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National Reconnaissance Office

Coordinates:38°52′55″N77°27′01″W/ 38.88194°N 77.45028°W/38.88194; -77.45028
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National Reconnaissance Office

NRO headquarters at night
Agency overview
FormedEstablished:August 25, 1960(1960-08-25)
Declassified:September 18, 1992(1992-09-18)
JurisdictionUnited States
HeadquartersChantilly, Virginia,U.S.
MottoSupra Et Ultra
(Above And Beyond)
Annual budgetClassified
Agency executive
Parent agencyDepartment of Defense
Websitewww.nro.gov
Part ofa serieson the
United States space program
Human spaceflight programs
Robotic spaceflight programs
NASA Astronaut Corps
Spaceports
Space launch vehicles
National security space
Civil space
Commercial space industry

TheNational Reconnaissance Office(NRO) is a member of theUnited States Intelligence Communityand an agency of theUnited States Department of Defensewhich designs, builds, launches, and operates thereconnaissance satellitesof theU.S. federal government.It providessatellite intelligenceto several government agencies, particularlysignals intelligence(SIGINT) to theNSA,imagery intelligence(IMINT) to theNGA,andmeasurement and signature intelligence(MASINT) to theDIA.[4]The NRO announced in 2023 that it plans within the following decade to quadruple the number of satellites it operates and increase the number of signals and images it delivers by a factor of ten.[5]

NRO is considered, along with theCentral Intelligence Agency(CIA),National Security Agency(NSA),Defense Intelligence Agency(DIA), andNational Geospatial-Intelligence Agency(NGA), to be one of the "big five"U.S. intelligence agencies.[6]The NRO is headquartered inChantilly, Virginia,[7]2 miles (3.2 km) south of theWashington Dulles International Airport.

The Director of the NRO reports to both theDirector of National Intelligenceand theSecretary of Defense.[8]The NRO's federal workforce is a hybrid organization consisting of some 3,000 personnel including NRO cadre,Air Force,Army,CIA, NGA, NSA,NavyandUS Space Force[9]personnel.[10]A 1996 bipartisan commission report described the NRO as having by far the largest budget of any intelligence agency, and "virtually no federal workforce", accomplishing most of its work through "tens of thousands" ofdefense contractorpersonnel.[11]From its founding in 1961 the NRO's existence was classified and not revealed publicly until 1992.[12]

Mission

[edit]

The National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) develops, builds, launches, and operates space reconnaissance systems and conducts intelligence-related activities for U.S. national security.[13][14]

The NRO also coordinates collection and analysis of information from airplane and satellite reconnaissance by the military services and theCentral Intelligence Agency.[15]It is funded through the National Reconnaissance Program, which is part of the National Intelligence Program (formerly known as the National Foreign Intelligence Program).[16]The agency is part of theDepartment of Defense. The NRO works closely with its intelligence and space partners, which include theNational Security Agency(NSA), theNational Geospatial-Intelligence Agency(NGA), theCentral Intelligence Agency(CIA), theDefense Intelligence Agency(DIA), theUnited States Strategic Command,the United States Space Command,Naval Research Laboratory,and other agencies and organizations.

History

[edit]
Close-up of Atlas 501 payload fairing with NROL-41 satellite (poster commemorating 50 years of NRO).
Serum and Vaccine Institute inAl-A'amiriya,Iraq, as imaged by a US reconnaissance satellite in November 2002.
US Satellite imagery of Syrian tanks departingDa'elin Daraa province after several days of assaults against the town in April 2012.
See also:Chronology of the National Reconnaissance Office

The NRO was established on August 25, 1960, after management problems and insufficient progress with the USAF satellite reconnaissance program (seeSAMOSandMIDAS).[17]: 23 [18]The formation was based on a 25 August 1960 recommendation to PresidentDwight D. Eisenhowerduring a specialNational Security Councilmeeting, and the agency was to coordinate the USAF and CIA's (and later the navy and NSA's) reconnaissance activities.[17]: 46 

The NRO's first photo reconnaissance satellite program was theCorona program,[19]: 25–28 the existence of which was declassified February 24, 1995, and which existed from August 1960 to May 1972 (although the first test flight occurred on February 28, 1959). The Corona system used (sometimes multiple) film capsules dropped by satellites, which were recovered mid-air by military craft. The first successful recovery from space (Discoverer XIII) occurred on August 12, 1960, and the first image from space was seen six days later. The first imaging resolution was 8 meters, which was improved to 2 meters. Individual images covered, on average, an area of about 10 by 120 miles (16 by 193 km). The last Corona mission (the 145th), was launched May 25, 1972, and this mission's last images were taken May 31, 1972. From May 1962 to August 1964, the NRO conducted 12 mapping missions as part of the "Argon"system. Only seven were successful.[19]: 25–28  In 1963, the NRO conducted a mapping mission using higher resolution imagery, as part of the "Lanyard"program. The Lanyard program flew one successful mission.[20]

NRO missions since 1972 are classified, and portions of many earlier programs remain unavailable to the public.

On August 18, 2000, the National Reconnaissance Office recognized its ten original Founders. They were:William O. Baker,Merton E. Davies,Sidney Drell,Richard L. Garwin,Amrom Harry Katz,James R. Killian,Edwin H. Land,Frank W. Lehan,William J. Perry,Edward M. Purcell.[21]Although their early work was highly classified, this group of men went on to extraordinary public accomplishments, including a Secretary of Defense, a Nobel Laureate, a president of MIT, a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Science, a renowned planetary scientist, and more.

Existence

[edit]

The NRO was first mentioned by the press in a 1971New York Timesarticle.[22][23]The first official acknowledgement of NRO was a Senate committee report in October 1973, which inadvertently exposed the existence of the NRO.[24]In 1985, aNew York Timesarticle revealed details on the operations of the NRO.[25]

Despite news coverage of NRO's existence, the United States intelligence community debated for 20 years whether to confirm the reports.[26]The existence of the NRO was declassified on September 18, 1992, by theDeputy Secretary of Defense,as recommended by theDirector of Central Intelligence.[12]The brief press release did not mention the word "satellite", and the agency did not confirm for several more years that it launched satellites on rockets.[26]

Funding controversy

[edit]

AWashington Postarticle in September 1995 reported that the NRO had quietly hoarded between $1 billion and $1.7 billion in unspent funds without informing theCentral Intelligence Agency,the Pentagon,orCongress.[27]

The CIA was in the midst of an inquiry into the NRO's funding because of complaints that the agency had spent $300 million of hoarded funds from its classified budget to build a new headquarters building inChantilly, Virginia,a year earlier.

In total, NRO had accumulated US$3.8 billion (inflation adjusted US$ 7.6 billion in 2024) in forward funding. As a consequence, NRO's three distinct accounting systems were merged.[28]

The presence of the classified new headquarters was revealed by theFederation of American Scientistswho obtained unclassified copies of theblueprintsfiled with the building permit application. After9/11those blueprints were apparently classified. The reports of an NROslush fundwere true. According to former CIAgeneral counselJeffrey Smith, who led the investigation: "Our inquiry revealed that the NRO had for years accumulated very substantial amounts as a 'rainy day fund.'"[29]

Future Imagery Architecture

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In 1999 the NRO embarked on a $25 billion[30]project withBoeingentitledFuture Imagery Architectureto create a new generation of imaging satellites. In 2002 the project was far behind schedule and would most likely cost $2 billion to $3 billion more than planned, according to NRO records. The government pressed forward with efforts to complete the project, but after two more years, several more review panels and billions more in expenditures, the project was killed in what a New York Times report called "perhaps the most spectacular and expensive failure in the 50-year history of American spy satellite projects."[31]

Mid-2000s to present

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On August 23, 2001,Brian Patrick Regan,a civilian employee of TRW at NRO, was arrested atDulles International Airportoutside Washington while boarding a flight for Zurich. He was carrying coded information about Iraqi and Chinese missile sites. He also had the addresses of the Chinese and Iraqi Embassies in Switzerland and Austria. He was sentenced to life in prison without parole for offering to sell intelligence secrets to Iraq and China.[32]

In January 2008, the government announced that a reconnaissance satellite operated by the NRO would make an unplanned and uncontrolled re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere in the next several months.Satellite watchinghobbyists said that it was likely theUSA-193,built byLockheed MartinCorporation, which failed shortly after achieving orbit in December 2006.[33]On February 14, 2008, the Pentagon announced that rather than allowing the satellite to make an uncontrolled re-entry while still in one piece, it would instead beshot down by a missilefired from a Navy cruiser.[34]The intercept took place on February 21, 2008, resulting in the satellite breaking up into multiple pieces.[35]

In July 2008, the NRO declassified the existence of itsSynthetic Aperture Radarsatellites, citing difficulty in discussing the creation of theSpace-Based Radarwith theUnited States Air Forceand other entities.[36]In August 2009,FOIAarchives were queried for a copy of the NRO video, "Satellite Reconnaissance: Secret Eyes in Space."[37]The seven-minute video chronicles the early days of the NRO and many of its early programs. It was proposed that the NRO share the imagery of the United States itself with theNational Applications Officefor domestic law enforcement purposes.[38]The NAO was disestablished in 2009. The NRO is a non-voting associate member of the Civil Applications Committee (CAC). The CAC is an inter-agency committee that coordinates and oversees the Federal- Civil use of classified collections. The CAC was officially chartered in 1975 by the Office of the President to provide Federal- Civil agencies access to National Systems data in support of mission responsibilities.[39]According toAsia Times Online,one important mission of NRO satellites is the tracking of non-US submarines on patrol or on training missions in the world's oceans and seas.[40]At the National Space Symposium in April 2010, NRO director GeneralBruce Carlson,United States Air Force(Retired) announced that until the end of 2011, NRO is embarking on "the most aggressive launch schedule that this organization has undertaken in the last twenty-five years. There are a number of very large and very critical reconnaissance satellites that will go into orbit in the next year to a year and a half."[41]

In 2012, aMcClatchyinvestigation found that the NRO was possibly breaching ethical and legal boundaries by encouraging itspolygraphexaminers to extract personal and private information from DoD personnel during polygraph tests that were limited tocounterintelligenceissues.[42]Allegations of abusive polygraph practices were brought forward by former NRO polygraph examiners.[43]In 2014, an inspector general's report concluded that NRO failed to report felony admissions of child sexual abuse to law enforcement authorities. NRO obtained these criminal admissions during polygraph testing but never forwarded the information to police. NRO's failure to act in the public interest by reporting child sexual predators was first made public in 2012 by former NRO polygraph examiners.[44]On August 30, 2019, Donald Trump tweeted an image of “the catastrophic accident during final launch preparations for the Safir SLV Launch at Semnan Launch Site One in Iran”. The image almost certainly came from a satellite known as USA 224, according to Marco Langbroek, a satellite tracker based in the Netherlands. The satellite was launched by the National Reconnaissance Office in 2011.[45]On January 31, 2020,Rocket Labsuccessfully launched a NROL-151 payload for the NRO.[46]

On December 19, 2020, NROL-108 was successfully launched aboardSpaceX'sFalcon 9rocket.[47]On July 15, 2020, NROL-149 was successfully launched aboard the first launch ofNorthrop Grumman's newMinotaur IVrocket. On April 27, 2021, NROL-82 was successfully launched aboard United Launch Alliance’sDelta IVrocket.[48]On June 15, 2021, NROL-111, a set of three classified satellites,[49]was successfully launched aboard a Northrop GrummanMinotaur Irocket.[50]On July 13, 2022, NROL-162 was launched aboard aRocket Lab Electronrocket from Mahia, New Zealand.[51]On September 24, 2022, NROL-91 (USA 338) was launched from Vandenberg Space Force Base's Space Launch Complex 6 (SLC-6) aboard a United Launch Alliance Delta IV Heavy.

In 2021,SpaceXreportedly won a $1.8 billion contract from the NRO to build a network of hundreds of spy satellites under itsStarshieldunit.[52][53]The satellites reportedly will be able to "track targets on the ground and share that data with U.S. intelligence and military officials... enabling the U.S. government to quickly capture continuous imagery of activities on the ground nearly anywhere on the globe."

Organization

[edit]
NRO Organizational Chart (Sep. 2010)

The NRO is part of theDepartment of Defense.TheDirector of the NROis appointed by thePresident of the United States,by and with the consent of theSenatein accordance with Title 50 of U.S. code.[54]Traditionally, the position was given to either theUnder Secretary of the Air Forceor the Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Space, but with the appointment ofDonald Kerras Director of the NRO in July 2005 the position is now independent. The Agency is organized as follows:[55]

Principal Deputy Director of the NRO (PDDNRO)

  • Reports to and coordinates with the DNRO on all NRO activities and handles the daily management of the NRO with decision responsibility as delegated by the DNRO; and,
  • In the absence of the Director, acts on behalf of the DNRO.

Deputy Director of the NRO (DDNRO)

  • Senior USAF General Officer. Represents the civilian/uniformed USAF personnel assigned to the NRO;
  • Assists both the DNRO and PDDNRO in the daily direction of the NRO; and,
  • Coordinates activities between the USAF and the NRO.

The Corporate Staff

  • Encompasses all those support functions such as legal, diversity, human resources, security/counterintelligence, procurement, public affairs, etc. necessary for the day-to-day operation of the NRO and in support of the DNRO, PDNRO, and DDNRO.

Office of Space Launch (OSL)

  • Responsible for all aspects of a satellite launch including launch vehicle hardware, launch services integration, mission assurance, operations, transportation, and mission safety; and,
  • OSL is NRO's launch representative with industry, the USAF, and NASA.

Advanced Systems and Technology Directorate (AS&T)

  • Invents and delivers advanced technologies;
  • Develops new sources and methods; and,
  • Enables multi-intelligence solutions.

Business Plans and Operations (BPO)

  • Responsible for all financial and budgetary aspects of NRO programs and operations; and,
  • Coordinates all legislative, international, and public affairs communications.

Communications Systems Acquisition Directorate (COMM)

  • Supports the NRO by providing communications services through physical and virtual connectivity; and,
  • Enables the sharing of mission-critical information with mission partners and customers.

Ground Enterprise Directorate (GED)

  • Provides an integrated ground system that sends timely information to users worldwide.

Geospatial Intelligence Systems Acquisition Directorate (GEOINT)

  • Responsible for acquiring NRO's technologically advanced imagery collection systems, which provides geospatial intelligence data to the Intelligence Community and the military.

Management Services and Operations (MS&O)

  • Provides services such as facilities support, transportation and warehousing, logistics, and other business support, which the NRO needs to operate on a daily basis.

Mission Operations Directorate (MOD)

  • Operates, maintains and reports the status of NRO satellites and their associated ground systems;
  • Manages the 24-hour NRO Operations Center (NROC) which, working with U.S Strategic Command, provides defensive space control and space protection, monitors satellite flight safety, and provides space situational awareness.

Mission Integration Directorate (MID)

  • Engages with users of NRO systems to understand their operational and intelligence problems and provide solutions in collaboration with NRO's mission partners.
  • Manages the Tactical Defense Space Reconnaissance (TacDSR) Program to directly answer emerging warfighting intelligence requirements of the Combatant Commands (CCMDs), Services, and other tactical users as funded by the Department of Defense (DoD) Military Intelligence Program (MIP).[56]

Signals Intelligence Systems Acquisition Directorate (SIGINT)

  • This directorate builds and deploys NRO's signals intelligence satellite systems that collect communication, electronic, and foreign instrumentation signals intelligence.

Systems Engineering Directorate (SED)

  • Provides beginning-to-end systems engineering for all of NRO's systems.

Personnel

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See also:Leadership of the National Reconnaissance Office

In 2007, the NRO described itself as "a hybrid organization consisting of some 3,000 personnel and jointly staffed by members of the armed services, the Central Intelligence Agency and DOD civilian personnel."[57]Between 2010 and 2012, the workforce is expected to increase by 100.[58]The majority of workers for the NRO are private corporate contractors, with $7 billion of the agency's $8 billion budget going to private corporations.[19]: 178 

Budget

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NRO budget FY 2004 to 2013

The NRO derives its funding both from the USintelligence budgetand themilitary budget.In 1971, the annual budget was estimated to be around $1 billion in nominal dollars ($ 7.5 billion real in 2024).[22]A 1975 report byCongress'sCommission on the Organization of the Government for the Conduct of Foreign Policy states that the NRO had "the largest budget of any intelligence agency".[25]By 1994, the annual budget had risen to $6 billion (inflation adjusted $ 12.3 billion in 2024),[59]and for 2010 it is estimated to amount to $15 billion (inflation adjusted $ 21 billion in 2024).[citation needed]This would correspond to 19% of the overall US intelligence budget of $80 billion for FY2010.[60]For Fiscal Year 2012 the budget request for science and technology included an increase to almost 6% (about $600 million) of the NRO budget after it had dropped to just about 3% of the overall budget in the years before.[58]

NRO directives and instructions

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Under theFreedom of Information Act,the NRO declassified a list of secret directives for internal use. The following is a list of the released directives, which areavailable for download:

  • NROD 10-2 – "National Reconnaissance Office External Management Policy"
  • NROD 10-4 – "National Reconnaissance Office Sensitive Activities Management Group"
  • NROD 10-5 – "Office of Corporate System Engineer Charter"
  • NROD 22-1 – "Office of Inspector General"
  • NROD 22-2 – "Employee Reports of Urgent Concerns to Congress"
  • NROD 22-3 – "Obligations to report evidence of Possible Violations of Federal Criminal Law and Illegal Intelligence Activities"
  • NROD 50-1 – "Executive Order 12333 – Intelligence Activities Affecting United States Persons"
  • NROD 61-1 – "NRO Internet Policy, Information Technology"
  • NROD 82-1a – "NRO Space Launch Management"
  • NROD 110-2 – "National Reconnaissance Office Records and Information Management Program"
  • NROD 120-1 –The NRO Military Uniform Wear Policy
  • NROD 120-2 – "The NRO Awards and Recognition Programs"
  • NROD 120-3 – "Executive Secretarial Panel"
  • NROD 120-4 – "National Reconnaissance Pioneer Recognition Program"
  • NROD 120-5 – "National Reconnaissance Office Utilization of the Intergovernmental Personnel Act Mobility Program"
  • NROD 121-1 – "Training of NRO Personnel"
  • NROI 150-4 – "Prohibited Items in NRO Headquarters Buildings/Property"

Coordination with USSPACECOM and USSF

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At a mid-2019 press event just prior to the establishment of USSPACECOM, then-Air ForceGeneralJohn W. Raymond(set to lead the new command) stated that the NRO will “respond to the direction of theUnited States Space Commandcommander” to “protecting and defending those (space) capabilities”. General Raymond further stated that “we [NRO and USSPACECOM] have a shared concept of operations, we have a shared vision and a shared concept of operations. We train together, we exercise together, we man the same C2 center, if you will, at theNational Space Defense Center."[61]

In December 2019, theUnited States Space Force(USSF) was established, also helmed by John Raymond, now a Space Force General andChief of Space Operations(CSO).[62]NRO continued its close relationship with American military space operations, partnering with the Space Force'sSpace and Missile Systems Center(SMC) to manage theNational Security Space Launch(NSSL) program, which uses government andcontract spacecraftto launch importantgovernmentpayloads.[63][64]NSSL supports both the USSF and NRO, as well as theNavy.[64]NRO Director Scolese has characterized his agency as critical to American space dominance, stating that NRO provides “unrivaled situational awareness and intelligence to the bestimageryandsignals dataon the planet.”[63]

In August 2021, “Scolese said he, Raymond, and Dickinson recently agreed to a Protect and Defend Strategic Framework covering national security in space and the relationship between DOD and the intelligence community on everything from acquisition to operations”.[65]

Technology

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See also:List of NRO satellites

NRO's technology is likely more advanced than its civilian equivalents. In the 1980s, the NRO had satellites and software that were capable of determining the exact dimensions of atank gun.[25]In 2012 the agency donatedtwo space telescopestoNASA.Despite being stored unused, the instruments are superior to theHubble Space Telescope.One journalist observed, "If telescopes of this caliber are languishing on shelves, imagine what they're actuallyusing."[66]

NMIS network

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TheNRO Management Information System(NMIS) is acomputer networkused to distribute NRO data classified as Top Secret. It is also known as the Government Wide Area Network (GWAN).[67]

Sentient AI satellite control system

[edit]
Main article:Sentient (intelligence analysis system)

Sentientis anautomated (artificial intelligence)intelligence analysissystem under development by the National Reconnaissance Office.[68][69]A principle purpose of the Sentient system is described by the NRO as compiling at machine, versus human speed, synthesis of complex distributed data sources for rapid analysis faster than humans can manage.[70]

According toRobert Cardillo,a former director of theNational Geospatial-Intelligence Agency,the Sentient system is intended to use "automated inferencing"to aid intelligence collection.[71]The Vergedescribed Sentient as “an omnivorous analysis tool, capable of devouring data of all sorts, making sense of the past and present, anticipating the future, and pointing satellites toward what it determines will be the most interesting parts of that future.”[68]

Spacecraft

[edit]
KH-9 Hexagon during integration at Lockheed

The NRO maintains four main satellite constellations:[72]

  • NRO SIGINT constellation
  • NRO GEOINT constellation
  • NRO Communications Relay constellation
  • NRO Reconnaissance constellation

The NRO spacecraft include:[73]

GEOINT imaging

[edit]

GEOINT radar

[edit]

SIGINT

[edit]

Space communications

[edit]

This list is likely to be incomplete, given the classified nature of many NRO spacecraft.

Locations

[edit]
NRO ground station at Buckley Space Force Base, Aurora, CO

In October 2008, NRO declassified five mission ground stations: three in the United States, nearWashington, D.C.;Aurora, Colorado;andLas Cruces, New Mexico,and a presence atRAF Menwith Hill,UK, and at the Joint Defence FacilityPine Gap,Australia.

[edit]
[edit]
  • NRO Organization, circa 1971
    NRO Organization, circa 1971
  • NRO Organization, circa 2009
    NRO Organization, circa 2009
  • The Blues Brothers featured on the National Reconnaissance Office launch number 7 (NROL-7) mission patch
    The Blues Brothers featured on theNational Reconnaissance Officelaunch number 7 (NROL-7) mission patch
  • Patch commemorating launch of a classified payload National Reconnaissance Office launch number 11 (NROL-11) mission patch
    Patch commemorating launch of a classified payloadNational Reconnaissance Officelaunch number 11 (NROL-11) mission patch
  • The official mission patch from Launch-39
    The official mission patch fromLaunch-39
  • National Reconnaissance Operations Center
    National Reconnaissance Operations Center
  • ADF-East Logo
    ADF-East Logo
  • ADF-Southwest Logo
    ADF-Southwest Logo
  • ADF-Colorado Logo
    ADF-Colorado Logo

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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  2. ^"PDDNRO".
  3. ^"Bio- Brigadier General Christopher S. Povak"(PDF).RetrievedNovember 3,2022.
  4. ^Federation of American Scientists."The Evolving Role of the NRO".
  5. ^Hitchens, Theresa (October 10, 2023)."NRO plans 10-fold increase in imagery, signals intel output".Breaking Defense.RetrievedOctober 11,2023.
  6. ^Intelligence Agencies Must Operate More Like An Enterprise
  7. ^"Contact the NROArchived2013-10-29 at theWayback Machine""National Reconnaissance Office Office of Public Affairs 14675 Lee Road Chantilly, VA 20151-1715 "
  8. ^Official NRO Fact Sheet viahttp:// nro.gov,accessed March 2012
  9. ^"NRO Airmen transfer to U.S. Space Force".
  10. ^"Career Opportunities".Archived fromthe originalon 2013-10-29.Retrieved2013-07-08.
  11. ^Commission on the Roles and Capabilities of the United States Intelligence Community."Preparing for the 21st Century: An Appraisal of U.S. Intelligence, Chapter 13 – The Cost of Intelligence".
  12. ^abJeffrey T. Richelson (September 18, 2008)."Out of the Black: The Declassification of the NRO".National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 257.National Security Archive.Retrieved2008-10-13.
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  31. ^Philip Taubman (2007-11-11)."Failure to Launch: In Death of Spy Satellite Program, Lofty Plans and Unrealistic Bids".The New York Times.Retrieved2007-11-12.
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  44. ^Taylor, Marisa. (2014-04-22)WASHINGTON: IG: Feds didn't pass polygraph evidence of child abuse to investigators | Courts & Crime.McClatchy DC. Retrieved on 2014-04-28.
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[edit]

38°52′55″N77°27′01″W/ 38.88194°N 77.45028°W/38.88194; -77.45028

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Reconnaissance_Office&oldid=1240423003"