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Udine

Coordinates:46°04′N13°14′E/ 46.067°N 13.233°E/46.067; 13.233
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This article is about the city in Italy. For the rapid transit station, seeUdine (Milan Metro).

Udine
Udin(Friulian)
Comune
Comune di Udine
Top: San Giovanni Clock Tower and Liberta Square; Angel monument at Udine Santa Maria Church; and Udine Cathedral (left to lower right); bottom: Via Mercatovecchio [it]; Loggia del Lionello; and Matteotti Square [it] (left to right)
Top:San Giovanni Clock Tower and Liberta Square; Angel monument at Udine Santa Maria Church; andUdine Cathedral(left to lower right);bottom:Via Mercatovecchio[it];Loggia del Lionello; andMatteotti Square[it](left to right)
Flag of Udine
Flag
Coat of arms of Udine
Coat of arms
Flag map of Udine
Flag map of Udine
Location of Udine
Map
Udine is located in Italy
Udine
Udine
Location of Udine in Italy
Udine is located in Friuli-Venezia Giulia
Udine
Udine
Udine (Friuli-Venezia Giulia)
Coordinates:46°04′N13°14′E/ 46.067°N 13.233°E/46.067; 13.233
CountryItaly
RegionFriuli-Venezia Giulia
ProvinceUdine
FrazioniSeelist
Government
• MayorAlberto Felice De Toni(Centre-leftindependent)
Area
[1]
• Total56 km2(22 sq mi)
Elevation
113 m (371 ft)
Population
(31 December 2019)[2]
• Total100,170
• Density1,800/km2(4,600/sq mi)
DemonymUdinese
Time zoneUTC+1(CET)
• Summer (DST)UTC+2(CEST)
Postal code
33100
Dialing code0432
ISTATcode030129
Saint day12 July
WebsiteOfficial website

Udine(US:/ˈuːdiːneɪ/OO-dee-nay,[3][4]Italian:[ˈuːdine]ⓘ;Friulian:Udin;Latin:Utinum;Slovene:Videm) is a city andcomune(municipality) in northeastern Italy, in the middle of theFriuli-Venezia Giuliaregion, between theAdriatic Seaand theCarnic Alps.It is the capital of theRegional decentralization entity of Udine.Its population was 100,514 in 2012, 176,000 with the urban area.

Names and etymology[edit]

See also:Names of Udine in different languages

Udine was first attested in medieval Latin records asUdenein 983 and asUtinumaround the year 1000. The origin of the nameUdineis unclear. It has been tentatively suggested that the name may be of pre-Roman origin, connected with theIndo-Europeanroot *ou̯dh-'udder' used in a figurative sense to mean 'hill'.[5][6]The Slovene nameVidem(with final -m) is ahypercorrectionof the local Slovene nameVidan(with final -n), based on settlements namedVidemin Slovenia.[6]The Slovene linguistPavle Merkùcharacterized the Slovene formVidemas an "idiotic 19th-century hypercorrection."[7]

History[edit]

Udine is the historical capital ofFriuli.The area has been inhabited since theNeolithicage, and is believed to have been settled byIllyrians.

Based on an old Hungarian legend,Attila(?–453), the leader of the Huns, built a hill there, when besiegingAquileia,because he needed a billet for his winter quarters: he instructed his soldiers to bring soil in their helmets and shields, because the landscape was too flat, without any hill. He established the town there, and built a square tower.[8]

After the fall of theWestern Roman Empire,the area increased in importance after the decline of Aquileia, then further after the decline ofCividale.In AD 983 Udine was mentioned for the first time, with the donation of theUtinumcastle by emperorOtto IIto thePatriarchs of Aquileia,then the main feudal lords of the region. In 1223, with the foundation of the market,[9]the city became finally the most important in the area for economy and trade, and also became the Patriarch's seat.

Udine as it appeared in 1650

In 1420, it was conquered by theRepublic of Venice.[9]In 1511, it was the seat of a short civil war, which was followed by an earthquake and a plague. Udine remained under Venetian control until 1797,[9]being the second largest city in the state. After the short French domination which ensued, it was part of theAustrianKingdom of Lombardy-Venetia,and was included in the newly formedKingdom of Italyin 1866.[9]

DuringWorld War I,from May 1915 to October 1917, Udine became the seat of the Italian High Command and was nicknamed "Capitale della Guerra" ( "War Capital" ). After thebattle of Caporetto,it was occupied by the Germans in late 1917[10]and by theAustro-Hungariansin 1918 until after theBattle of Vittorio Venetoin 1918. After the war it was made capital of a short-lived province (Provincia del Friuli) which included the current provinces of Gorizia, Pordenone and Udine. After September 8, 1943, when Italy surrendered to the Allies in World War II, the city was under directGerman administration,which ceased in April 1945.

Geography[edit]

Climate[edit]

Udine has ahumid subtropical climate(Köppen:Cfa). Precipitation is abundant all year round with spring and autumn being the wettest seasons. The highest temperature recorded was 38.2 °C (101 °F) on July 21, 2006 while the lowest temperature recorded was −18.6 °C (−1 °F) on December 19, 2009.[11]

Climate data for Udine (Rivolto Air Base) (1991–2020, extremes 1969–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 18.6
(65.5) 		23.2
(73.8) 		25.6
(78.1) 		29.5
(85.1) 		33.2
(91.8) 		36.2
(97.2) 		38.2
(100.8) 		37.0
(98.6) 		34.4
(93.9) 		29.8
(85.6) 		25.3
(77.5) 		17.4
(63.3) 		38.2
(100.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 8.5
(47.3) 		10.2
(50.4) 		14.5
(58.1) 		18.5
(65.3) 		23.0
(73.4) 		27.2
(81.0) 		29.6
(85.3) 		29.4
(84.9) 		24.4
(75.9) 		19.1
(66.4) 		13.6
(56.5) 		9.4
(48.9) 		18.9
(66.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 4.0
(39.2) 		5.0
(41.0) 		9.0
(48.2) 		13.0
(55.4) 		17.6
(63.7) 		21.7
(71.1) 		23.7
(74.7) 		23.5
(74.3) 		18.7
(65.7) 		14.0
(57.2) 		9.1
(48.4) 		4.7
(40.5) 		13.7
(56.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −0.3
(31.5) 		0.1
(32.2) 		3.6
(38.5) 		7.5
(45.5) 		12.2
(54.0) 		16.1
(61.0) 		17.9
(64.2) 		17.6
(63.7) 		13.3
(55.9) 		9.2
(48.6) 		4.8
(40.6) 		0.4
(32.7) 		8.5
(47.3)
Record low °C (°F) −14.6
(5.7) 		−11.6
(11.1) 		−10.0
(14.0) 		−4.8
(23.4) 		1.4
(34.5) 		5.6
(42.1) 		8.2
(46.8) 		6.6
(43.9) 		3.0
(37.4) 		−3.2
(26.2) 		−8.4
(16.9) 		−18.6
(−1.5) 		−18.6
(−1.5)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 55.19
(2.17) 		52.33
(2.06) 		69.34
(2.73) 		83.81
(3.30) 		101.77
(4.01) 		92.30
(3.63) 		75.44
(2.97) 		82.01
(3.23) 		116.63
(4.59) 		111.47
(4.39) 		125.36
(4.94) 		72.63
(2.86) 		1,038.28
(40.88)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 1.0
(0.4) 		1.3
(0.5) 		0.2
(0.1) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.4
(0.2) 		1.1
(0.4) 		4
(1.6)
Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) 4.89 4.34 6.14 8.28 9.68 8.41 7.33 6.96 7.41 7.97 7.83 6.42 85.66
Averagerelative humidity(%) 74.85 71.72 70.16 70.11 71.04 71.13 69.56 68.96 71.08 74.74 77.60 76.16 72.26
Averagedew point°C (°F) −1.1
(30.0) 		−0.9
(30.4) 		2.4
(36.3) 		6.3
(43.3) 		11.3
(52.3) 		14.7
(58.5) 		16.5
(61.7) 		16.1
(61.0) 		12.5
(54.5) 		9.0
(48.2) 		3.7
(38.7) 		0.1
(32.2) 		7.6
(45.6)
Mean monthlysunshine hours 146.32 170.80 198.71 198.90 234.36 234.90 274.04 264.74 194.70 174.84 131.70 142.91 2,366.92
Mean dailydaylight hours 9.1 10.4 11.9 13.6 15 15.7 15.3 14.1 12.5 10.9 9.5 8.7 12.2
Averageultraviolet index 2 3 5 6 8 9 9 8 6 4 3 2 5
Source 1:NOAA[12](dew point 1981-2010)[13]
Source 2:Servizio Meteorologico,[11][14]Nomadseason(UV),[15]Weather atlas(Snow-Daylight)[16]

Demographics[edit]

Historical population
YearPop.±%
187129,425—
188131,954+8.6%
190136,899+15.5%
191146,916+27.1%
192153,635+14.3%
193163,712+18.8%
193663,098−1.0%
195172,908+15.5%
196186,188+18.2%
1971100,794+16.9%
1981102,021+1.2%
199199,189−2.8%
200195,030−4.2%
201198,287+3.4%
202197,736−0.6%
Source:ISTAT

In 2007, there were 97,880 people residing in Udine itself (whereas the greater area has a population double its size), located in the province of Udine,Friuli-Venezia Giulia,of whom 46.9% were male and 53.1% were female. Minors (children ages 18 and younger) totalled 14.36% of the population; in comparison, to pensioners accounted for 24.27%. This contrasts with the Italian average of 18.06% (minors) and 19.94% (pensioners). The average age of Udine residents is 47 compared to the Italian average of 42. Between 2002 and 2007, the population of Udine grew by 1.48%, whereas Italy as a whole grew by 3.56%.[1][2]The current birth rate of Udine is 9.13 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births.

The nearby area close to the border has aSlovenepopulation estimated at 2,000.[9]A 1475 document mentions Slovene as the language of the "lower class" in the town, and the Udine Manuscript of 1458 contains Slovene vocabulary.[9]Alasia da Sommaripa's Italian–Slovenian dictionary was printed in Udine in 1607.[9]However, the Slovenian minority is not officially recognized by the municipality, and Slovene is not taught in any city's state educational institution, nor in neighboring municipalities. Udine, on the other hand, is one of the municipalities inFriuliwhereFriulianis taught.

As of 2023,85.30% of the population was of Italian descent. Of the four provincial capitals of the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region, as of 31 December 2022, Udine has the second highest percentage of foreign residents: 14,386 presences or 14.7% of the total population, higher than the regional average of 9.2%.[17][18]

  1. Romania,2,470 (17,2%)
  2. Albania,1,619 (11,3%)
  3. Ukraine,1,261 (8,8%)
  4. Ghana,716 (5,0%)
  5. Nigeria,677 (4,7%)
  6. China,561 (3,9%)
  7. Serbia,560 (3,9%)
  8. Kosovo,497 (3,5%)
  9. Morocco,490 (3,4%)
  10. Pakistan,468 (3,3%)

Government[edit]

See also:List of mayors of Udine

Main sights[edit]

Piazza della Libertà and the Loggia di San Giovanni
Loggia di San Giovanni, clock tower (Torre dell'Orologio)
Loggia del Lionello
By night

The old residence of the patriarchs of Aquileia, thepalazzo Patriarcale,was erected byGiovanni Fontana[citation needed]in 1517 in place of the older one destroyed by an earthquake in 1511. Under the Austrians it was used as a prison. Arecensionof theVisigothic code of laws,called theBreviary of Alaric,was formerly preserved In the cathedral archives, in a manuscript known as theCodex Utinensis,which was printed before it was lost.

In the 1550s,Andrea Palladioerected some buildings in Udine. TheOratorio della Puritàhas 18th-century frescoes byGiambattista Tiepoloand his son Giandomenico.

The church dedicated to St. Mary of the Castle is probably the oldest in Udine, judging from extant fragments dating back to the Lombard era. It lost its parish status in 1263, when it was annexed to the larger parish of Saint'Odorico (now the cathedral). It has been renovated many times over the centuries: the façade, for example, was entirely rebuilt after the1511 Idrija earthquake.Its three naves preserve the suggestive atmosphere of silence and contemplation, which is often found in old churches. The Venetian Governor, Tommaso Lippomano, commissioned the Venetian Gothicporticowith steps and ramps leading down the hill in 1487.

In the principal square (Piazza della Libertà) stands the town hall (Loggia del Lionello) built in 1448–1457 in the Venetian-Gothic style opposite a clock tower (Torre dell'Orologio) resembling that of thePiazza San MarcoatVenice.It was begun in 1448 on a project byNicolò Lionello,a local goldsmith, and was rebuilt following a fire in 1876. The new design was projected by the architectAndrea Scala.

Opposite the Loggia del Lionello is the Loggia di San Giovanni, a Renaissance structure designed by Bernardino da Morcote. Other noteworthy monuments in the square are the Fountain by Giovanni Carrara, an architect from Bergamo (1542); the Columns bearing theVenetian Lionand the Statue of Justice (1614), the statues of Hercules and Cacus and the Statue of Peace (1819) which was donated to Udine by EmperorFrancis Ito commemorate the peaceTreaty of Campoformido.[19]

The Cathedral of Udine is an imposing edifice whose construction started in 1236, on a Latin cross-shaped plan with three naves and chapels along the sides. The church was consecrated in 1335 asSanta Maria Maggiore.At the beginning of the 18th century, a radical transformation project involving both the exterior and the interior was undertaken at the request and expense of the Manin family. The Baroque interior has monumental dimensions and contains many works of art byTiepolo,Amalteo,andLudovico Dorigny.On the ground floor of the bell tower (built from 1441 over the ancient baptistry) is a chapel which is completely adorned with frescoes byVitale da Bologna(1349).

The centre of Udine is dominated by thecastle,built by the Venetians from 1517 over a Lombard fortification ruined by an earthquake in 1511. The current Renaissance appearance dates from the intervention of Giovanni da Udine, who finished the works starting from 1547. The castle houses one of the most ancient Parliament Halls of Europe.

Other points of interest[edit]

Culture[edit]

Udine has a university, theUniversity of Udine.The archbishop's palace and the Museo Civico have quite important paintings. The city has a theater, the Teatro Giovanni da Udine.

Important festivals include the wine-and-food September festival,Friuli D.O.C.,the national literary prize for non-fictionPremio Friuli Storiaand the biggest European festival of popularEast Asian cinema,theFar East Film Festival,in April.[20]

Asteroid33100 Udinewas named in honour of the city.

Along with Italian,Friulianis often spoken in Udine, as well as a variant ofVenetian(called Venetin) that is however in decline.

Museums[edit]

Museo Diocesano e Gallerie del Tiepolo,Affresco, particolare di una scena biblica, Giacobbe
  • Civici musei e gallerie di storia e arte(since 1906) with Museo Archeologico, Galleria d'Arte Antica, Galleria dei Disegni e delle Stampa, Museo Friulano della Fotografia, Fototeca e Collezioni Risorgimentali[21]
  • Museo di Arte Moderna e Contemporanea
  • Museo etnografico del Friuli(Palazzo Giacomelli)
  • Gallerie del Progetto
  • Museo del Duomo di Udine
  • Museo diocesano e gallerie del Tiepolo

Economy[edit]

Udine is important for commerce, with several commercial centers in the hinterland. There are also iron and mechanical industries (Danieliand ABS are the most important).

Transport[edit]

With 7,600,000 travelling people every year,Udine railway stationis the most important station in Friuli-Venezia Giulia. Train services operate toVenice,Treviso,Trieste,Gemona del Friuli,Tarvisio,Cividale del Friuli,Padua,Bologna,Rome,VeronaandMilan.International trains operate toViennaandMunich.

Gallery[edit]

  • Venetian house
    Venetianhouse
  • Facade of Udine Cathedral
    Facade of Udine Cathedral
  • Udine Cathedral
    Udine Cathedral
  • Chiesa di San Francesco
    Chiesa di San Francesco
  • Piazza San Giacomo
    Piazza San Giacomo
  • Porta Manin
    Porta Manin
  • Porta Aquileia
    PortaAquileia
  • Via Mercatovecchio
    Via Mercatovecchio
  • University of Udine
    University of Udine
  • The Angel of the steeple of the Church of Santa Maria di Castello di Udine
    The Angel of the steeple of the Church of Santa Maria di Castello di Udine

Sport[edit]

Serie AclubUdinese Calcioplay at theStadio Friuli

The mainfootballclub in the city isUdinese Calcio,founded in 1896, who, as of 2023, have played in everySerie Aseason since the1995–96 season.Their ground, theStadio Friuli,was a venue at the1990 FIFA World Cup.

The local basketball team,APU GSA,played in the second national league, theLegaDue.

The formerStadio Morettihosted football andmotorcycle speedway,it held significant events including qualifying rounds of theSpeedway World Championshipin 1971 and 1972.[22][23]

People[edit]

Luca Carlevarijs

International relations[edit]

Twin towns – sister cities[edit]

See also:List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy

Udine istwinnedwith:[25][26]

Friendship[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011".Italian National Institute of Statistics.RetrievedMarch 16,2019.
  2. ^"Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018".Italian National Institute of Statistics.RetrievedMarch 16,2019.
  3. ^"Udine".The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language(5th ed.). HarperCollins.RetrievedAugust 1,2019.
  4. ^"Udine".Merriam-Webster Dictionary.RetrievedAugust 1,2019.
  5. ^Pellegrini, Giovan Battista. 1990.Toponomastica italiana: 10000 nomi di città, paesi, frazioni, regioni, contrade, fiumi, monti spiegati nella loro origine e storia.Milan: Hoepli, p. 130.
  6. ^abSnoj, Marko (2009).Etimološki slovar slovenskih zemljepisnih imen.Ljubljana: Modrijan. p. 454.
  7. ^Toporišič, Jože. 2002. "Pavle Merkù o Slovenskem pravopisu 2001."Kras54/55: 62–64. Reprinted in: Jože Toporišič. 2011.Intervjuji in polemike,pp. 329–333. Ljubljana: Založba ZRC, p. 330.
  8. ^Lengyel, Dénes (1972).Régi Magyar mondák.Budapest: Móra Ferenc.ISBN963-11-2928-4.
  9. ^abcdefgMarušič, Branko. 2000. Videm.Enciklopedija Slovenije,vol. 14. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, pp. 224–225.
  10. ^"On This Day – 29 October 1917".firstworldwar.RetrievedOctober 29,2017.[permanent dead link]
  11. ^ab"Udine Rivolto: Record mensili dal 1969"(in Italian). Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare.RetrievedFebruary 23,2016.
  12. ^"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Udine".National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.RetrievedFebruary 3,2024.
  13. ^"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981-2010: Udine-16045"(XLS).National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.RetrievedMarch 2,2024.Parameter code:39 - Dew Point Temperature
  14. ^"Udine/Rivolto (UD)"(PDF).Atlante climatico.Servizio Meteorologico.RetrievedFebruary 23,2016.
  15. ^"UV Index in Udine, Friuli Venezia Giulia, Italy".Nomadseason.RetrievedMarch 2,2024.Last updated: February 4, 2024
  16. ^"Climate and monthly weather forecast Udine, Italy".Weather Atlas.RetrievedMarch 2,2024.
  17. ^"Bilancio demografico e popolazione residente straniera al 31 dicembre 2022 per sesso e cittadinanza".RetrievedJuly 31,2023.
  18. ^cittadini stranierituttitalia.it
  19. ^"Viaggio in Friuli Venezia Giulia | Udine - Piazza Libertà".Viaggioinfriuliveneziagiulia.it.RetrievedNovember 24,2018.
  20. ^Far East Film Festivalfareastfilm
  21. ^Un'importante donazione fu quella di monete e reperti archeologici della prima sala al piano terra nell'ala est del Castello, donazione diAugusto de' Brandis,del 1924 (vediBergamini, 2002eprovincia.udine.itArchivedJuly 12, 2014, at theWayback Machine).
  22. ^"World Championship".Metal Speedway.RetrievedJanuary 31,2024.
  23. ^"World Championship".Speedway.org.RetrievedJanuary 31,2024.
  24. ^"Reaching salvation is through music where women play a huge role".Femalerockers.April 17, 2020.RetrievedOctober 13,2022.
  25. ^"Gemellaggi e relazioni internazionali".comune.udine.it(in Italian). Udine.RetrievedDecember 16,2019.
  26. ^"Our Twin Cities".Citywindsor.ca.RetrievedDecember 16,2019.

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

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