by theDCI-P3digital cinemareference projector color space of just 53.6%, 52.1% byAdobe RGB color space,while the Rec. 709 color space covers only 35.9%.[18]UHDTV's increases indynamic rangeallow not only brighter highlights but also increased detail in the greyscale. UHDTV also allows forframe ratesup to 120 frames per second (fps).[15][26]

UHDTV potentially allows Rec. 2020, higher dynamic range, and higher frame rates to work on HD services without increasing resolution to 4K, providing improved quality without as high of an increase in bandwidth demand.

History[edit]

2001–2005[edit]

Prototype camera head (2006)
Prototype camera head (2009)

The first displays capable of displaying 4K content appeared in 2001, as theIBM T220/T221 LCD monitors.

NHKresearchers built a UHDTV prototype which they demonstrated in 2003.[27]They used an array of 16 HDTV recorders with a total capacity of almost 3.5TBthat could capture up to 18 minutes of test footage.[27]The camera itself was built with four 2.5-inch (64 mm)CCDs,each with a resolution of only3840 × 2048.[27]Using two CCDs for green and one each for red and blue, they then used a spatial pixel offset method to bring it to7680 × 4320.[27][c]Subsequently, an improved and more compact system was built usingCMOS image sensortechnology[28]and the CMOS image sensor system was demonstrated atExpo 2005,Aichi,Japan, theNAB 2006andNAB 2007conferences,Las Vegas,atIBC 2006andIBC 2008,[29]Amsterdam,Netherlands,andCES 2009.A review of the NAB 2006 demo was published in a broadcast engineering e-newsletter.[30]Individuals at NHK and elsewhere projected that the timeframe for UHDTV to be available in domestic homes varied between 2015 and 2020 but Japan was to get it in the 2016 time frame.[31]

2006–2010[edit]

On November 2, 2006, NHK demonstrated a live relay of a UHDTV program over a 260 kilometer distance by afiber-optic network.[32]Usingdense wavelength division multiplex (DWDM),24Gbit/sspeed was achieved with a total of 16 different wavelength signals.[32]

On December 31, 2006, NHK demonstrated a live relay of their annualKōhaku Uta GassenoverIPfrom Tokyo to a 450 in (11 m) screen inOsaka.Using acodecdeveloped by NHK, the video wascompressedfrom 24Gbit/s to 180–600Mbit/sand the audio wascompressedfrom 28Mbit/s to 7–28Mbit/s.[33]Uncompressed, a 20-minute broadcast would require roughly 4TBof storage.

TheSMPTEfirst released Standard 2036 for UHDTV in 2007.[34]UHDTV was defined as having two levels, called UHDTV1 (3840 × 2160) and UHDTV2 (7680 × 4320).[34][35]

In May 2007, the NHK did an indoor demonstration at the NHK Open House in which a UHDTV signal (7680 × 4320at 60fps) was compressed to a 250Mbit/s MPEG2 stream.[36]The signal was input to a 300MHz wide band modulator and broadcast using a 500MHzQPSKmodulation.[36]This "on the air" transmission had a very limited range (less than 2 meters), but shows the feasibility of a satellite transmission in the 36,000km orbit.[36]

In 2008,Aptina Imagingannounced the introduction of a new CMOS image sensor specifically designed for the NHK UHDTV project.[37]During IBC 2008 Japan'sNHK,Italy'sRAI,BSkyB,Sony,Samsung,Panasonic Corporation,Sharp Corporation,andToshiba(with various partners) demonstrated the first ever public live transmission of UHDTV, from London to the conference site in Amsterdam.[38][39]

On June 9, 2010, Panasonic announced that its professional plasma display lineup would include an 152-inch (3.9 m) plasma display with 4K resolution. At the time of announcement, it was the largest 4K display and the largest television.[40]

On September 29, 2010, the NHK partnered up and recordedThe Charlatanslive in the UK in the UHDTV format, before broadcasting over the internet to Japan.[41]

2011[edit]

On May 19, 2011, Sharp in collaboration with NHK demonstrated a direct-view 85 in (220 cm) LCD display capable of7680 × 4320pixels at 10 bits per channel.[42]It was the first direct-view Super Hi-Vision-compatible display released.[43]

Before 2011, UHDTV allowed forframe ratesof 24, 25, 50, and 60fps.[35]In an ITU-R meeting during 2011, an additional frame rate was added to UHDTV of 120fps.[44]

2012[edit]

On February 23, 2012, NHK announced that withShizuoka Universitythey had developed an 8K sensor that can shoot video at 120fps.[45][46][47]

In April 2012, Panasonic, in collaboration with NHK announced a 145 in (370 cm) display (7680 × 4320at 60fps), which has 33.2 million 0.417mm square pixels.[48]

In April 2012, the four major South Korean terrestrial broadcasters (KBS,MBC, SBS, and EBS) announced that in the future, they would begin test broadcasts of UHDTV on channel 66 inSeoul.[49][50]At the time of the announcement, the UHDTV technical details had not yet been decided.[49][50]LG ElectronicsandSamsungare also involved in UHDTV test broadcasts.[50]

In May 2012, NHK showed the world's first ultra-high-definition shoulder-mount camera.[51]By reducing the size and weight of the camera, the portability had been improved, making it more maneuverable than previous prototypes, so it could be used in a wide variety of shooting situations.[51]The single-chip sensor uses a Bayer color-filter array, where only one color component is acquired per pixel.[51]Researchers at NHK also developed a high-quality up-converter, which estimates the other two color components to convert the output into full resolution video.[51]

Also in May 2012, NHK showed the ultra-high-definition imaging system it has developed in conjunction with Shizuoka University, which outputs 33.2-megapixel video at 120fps with acolor depthof 12bits per component.[52][53]As ultra-high-definition broadcasts at full resolution are designed for large, wall-sized displays, there is a possibility that fast-moving subjects may not be clear when shot at 60fps, so the option of 120fps has been standardized for these situations.[52]To handle the sensor output of approximately 4 billion pixels per second with a data rate as high as 51.2Gbit/s, a faster analog-to-digital converter has been developed to process the data from the pixels, and then a high-speed output circuit distributes the resulting digital signals into 96 parallel channels.[52]This 1.5 in (38 mm) CMOS sensor is smaller and uses less power when compared to conventional ultra-high-definition sensors, and it is also the world's first to support the full specifications of the ultra-high-definition standard.[52]

During the2012 Summer Olympicsin Great Britain, the format was publicly showcased by the world's largest broadcaster, theBBC,[54]which set up 15-meter-wide screens in London, Glasgow, andBradfordto allow viewers to see the Games in ultra-high definition.[55][56]

On May 31, 2012,[57]Sony released the VPL-VW1000ES 4K 3D Projector,[58]the world's first consumer-prosumer projector using the 4K UHDTV system, with the shutter-glasses stereoscopic 3D technology priced at US$24,999.99.[59][60]

On August 22, 2012, LG announced the world's first 3D UHDTV using the 4K system.[61]

On August 23, 2012, UHDTV was officially approved as a standard by theInternational Telecommunication Union(ITU), standardizing both 4K and 8K resolutions for the format inITU-R Recommendation BT.2020.[26][62]

On September 15, 2012, David Wood, Deputy Director of theEBUTechnology and Development Department (who chairs the ITU working group that created Rec. 2020), toldThe Hollywood Reporterthat South Korea plans to begin test broadcasts of 4K UHDTV next year.[63][64][65]Wood also said that many broadcasters have the opinion that going from HDTV to 8K UHDTV is too much of a leap and that it would be better to start with 4K UHDTV.[63]In the same article, Masakazu Iwaki, NHK Research senior manager, said that the NHK plan to go with 8K UHDTV is for economic reasons since directly going to 8K UHDTV would avoid an additional transition from 4K UHDTV to 8K UHDTV.[63]

On October 18, 2012, theConsumer Electronics Association(CEA) announced that it had been unanimously agreed by the CEA's Board of Industry Leaders that the term "Ultra High-Definition", or "Ultra HD", would be used for displays that have a resolution of at least 8 megapixels with a vertical resolution of at least 2,160 pixels and a horizontal resolution of at least 3,840 pixels.[66][67][68][69]The Ultra HD label also requires the display to have an aspect ratio of 16:9 or wider and to have at least one digital input that can carry and present a native video signal of3840 × 2160without having to rely on avideo scaler.[66][67][68][69]Sony announced they would market their 4K products as4K Ultra High-Definition (4K UHD).[70]

On October 23, 2012, Ortus Technology Co., Ltd announced the development of the world's smallest3840 × 2160pixel LCD panel with a size of 9.6 in (24 cm) and apixel densityof 458px/in.[71][72][73]The LCD panel is designed for medical equipment and professional video equipment.[71][72][73]

On October 25, 2012, LG Electronics began selling the first flat panel Ultra HD display in the United States with a resolution of3840 × 2160.[74][75][76]The LG 84LM9600 is an 84 in (210 cm) flat panelLED-backlit LCD displaywith a price of US$19,999 though the retail store was selling it for US$16,999.[74][75][76]

On November 29, 2012, Sony announced the 4K Ultra HD Video Player—a hard disk server preloaded with ten 4K movies and several 4K video clips that they planned to include with the Sony XBR-84X900.[77][78][79]The preloaded 4K movies areThe Amazing Spider-Man,Total Recall(2012),The Karate Kid(2010),Salt,Battle: Los Angeles,The Other Guys,Bad Teacher,That's My Boy,Taxi Driver,andThe Bridge on the River Kwai.[77][78][79]Additional 4K movies and 4K video clips will be offered for the 4K Ultra HD Video Player in the future.[77][78][79]

On November 30, 2012,Red Digital Cinema Camera Companyannounced that they were taking pre-orders for the US$1,450 REDRAY 4K Cinema Player, which can output 4K resolution to a single 4K display or to four 1080p displays arranged in any configuration via four HDMI1.4 connections.[80][81]Video output can be DCI 4K (4096 × 2160), 4K Ultra HD, 1080p, and 720p at frame rates of up to 60fps with a color depth of up to 12bpc with 4:2:2 chroma subsampling.[80]Audio output can be up to 7.1 channels.[80]Content is distributed online using the ODEMAX video service.[80]External storage can be connected usingeSATA,Ethernet,USB,or aSecure Digitalmemory card.[80]

2013[edit]

On January 6, 2013, the NHK announced that Super Hi-Vision satellite broadcasts could begin in Japan in 2016.[82]

On January 7, 2013,Eutelsatannounced the first dedicated 4K Ultra HD channel.[83][84][85][86]Atemeuplinks theH.264/MPEG-4 AVCchannel to the Eutelsat 10A satellite.[83][84][85][86]The 4K Ultra HD channel has a frame rate of 50fps and is encoded at 40Mbit/s.[83][84][85][86]The channel started transmission on January 8, 2013.[83][84][85][86]On the same dayQualcommCEO Paul Jacobs announced that mobile devices capable of playing and recording 4K Ultra HD video would be released in 2013[needs update]using theSnapdragon800 chip.[87][88][89]

On January 8, 2013,Broadcomannounced the BCM7445, an Ultra HD decoding chip capable of decodingHigh Efficiency Video Coding(HEVC) at up to4096 × 2160at 60fps.[90][91][92][93]The BCM7445 is a 28nmARM architecturechip capable of 21,000DhrystoneMIPSwith volume production estimated for the middle of 2014.[90][91][92][93]On the same dayTHXannounced the "THX 4K Certification" program for Ultra HD displays.[94][95][96]The certification involves up to 600 tests and the goal of the program is so that "content viewed on a THX Certified Ultra HD display meets the most exacting video standards achievable in a consumer television today".[94][95][96]

On January 14, 2013,Blu-ray Disc Associationpresident Andy Parsons stated that a task force created three months ago is studying an extension to theBlu-ray Discspecification that would add support for 4K Ultra HD video.[97][98]

On January 25, 2013, the BBC announced that theBBC Natural History Unitwould produceSurvival—the first wildlife TV series recorded in 4K resolution. This was announced after the BBC had experimented with 8K during the London Olympics.[99][100]

On January 27, 2013,Asahi Shimbunreported that 4K Ultra HD satellite broadcasts would start in Japan with the2014 FIFA World Cup.[100][101][102]Japan's Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications decided on this move to stimulate demand for 4K Ultra HD TVs.[100][101][102]

On February 21, 2013, Sony announced that thePlayStation 4would support 4K resolution output for photos and videos but wouldn'trendergames at that resolution.[103][104]

On March 26, 2013, theAdvanced Television Systems Committee(ATSC) announced a call for proposals for theATSC 3.0physical layer that specifies support for3840 × 2160resolution at 60fps.[105][106][107][108]

On April 11, 2013, Bulb TV created by Canadian entrepreneur Evan Kosiner became the first broadcaster to provide a 4K linear channel and VOD content to cable and satellite companies in North America.[109][110][111][112]The channel is licensed by theCanadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commissionto provide educational content.[113]

On April 19, 2013,SESannounced the first Ultra HD transmission using theHEVCstandard.[114][115][116]The transmission had a resolution of3840 × 2160and a bit rate of 20Mbit/s.[114][115][116]

On May 9, 2013,NHKandMitsubishi Electricannounced that they had jointly developed the firstHEVCencoder for 8K Ultra HD TV, which is also called Super Hi-Vision (SHV).[117][118][119][120]The HEVC encoder supports the Main 10 profile at Level 6.1 allowing it to encode 10bpc video with a resolution of7680 × 4320at 60fps.[117][118][119][120]The HEVC encoder has 173G-SDIinputs and uses 17 boards for parallel processing with each board encoding a row of7680 × 256pixels to allow for real time video encoding.[117][118][119][120]The HEVC encoder is compliant with draft 4 of the HEVC standard and has a maximum bit rate of 340Mbit/s.[121]The HEVC encoder was shown at theNHK Science & Technology Research LaboratoriesOpen House 2013 that took place from May 30 to June 2.[117][119][122]At the NHK Open House 2013 the HEVC encoder used a bit rate of 85Mbit/s, which gives a compression ratio of 350∶1.[123][124]

On May 21, 2013,Microsoftannounced theXbox One,which supports 4K resolution (3840 × 2160) video output and7.1 surround sound.[125][126][127]Yusuf Mehdi, corporate vice president of marketing and strategy for Microsoft, has stated that there is no hardware restriction that would prevent Xbox One games from running at 4K resolution.[126]

On May 30, 2013, Eye IO announced that their encoding technology was licensed bySony Pictures Entertainmentto deliver 4K Ultra HD video.[128][129]Eye IO encodes their video assets at3840 × 2160and includes support for thexvYCCcolor space.[128][129]

In mid-2013, a Chinese television manufacturer produced the first 50-inch UHD television set costing less than $1,000.[130]

On June 11, 2013,Comcastannounced that they had demonstrated the first public U.S.-based delivery of 4K Ultra HD video at the 2013NCTAshow.[131][132]The demonstration included segments fromOblivion,Defiance,and nature content sent over aDOCSIS3.0 network.[132]

On June 13, 2013,ESPNannounced that they would end the broadcast of theESPN 3Dchannel by the end of that year and would "...experiment with things like UHDTV."[133]

On June 26, 2013, Sharp announced the LC-70UD1U, which is a 70 in (180 cm) 4K Ultra HD TV.[134][135]The LC-70UD1U is the world's first TV with THX 4K certification.[134][135]

On July 2, 2013,Jimmy Kimmel Live!recorded in 4K Ultra HD a performance by musical guestKarmin,and the video clip was used as demonstration material at Sony stores.[136]

On July 3, 2013, Sony announced the release of their 4K Ultra HD Media Player with a price of US$7.99 for rentals and US$29.99 for purchases.[137][138]The 4K Ultra HD Media Player only worked with Sony's 4K Ultra HD TVs.[138]

On July 15, 2013, the CTA published CTA-861-F, a standard that applies to interfaces such as DVI, HDMI, and LVDS.[139]The CTA-861-F standard adds support for several Ultra HD video formats and additional color spaces.[139]

On September 2, 2013Acerannounced the first smartphone, dubbed Liquid S2, capable of recording 4K video.[140]

On September 4, 2013, the HDMI Forum released theHDMI 2.0specification, which supports 4K resolution at 60fps.[141]On the same day, Panasonic announced the Panasonic TC-L65WT600—the first 4K TV to support 4K resolution at 60FPS.[142][143]The Panasonic TC-L65WT600 has a 65 in (170 cm) screen, support for DisplayPort1.2a, support for HDMI2.0, an expected ship date of October, and a suggested retail price of US$5,999.[142][143]

On September 12–17, 2013,[144]at the 2013 IBC Conference in Amsterdam, Nagra introduced an Ultra HD User Interface called Project Ultra based on HTML5, which works with OpenTV 5.[145]

On October 4, 2013,DigitalEuropeannounced the requirements for their UHD logo in Europe.[146]The DigitalEurope UHD logo requires that the display support a resolution of at least3840 × 2160,a 16∶9 aspect ratio, theRec. 709(HDTV) color space, 8bpc color depth, a frame rate of 24, 25, 30, 50, or 60fps, and at least 2-channel audio.[146]

On October 29, 2013,Elemental Technologiesannounced support for real-time 4K Ultra HDHEVCvideo processing. Elemental provided live video streaming of the 2013Osaka Marathonon October 27, 2013, in a workflow designed by K-Opticom, a telecommunications operator in Japan. Live coverage of the race in 4K Ultra HD was available to viewers at the International Exhibition Center in Osaka. This transmission of 4K Ultra HD HEVC video in real-time was an industry-first.[147]

On November 28, 2013, Organizing Committee of the XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games 2014 in Sochi chief Dmitri Chernyshenko stated that the 2014 Olympic Winter Games would be shot in 8K Super Hi-Vision.[148]

On December 25, 2013, YouTube added a "2160p 4K" option to its videoplayer. Previously, a visitor had to select the "original" setting in the video quality menu to watch a video in 4K resolution. With the new setting, YouTube users can much more easily identify and play 4K videos.[149]

On December 30, 2013, Samsung announced availability of its 110 in (280 cm) Ultra HDTV for custom orders, making this the world's largest Ultra HDTV so far.[150]

2014[edit]

On January 22, 2014,European Southern Observatorybecame the first scientific organization to deliver Ultra HD footage at regular intervals.[151]

On May 6, 2014,Franceannounced[152]DVB-T2 tests inParisfor Ultra HDHEVCbroadcast with objectives to replace by 2020 the currentDVB-TMPEG4HD national broadcast.

On May 26, 2014, satellite operatorEutelsatannounced[153]the launch of Europe's first Ultra HD demo channel in HEVC, broadcasting at 50fps. The channel is available on theHot Birdsatellites and can be watched by viewers with 4K TVs equipped with DVB-S2 demodulators and HEVC decoders.

In June 2014, theFIFA World Cupof that year (held inBrazil) became the first shot entirely in 4K Ultra HD, bySony.TheEuropean Broadcasting Union(EBU) broadcast matches of theFIFA World Cupto audiences in North America, Latin America, Europe and Asia in Ultra HD viaSES'NSS-7andSES-6satellites.[154]Indian satellite TV provider unveils its plan to launch 4K UHD service early in 2015 and showcased liveFIFA World Cupquarter final match in 4K UHD throughSony Entertainment TelevisionSony SIX.[155]

On June 24, 2014, the CEA updated the guidelines for Ultra High-Definition and released guidelines for Connected Ultra High-Definition, adding support for internet video delivered withHEVC.[156][157]The CEA is developing a UHD logo for voluntary use by companies that make products that meet CEA guidelines.[156][157]The CEA also clarified that "Ultra High-Definition", "Ultra HD", or "UHD" can be used with other modifiers and gave an example with "Ultra High-Definition TV 4K".[156][157]

On July 15, 2014, Researchers from theUniversity of Essexboth captured and delivered its graduation ceremonies in 4K UHDTV over the internet usingH.264in realtime.[158][159]The 4K video stream was published at 8Mbit/s and 14Mbit/s for all its 11 ceremonies, with people viewing in from countries such as Cyprus, Bulgaria, Germany, Australia, UK, and others.

On September 4, 2014,Canon Inc.announced that a firmware upgrade would add Rec. 2020 color space support to their EOS C500 and EOS C500 PL camera models and their DP-V3010 4K display.[160][161]

On September 4, 2014,Microsoftannounced a firmware update for theMicrosoft Lumia1020,930,Icon,and1520phones that adds 4K video recording. The update was later released by the individual phone carriers over the following weeks and months after the announcement.[162]

On September 5, 2014, theBlu-ray Disc Associationannounced that the 4KBlu-ray Discspecification supports 4K video at 60fps,High Efficiency Video Coding,theRec. 2020color space,high dynamic range,and 10bpccolor depth.[163][164]4K Blu-ray Disc will have a data rate of at least 50Mbit/s and may include support for 66GB and 100GB discs.[163][164]4K Blu-ray Disc began licensing in 2015, with 4K Blu-ray Disc players released late that year.[163][164]

On September 5, 2014,DigitalEuropereleased an Ultra HD logo for companies that meet their technical requirements.[165][166][167]

On September 11, 2014 satellite operatorSESannounced the first Ultra HDconditional access-protected broadcast usingDVBstandards at theIBCshow in Amsterdam. The demonstration used aSamsungUltra HD TV, with a standardKudelskiSmarDTV CI Plus conditional access module, to decrypt a full3840 × 2160pixel CAS-protected Ultra HD signal inHEVCbroadcast via an SESAstrasatellite at19.2°E.[168]

On November 19, 2014, rock bandLinkin Park's concert at Berlin's O2 World Arena was broadcast live in Ultra HD via anAstra 19.2°Esatellite. The broadcast was encoded in the UHD 4K standard with the HEVC codec (50fps and a 10bpc color depth), and was a joint enterprise of satellite ownerSES,SES Platform Services(laterMX1,now part ofSES Video) andSamsung.[169]

2015[edit]

Indian satellite pay TV providerTata Skylaunched UHD service and UHD Set Top Box on 9 January 2015. The service is 4K at 50fps and price of the UHD box is₹5900 for existing SD/HD customers and₹6400 for new customers. TheCricket World Cup 2015was telecast live in 4K for free to those who own Tata Sky's UHD 4K STB.

In May 2015,France Télévisionsbroadcast matches fromRoland Garroslive in Ultra HD via the EUTELSAT 5 West A satellite in theHEVCstandard. The channel "France TV Sport Ultra HD" was available via theFransatplatform for viewers in France.[170]

In May 2015, satellite operatorSESannounced that Europe's firstfree-to-airUltra HD channel (from Germany's pearl.tv shopping channel) would launch in September 2015, broadcast in native Ultra HD via theAstra 19.2°Esatellite position.[171]

In June 2015, SES launched its first Ultra HD demonstration channel for cable operators and content distributors in North America to prepare their systems and test their networks for Ultra HD delivery. The channel is broadcast from theSES-3satellite at 103°W.[172]

In June 2015,SPI Internationalpreviewed its "4K FunBox UHD" Ultra HD channel on the HOT BIRD 4K1 channel, in advance of its commercial launch onEutelsat's HOT BIRD satellites in the autumn.[173]

In July 2015, German HD satellite broadcasterHD+and TV equipment manufacturerTechniSatannounced an Ultra HD TV set with integrated decryption for reception of existing HD+ channels (available in the Autumn) and a new Ultra HD demonstration channel due to begin broadcasting in September.[174]

On 2 August 2015, The FA Community Shield in England was broadcast in Ultra HD by broadcast companyBT Sport,becoming the first live football game shown in Ultra HD on the world's first commercial Ultra HD channel. The match was shown on Europe's first Ultra HD channel,BT SportUltra HD where selected live English Premier League and European Champions League matches were broadcast.[175]

Fashion One 4K launched on September 2, 2015 becoming the first global Ultra HD TV channel. Reaching nearly 370 million households across the World, the fashion, lifestyle and entertainment network broadcasts via satellite from Measat at 91.5°E (for Asia Pacific, Middle East, Australia) and fromSESsatellitesAstra 19.2°E(for Europe), SES-3 at 103°W (for North America), NSS-806 at 47.5°W (for South America).[176]

In September 2015,Eutelsatpresented new consumer research, conducted byTNSandGfK,on Ultra HD and screen sales in key TV markets. The study looked at consumer exposure to Ultra HD, perceived benefits and willingness to invest in equipment and content. GfK predicts a 200% increase in Ultra HD screen sales from June to December 2015, with sales expected to reach five million by the end of the year. GfK also forecasts that Ultra HD screens in 2020 will represent more than 70% of total sales across Europe and almost 60% in the Middle East and North Africa.[177]

On 2 September 2015, Sony unveiled the Xperia Z5 Premium; the first smartphone with a 4K display.[178]

On 9 September 2015,Apple Inc.announced that their new smartphone theiPhone 6Scould record video in 4K.[179]

On 6 October 2015,Microsoftunveiled the latest version of theirMicrosoft Surface Booklaptop with a display of "over 6 million pixels" and their new phones theMicrosoft Lumia 950and950 XL,which, aside from 4K video recording that their predecessors included, feature a display of "over 5 million pixels".[180]

On 8 December 2015, the ceremony of the opening of the Holy Door in Vatican City, which marked the beginning of theJubilee Year of Mercyin the Roman Catholic church, was the first worldwide Ultra HD broadcast via satellite.[181]The event was produced by the Vatican Television Center with the support of Eutelsat, Sony, Globecast and DBW Communication. The team did some advanced experimentation with 4K/High Dynamic Range live images and in particular using technology developed by the BBC's R&D division and Japan's public broadcaster NHK in terms of Hybrid Log Gamma (HLG) signals.[182]

2016[edit]

The "UHD Alliance", an industry consortium of content creators, distributors, and hardware manufacturers, announced Monday on January 11, 2016 during CES 2016 press conference its "Ultra HD Premium" specification, which defines resolution, bit depth, color gamut,high dynamic range(HDR) performance required for Ultra HD (UHDTV) content and displays to carry their Ultra HD Premium logo.[8][9][10][11][12]

On April 2, 2016, Ultra-high-definition television demo channel UHD1 broadcast theLe Corsaireballet in Ultra HD live from the Vienna State Opera. The programme was produced byAstrasatellite owner,SESin collaboration with European culture channelARTE,and transmitted free-to-air, available to anyone with reception of theAstra 19.2°Esatellites and an ultra HD screen equipped with an HEVC decoder.[183]

As of April 2016,The NPD Groupreported that 6 million 4K UHD televisions had been sold.[184]

In May 2016,Modern Times Group,owner of theViasatDTH platform announced the launch of Viasat Ultra HD, the first UHD channel for the Nordic region. The channel features selected live sport events especially produced in Ultra HD and launch in the autumn via theSES-5satellite at5°E.Viasat is also launching an Ultra HD set-top box fromSamsungand a TV-module that enables existing UHD TVs to display the channel.[185]Satellite operator, SES said that the launch of Viasat Ultra HD brings the number of UHD channels (including test channels and regional versions) carried on SES satellites to 24, or 46% of all UHD channels broadcast via satellite worldwide.[186]In August 2016,Skyannounced that 4K broadcasts would begin via their newSky Q2TB box. The opening match of the2016-17 Premier LeaguebetweenHull CityandLeicester CityonSky Sportswas the first 4K transmission.[187]

2017[edit]

On 29 September 2017,BSAT-4a,dedicated for UHDTV programming and was also claimed "the world's first 8K satellite", was launched from theGuiana Space CentreaboardAriane 5rocket. BSAT-4a would be used for2020 Summer Olympicsheld in Japan.[188]

Additionally, in September 2017,Kaleidescape,a manufacturer of home-theater movie players and servers made 4K UHD movies compatible with their movie store, and with their movie players.[189]

In December 2017, Qualcomm announced that their Snapdragon 845 chipset and Spectra 280 Image Signal Processor would be the first phone SoC to record video in UHD Premium.[190]

2018[edit]

In April 2018, RTL started broadcasting its own UHD channel in Germany. First available atAstra 19.2°E,the Channel shows UHD productions, Formula 1, Football and Deutschland sucht den Superstar.

Satellite operatorSESbroadcast an 8K television signal via its satellite system for the first time in May 2018. The 8K demonstration content, with a resolution of7680 × 4320pixels, a frame rate of 60fps, and 10bpc color depth, was encoded inHEVCand transmitted at a rate of 80Mbit/s via theAstra 3Bsatellite during SES's Industry Days conference in Luxembourg.[191]

In June 2018,fuboTVbroadcast the2018 FIFA World Cuplive in 4K andHDR10becoming the firstOTTstreaming service to do so.[192]Quarter, Semi and Final matches were available on many popular streaming devices including Apple TV, Chromecast Ultra, Fire TV, Roku and Android TVs. Content was streamed at 60 frames per second usingHLSandDASH.Video was sent infragmented MP4containers deliveringHEVCencoded video.

On December 1, 2018, NHK launchedBS8K,a broadcast channel transmitting at 8K resolution.[193][194][195]

2019[edit]

In February 25, 2019 at the event of 2019Mobile World Congress,Sonyannounced theXperia 1,the first smartphone featuring aultrawide 21:9aspect ratio4KHDROLEDdisplay (with a resolution of 3840 × 1644), which would be released on May 30, 2019.[196]

In May 2019, for the first time in Europe, 8K demonstration content was received via satellite without the need for a separate external receiver or decoder. At the 2019SESIndustry Days conference at Betzdorf, Luxembourg broadcast quality 8K content (with a resolution of7680 × 4320pixels at 50fps) was encoded using a Spin DigitalHEVCencoder (at a bit rate of 70Mbit/s), uplinked to a single 33MHz transponder on SES'Astra 28.2°Esatellites and the downlink received and displayed on aSamsung82 in (210 cm) Q950RB production model TV.[197]

List of 4K television channels[edit]

Global[edit]

Europe[edit]

Africa[edit]

  • BTV(Botswana)
  • EBS 4K (Ethiopia)
  • Nahoo sports+ UHD (Ethiopia)
  • Nahoo sports+2 UHD (Ethiopia)
  • ETV sports UHD (Ethiopia)
  • Kana TV 4K (Ethiopia)
  • on Time sports HD (Egypt)

Americas[edit]

Asia[edit]

Oceania[edit]

  • Foxtel Movies Ultra HD (Australia)
  • Fox Sports Ultra HD (Australia)[215]

List of 8K television channels[edit]

Field trials of UHDTV over DTT networks[edit]

Field trials using existingdigital terrestrial television(DTT) transmitters have included the following.[217]

Type Country / Region Transmitter site Covering ERP DTT system Channel bandwidth Transmission mode Multiplex capacity Signal bit rate Video encoding standard Picture standard Audio encoding standard Center frequency
8K‑UHD Japan[218] NHK Hitoyoshi Station Hitoyoshi Area, Kumamoto Prefecture 140 W (H)
135 W (V) 		ISDB-T 6 MHz 32k
GI=1/32, 4096QAM
FEC 3/4
dual-polarized MIMO 		91.8 Mbit/s 91.0 Mbit/s MPEG-4
AVC/H.264 		7680 × 4320p
59.94 frame/s
8 bit/px 		MPEG-4 AAC
384 kbit/s 		671 MHz
(Ch 46)
NHK Mizukami Station 25 W (H)
25 W (V) 		671 MHz
(Ch 46)
NHK STRL Building Tokyo 93 W (H)
93 W (V) 		581 MHz
(Ch 31)
8K-UHD South Korea Technical Research Institute Building ofKorean Broadcasting System(KBS) Yeoeuido, Seoul 10 W (H)
10 W (V) 		– 6 MHz 2k
GI=1/16, 256QAM
FEC 3/4
dual-polarized MIMO 		50.475 Mbit/s
(Single band) 		50.0 Mbit/s
(Single band) 		HEVC – – 605 MHz & 623 MHz
(Ch 36 & Ch 39)
4K-UHD Australia [219] Gore Hill Sydney 50 kW DVB-T2 7 MHz 16k extended mode
GI=1/32, 256QAM32k
FEC 3/4, PP7 		38.63 Mbit/s Variable
(some trials at 35 Mbit/s) 		HEVC 3840 × 2160p MPEG-4 AAC 212.5 MHz
(Ch 10)
Kings Cross 650 W 536.5 MHz
(Ch 29)
North Head 1 kW 536.5 MHz
(Ch 29)
4K-UHD Brazil Mt. Sumaré Parts of Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area 660 W (H)
660 W (V) 		ISDB-T 8 MHz 32k extended mode
GI=1/128, 64QAM
FEC5/6, PP7 		36.72 Mbit/s 35.0 Mbit/s HEVC 3840 × 2160p
50 frame/s
8 bit/px 		E-AC-3 5.1 754 MHz
(Ch 56 in Region 1)
4K-UHD South Korea Gwanaksan South Metropolitan area of Seoul 36.7 kW DVB-T2 6 MHz 32k extended mode
GI=1/16, PP4, 256 QAM
FEC 3/4, 4/5, 5/6 		< 35.0 Mbit/s Variable
(some trials at 25~34 Mbit/s) 		HEVC Main10
Level 5.1
Max 28 Mbit/s 		3840 × 2160p
60 frame/s
8 or 10 bit/px

MPEG-H 3D Audio[220]

761 MHz
(Ch 62)
12.9 kW 701 MHz
(Ch 52)
40.0 kW 707 MHz
(Ch 53)
Namsan Central area of Seoul 2.2 kW 761 MHz
(Ch 62)
Yongmunsan West Metropolitan area of Seoul 8.3 kW 707 MHz
(Ch 53)
4K-UHD France Eiffel Tower City of Paris 1 kW DVB-T2 8 MHz 32k extended mode
GI=1/128, 256QAM
FEC2/3, PP7 		40.2 Mbit/s Two programmes carried:
one at 22.5 Mbit/s,
one at 17.5 Mbit/s 		HEVC 3840 × 2160p
50 frame/s
8 bit/px 		HE-AAC 192 kbit/s 514 MHz
(Ch 26 in Region 1)
4K-UHD Spain ETSI Tele-comunicación Ciudad Universitaria Madrid 125 W DVB-T2 8 MHz 32k extended mode
GI=1/128, 64QAM
FEC5/6, PP7 		36.72 Mbit/s 35 Mbit/s
(other bit rates also tested) 		HEVC 3840 × 2160p
50 frame/s
8 bit/px 		E-AC-3 5.1 754 MHz
(Ch 56 in Region 1)
4K-UHD Sweden Stockholm Nacka City of Stockholm 35 kW DVB-T2 8 MHz 32k extended mode
GI=19/256, 256QAM
FEC3/5, PP4 		31.7 Mbit/s 24 Mbit/s HEVC 3840 × 2160p
29.97 frame/s
8 bit/px 		618 MHz
(Ch 39 in Region 1)
4K-UHD United Kingdom[221] Crystal Palace Greater London
(serving over 4.5 million households) 		39.8 kW DVB-T2 8 MHz 32k extended mode
GI=1/128, 256QAM
FEC 2/3, PP7 		40.2 Mbit/s Variable
(some trials at 35 Mbit/s) 		HEVC 3840 × 2160p
50 or 59.94 frame/s
8 bit/px (most) or 10 bit/px 		586 MHz
(Ch 35 in Region 1)
Winter Hill North-west England, including Manchester and Liverpool
(serving 2.7 million households) 		22.5 kW 602 MHz
(Ch 37 in Region 1)
Black Hill Central Scotland, including Glasgow and Edinburgh
(serving 1 million households) 		39 kW 586 MHz
(Ch 35 in Region 1)
4K-UHD Czech Republic[222] Žižkov Television Tower Prague – DVB-T2 8 MHz – – HEVC 3840 × 2160p – 706 MHz
(Ch 50 in Region 1)
4K-UHD Slovakia Kamzík Bratislava 5 kW DVB-T2 32k
256QAM, FEC 3/4 		36 Mbit/s HEVC 3840 × 2160p 184.5 MHz
(Ch 6)
4K-UHD China
(P. R. of)[223] 		Jia xing Jia xing, Zhe gian g about 1 kW
Signal radius: 39 km 		DTMB-A 8 MHz Unknown Unknown Unknown AVS2 3840 × 2160p
50 frame/s 		Unknown
Variant of DRA 		642 MHz
(Ch 29)
4K-UHD China
(P. R. of)[224] 		Taishan Parts of Luzhong area
Signal radius: 130 km 		Unknown
(TPO: 1kW) 		DTMB-A 8 MHz Unknown Unknown Unknown
(some trials at 33.53 Mbit/s for one program) 		AVS2 3840 × 2160p
50 frame/s 		Unknown 778 MHz
(Ch 46)
4K-UHD Hong Kong SAR[225] Temple Hill Kowloonand northern part ofHong Kong Island 1 kW DVB-T2 8 MHz 32k
GI=1/32, PP4, 256QAM
FEC 2/3 		Unknown 25.8 Mbit/s HEVC 3840 × 2160p
50 frame/s 		Unknown 602 MHz
(Ch 37)
Kowloon Peak 320 W
Golden Hill Tsuen WanandKwai Chung 320 W
4K-UHD Hong Kong SAR Temple Hill Kowloon and northern part of Hong Kong Island 1 kW DTMB-A 8 MHz 32k
2PN1024, 256APSK
FEC 2/3 		37.89 Mbit/s 25.5 Mbit/s HEVC 3840 × 2160p
50 frame/s 		Unknown 602 MHz
(Ch 37)
Kowloon Peak 320 W
Golden Hill Tsuen Wan and Kwai Chung 320 W

Status of standardization of UHDTV[edit]

Standards that deal with UHDTV include:

Standardization in ITU-R[edit]

Standards approved in ITU-R:

  • Rec. ITU-R BT.1201-1 (2004)[226]
  • Rec. ITU-R BT.1769 (2006)[227]
  • Rec. ITU-R BT.2020(2012, revised 2014)[26][228]
  • Rec. ITU-R BT.2035-0 (07/13)A reference viewing environment for evaluation of HDTV program material or completed programmes
  • Rec. ITU-R BS.2051-0 (02/14)Advanced sound system for programme production
  • Rec. ITU-R BT.2100(2016)

Other documents prepared or being prepared by ITU-R:

  • Report ITU-R BT.2246-3 (2014)The present state of ultra-high definition television
  • Draft New Report ITU-R BT.[UHDTV-DTT TRIALS] (Sub-Working Group 6A-1)Collection of field trials of UHDTV over DTT networks[217]

Standardization in ITU-T and MPEG[edit]

Standards developed inITU-T'sVCEGandISO/IEC JTC 1'sMPEGthat support Ultra-HD include:

Standardization in SMPTE[edit]

Standardization for Europe[edit]

DVBapproved the Standard TS 101 154 V2.1.1, published (07/2014) in the DVB Blue Book A157Specification for the use of Video and Audio Coding in Broadcasting Applications based on the MPEG-2 Transport Stream,which was published byETSIin the following months.

Standardization for Japan and South Korea[edit]

Standards for UHDTV in South Korea have been developed by itsTelecommunications Technology Association.

On August 30, 2013, the scenarios for 4K-UHDTV service were described in the Report "TTAR 07.0011: A Study on the UHDTV Service Scenarios and its Considerations".

On May 22, 2014, the technical report "TTAR-07.0013: Terrestrial 4K UHDTV Broadcasting Service" was published.

On October 13, 2014, an interim standard – "TTAI.KO-07.0123: Transmission and Reception for Terrestrial UHDTV Broadcasting Service" – was published based on HEVC encoding, with MPEG 2 TS, and DVB-T2 serving as the standards.

On June 24, 2016, a standard – "TTAK.KO-07.0127: Transmission and Reception for Terrestrial UHDTV Broadcasting Service" – was published based on HEVC encoding, with MMTP/ROUTE IP, and ATSC 3.0 serving as the standards.

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^Attributed to multiple sources:[1][2][3][4]
  2. ^Attributed to multiple sources:[8][9][10][11][12]
  3. ^The resulting lines in the image alternate between pixels from the green-1 and red CCDs, and pixels from the blue and green-2 CCDs.

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