Ukrainian Alpha bet
| Ukrainian Alpha bet Українська абетка | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Script type | |
Time period | 10th century (Old East Slavic), 15th century (Ruthenian), 18th century (Modern Ukrainian) to present |
| Official script | Cyrillic |
| Languages | Ukrainian |
| Related scripts | |
Parent systems | Egyptian hieroglyphs[1]
|
Sister systems | Ukrainian Latin Pannonian Rusyn Carpathian Rusyn Alpha bets Russian Belarusian Bulgarian |
| ISO 15924 | |
| ISO 15924 | Cyrl(220),Cyrillic |
| Unicode | |
Unicode alias | Cyrillic |
| Subset ofCyrillic (U+0400... U+04FF) | |
TheUkrainian Alpha bet(Ukrainian:абе́тка, áзбукаorалфа́ві́т,romanized:abetka, azbukaoralfavit) is theset of lettersused to writeUkrainian,which is the official language ofUkraine.It is one of several national variations of theCyrillic script.It comes from theCyrillic script,which was devised in the 9th century for the firstSlavicliterary language,calledOld Slavonic.In the 10th century, it became used inKievan Rus'to writeOld East Slavic,from which theBelarusian,Russian,Rusyn,andUkrainianAlpha bets later evolved. The modern Ukrainian Alpha bet has 33 letters in total: 21consonants,1semivowel,10vowelsand 1palatalization sign.Sometimes theapostrophe(') is also included, which has a phonetic meaning and is a mandatory sign in writing, but is not considered as a letter and is not included in the Alpha bet.
In Ukrainian, it is calledукраїнська абетка(IPA:[ʊkrɐˈjinʲsʲkɐɐˈbɛtkɐ];tr.ukrainska abetka), from the initial lettersа(tr.a) andб(tr.b);алфавіт(tr.alfavit); or, archaically,азбука(tr.azbuka), from theacrophonicearly Cyrillicletter namesазъ(tr.az) andбуки(tr.buki).
Ukrainian text is sometimesromanised(written in theLatin Alpha bet) for non-Cyrillic readers or transcription systems. There are several common methods forromanizing Ukrainianincluding the international Cyrillic-to-Latin transcription standardISO 9.There have also been several historical proposals for a nativeUkrainian Latin Alpha bet,but none have caught on.
Alphabet[edit]
| Position | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Uppercase | А | Б | В | Г | Ґ | Д | Е | Є | Ж | З | И | І | Ї | Й | К | Л | М | Н | О | П | Р | С | Т | У | Ф | Х | Ц | Ч | Ш | Щ | Ь | Ю | Я |
| Lowercase | а | б | в | г | ґ | д | е | є | ж | з | и | і | ї | й | к | л | м | н | о | п | р | с | т | у | ф | х | ц | ч | ш | щ | ь | ю | я |
The Alpha bet comprises 33 letters, representing 40phonemes.Theapostropheis also used in the spelling of some words, but is not considered a letter. Ukrainianorthographyis based on the phonemic principle, with one letter generally corresponding to one phoneme. The orthography also has cases in which semantic, historical, and morphological principles are applied. In the Ukrainian Alpha bet the “Ь” could also be the last letter in the Alpha bet (this was its official position from 1932 to 1990).
Twenty-one letters representconsonants(б,в,г,ґ,д,ж,з,к,л,м,н,п,р,с,т,ф,х,ц,ч,ш,щ), ten representvowels(а,е,є,и,і,ї,о,у,ю,я), and one represents asemivowel(й). Thesoft sign(ь),which appears only after consonants, indicates that the preceding consonant is soft (palatalized).
Also,alveolar consonantsare palatalized when followed by certain vowels:д,з,л,н,р,с,т,цandдзare softened when they are followed by a “soft” vowel:є,і,ю,я.Seeiotation.
The apostrophe negates palatalization in places that it would be applied by normal orthographic rules. It also appears after labial consonants in some words, such asім'я"name",[2]and it is retained in transliterations from the Latin Alpha bet:Кот-д'Івуар(Côte d'Ivoire) andО'Тул(O'Toole).
The apostrophe is used similarly in Belarusian orthography, while the same function is served in Russian by thehard sign(ъ): compare Ukrainianоб'єктand Belarusianаб'ектvs. Russianобъект( “object” ).
There are other exceptions to the phonemic principle in the Alpha bet. Some letters represent two phonemes:щ/ʃt͡ʃ/,ї/ji/or/jɪ/,andє/jɛ/,ю/ju/,я/jɑ/when they do not palatalize a preceding consonant. Thedigraphsдзandджare normally used to represent single affricates/d͡z/and/d͡ʒ/.Palatalization of consonants beforeе,у,аis indicated by writing the corresponding letterє,ю,яinstead (theoretical palatalization beforeиis not indicated asіalready corresponds to the palatized or “soft” counterpart ofи).
Compared to other Cyrillic Alpha bets, the modern[3]Ukrainian Alpha bet is most similar to those of the otherEast Slavic languages:Belarusian,Russian,andRusyn.It has retained the two early Cyrillic lettersі(i) andizhe(и) to represent related sounds/i/and/ɪ/as well as the two historical formse(е) andye(є). Its unique letters are the following:
- ge(ґ), used for the less-commonvelar plosive/ɡ/sound, whereas in Ukrainian the common Cyrillicгrepresents aglottal fricative,/ɦ/.
- yi(ї)/ji/or/jɪ/.
History[edit]
Early Cyrillic Alpha bet[edit]
TheCyrillic scriptwas a writing system developed in theFirst Bulgarian Empirein the tenth century, to write theOld Church Slavonicliturgical language.It was named afterSaint Cyril,who with his brotherMethodiushad created the earlierGlagoliticSlavonic script. Cyrillic was based on Greekuncial script,and adopted Glagolitic letters for some sounds which were absent in Greek – it also had some letters which were only used almost exclusively for Greek words or for theirnumeric value:Ѳ,Ѡ,Ѱ,Ѯ,Ѵ.
Theearly Cyrillic Alpha betwas brought toKievan Rus'at the end of the first millennium, along withChristianityand theOld Church Slavoniclanguage. The Alpha bet was adapted to the local spokenOld East Slaviclanguage, leading to the development of indigenous East Slavicliterary languagealongside the liturgical use of Church Slavonic. The Alpha bet changed to keep pace with changes in language, as regional dialects developed into the modern Ukrainian,BelarusianandRussianlanguages. Spoken Ukrainian has an unbroken history, but the literary language has suffered from two major historical fractures.
Various reforms of the Alpha bet by scholars of Church Slavonic,Ruthenian,andRussian languagescaused the written and spoken word to diverge by varying amounts. Etymological rules from Greek andSouth Slavic languagesmade the orthography imprecise and difficult to master.
Meletii Smotrytskyi'sSlavonic Grammar of 1619 was very influential on the use of Church Slavonic, and codified the use of the letters Я (ya), Е (e), and Ґ (g). VariousRussian Alpha bet reformswere influential as well, especiallyPeter the Great's Civil Script of 1708 (theGrazhdanka). It created a new Alpha bet specifically for non-religious use, and adopted Latin-influenced letterforms for type. The Civil Script eliminated some archaic letters (Ѯ,Ѱ,Ѡ,Ѧ), but reinforced an etymological basis for the Alpha bet, influencingMykhailo Maksymovych's nineteenth-centuryGalicianMaksymovychivkascript for Ukrainian, and its descendant, thePankevychivka,which is still in use, in a slightly modified form, for theRusyn languageinCarpathian Ruthenia.
Nineteenth-century reforms[edit]
In reaction to the hard-to-learn etymological Alpha bets, several reforms attempted to introduce aphonemicUkrainian orthography during the nineteenth century, based on the example ofVuk Karadžić's Serbian Cyrillic. These includedPanteleimon Kulish'sKulishivkaAlpha bet used in his 1857Notes on Southern Rus'andHramatka,theDrahomanivkaAlpha bet promoted in the 1870s byMykhailo Drahomanov,and Yevhen Zhelekhivskyi'sZhelekhivkaAlpha bet from 1886, which standardized the letters ї (yi) and ґ (g).
A Ukrainian cultural revival of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries stimulated literary and academic activity in bothDnieper Ukraine(part of theRussian Empire) and western Ukraine (Austrian-controlledGalicia). In Galicia, the Polish-dominated local government tried to introduce aLatin Alpha bet for Ukrainian,which backfired by prompting a heated “War of the Alphabets”, bringing the issue of orthography into the public eye. The Cyrillic script was favoured, but conservative Ukrainian cultural factions (the Old Ruthenians andRussophiles) opposed publications which promoted a pure Ukrainian orthography.
In Dnieper Ukraine, proposed reforms suffered from periodic bans of publication and performance in the Ukrainian language. One such decree was the notorious 1876Ems Ukaz,which banned the Kulishivka and imposed a Russian orthography until 1905 (called theYaryzhka,after the Russian letteryeryы). The Kulishivka was adopted by Ukrainian publications, only to be banned again from 1914 until after theFebruary Revolutionof 1917.
The Zhelekhivka became official in Galicia in 1893, and was adopted by many eastern Ukrainian publications after the Revolution. ThePeople's Republic of Ukraineadopted official Ukrainian orthographies in 1918 and 1919, and Ukrainian publication increased, and then flourished under Skoropadsky'sHetmanate.Under theBolshevik government of Ukraine,Ukrainian orthographies were confirmed in 1920 and 1921.
Unified orthography[edit]
In 1925, theUkrainian SSRcreated a Commission for the Regulation of Orthography. During the period ofUkrainizationinSovietUkraine, the 1927 International Orthographic Conference was convened inKharkiv,from May 26 to June 6. At the conference, a standardized Ukrainian orthography and method for transliterating foreign words were established, a compromise between Galician and Soviet proposals, called theUkrainian orthography of 1928,orSkrypnykivka,after Ukrainian Commissar of EducationMykola Skrypnyk.It was officially recognized by the Council of People's Commissars in 1928, and by the LvivShevchenko Scientific Societyin 1929, and adopted by theUkrainian diaspora.The Skrypnykivka was the first universally adopted native Ukrainian orthography.
However, by 1930Stalin's government started to reverse the Ukrainization policy, partly attributing the peasant resistance tocollectivizationto Ukrainian nationalists.[4]In 1933, theorthographic reformswere abolished, decrees were passed to bring the orthography steadily closer to Russian. His reforms discredited and labelled “nationalist deviation”, Skrypnyk committed suicide rather than face a show trial and execution or deportation. The Ukrainian lettergeґ,[5]and the phonetic combinations ль, льо, ля were eliminated, and Russian etymological forms were reintroduced (for example, the use of -іа- in place of -я-). An official orthography was published in Kyiv in 1936, with revisions in 1945 and 1960. This orthography is sometimes calledPostyshivka,afterPavel Postyshev,Stalin's official who oversaw the dismantling of Ukrainisation.
In the meantime, the Skrypnykivka continued to be used by Ukrainians in Galicia and the worldwide diaspora.
During the period ofPerestroikain the USSR, a new Ukrainian Orthographic Commission was created in 1986. A revised orthography was published in 1990, reintroducing the letter geґ.It also revised the Alpha betical order, moving the soft signьfrom the end of the Alpha bet, to a position before the letterю,which helps sort Ukrainian text together with Belarusian (following a proposal by L. M. Ivanenko of the Glushkov Institute of Cybernetics).
On 21 May 2019, theCabinet of Ministers of Ukraineapproved anew version of the orthographyprepared by the Ukrainian National Commission on Spelling. The new edition brought to life some features oforthography in 1928,which were part of the Ukrainian orthographic tradition. At the same time, the commission was guided by the understanding that the language practice of Ukrainians in the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century has already become part of the Ukrainian orthographic tradition.[6]
Letter names and pronunciation[edit]
| Upright | Most common transliteration | English equivalent (approximation) | Example in Ukrainian | Name | Traditional name | IPA | Etymology |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| А а | a | father, large | абетка( Alpha bet) | а/ɑ/ | аз | /ɑ/ | From the Greek letterAlpha(Α α) |
| Б б | b | bad,big,bed | бабуся (grandmother) | бе/bɛ/ | буки | /b/,/b˙/[7] | From the Greek letterbeta(Β β) |
| В в | v | water,while | віл (ox) | ве/wɛ/ | віді | /w/,[a]/u̯/,/ʋ/[8] | From the Greek letterbeta(Β β) |
| Г г | h | neighbourhood,hello | говорити (to talk) | ге/ɦɛ/ | глаголь | /ɦ/ | From the Greek lettergamma(Γ γ) |
| Ґ ґ[b] | g | egg,gold | ґуля (lump) | ґе/ɡɛ/ | — | /ɡ/ | It comes from the italic variant of the Greek lettergamma(Γ γ). In the 14th century it was transmitted in writing by the digraphкг(кгрунт —ґрунт). It was used for the first time in thePeresopnytsia Gospel(1556–1561). Officially became a part of the Alpha bet inMeletius Smotrytsky's "Grammar" in 1616. Removed from the Alpha bet in 1933 as a part of theRussification of Ukraine.Restored in the third edition of "Ukrainian orthography"in 1990. Rare, and only appears in native words and toponyms. |
| Д д | d | dog,doing | десь (somewhere) | де/dɛ/ | добро | /d/,/dʲ/,/ɟː/,/d͡z/,/d͡zʲ/,[10]/d͡ʒ/[11] | From the Greek letterdelta(Δ δ) |
| Е е | e | bed | церква (church) | е/ɛ/ | єсть | /ɛ/,/ɛ̝/[12] | From the Greek letterepsilon(Ε ε) |
| Є є | ye, ie | yellow,yes,yet | моє(my) | є/jɛ/ | — | /jɛ/or/ʲɛ/ | Alluded to the Cyrillic letterѤ,but not directly derived from it. One of the variants of the Cyrillic letter е / є. It was first used in the spelling of "Русалка Днѣстровая" in 1837 to indicate the sounds [jɛ] and [ɛ] with a softening of the preceding consonant, before that it was used in Maksymovychivka instead of the modern e (жєньци — женці). |
| Ж ж | zh | pleasure, vision | авжеж(of course) | же/ʒɛ/ | живіте | /ʒ/,/ʒʲː/,/d͡ʒ/[11] | From theGlagoliticletter Zhivete (Ⰶ), that most likely comes from the Coptic letter janjia (Ϫ ϫ). There is no corresponding letter in the Greek Alpha bet. |
| З з | z | zoo | забавка (toy) | зе/zɛ/ | земля | /z/,/zʲ/,/zʲː/,/d͡z/,/d͡zʲ/,[10]/s/,/sʲ/[13] | From the Greek letterzeta(Ζ ζ) |
| И и | y | mitt | писати(to write) | и/ɪ̈/ | іже (осьмеричне) | /ɪ̈/,/ɪ/,/ɪ̞/[14] | From the Greek lettereta(Η η) |
| І і | i | meet | ніч (night) | і/i/ | і(жеї) (десятеричне) | /i/,/ʲi/ | From the Greek letteriota(Ι ι), from the Phoenicianyodh.Since 1818, the letter has been the only letter to indicate the sound/i/in the Ukrainian language. Before that, the letters и, ѣ, ô, ê, û were used. |
| Ї ї | yi, i | yeast | країна (country) | ї/ji/ | — | /ji/ | The letter was officially introduced to the Alpha bet by P. Zhytetskyi and K. Mykhalchuk in 1874–1875. Before that, the letters ѣ, и and е were used (e.g.ѣжакъ —їжак,ии—її). |
| Й й | y, i | boy,toy | цей(this) | йот/jɔt/,й/ɪj/ | — | /j/ | The letterиwith abreve.Borrowed from Greek, where it was used to indicate short sounds. For the sound/j/,the letter began to be used in M. Smotrytsky's "Grammar" since 1619. |
| К к | k | cat,king | канал (channel) | ка/kɑ/ | како | /k/,/ɡ/[15] | From the Greek letterkappa(Κ κ) |
| Л л | l | like | лити (to pour) | ел/ɛl/ | люди(є) | /l/,/lʲ/,/ʎː/ | From the Greek letterlambda(Λ λ) |
| М м | m | my | місто (city) | ем/ɛm/ | мисліте | /m/ | From the Greek lettermu(Μ μ) |
| Н н | n | never | вагітна (pregnant) | ен/ɛn/ | нащ | /n/,/nʲ/,/ɲː/ | From the Greek letternu(Ν ν) |
| О о | o | long, more | вподобайка (like) | о/ɔ/ | он | /ɔ/,/o/[16] | From the Greek letteromicron(Ο ο) |
| П п | p | people | пес (dog) | пе/pɛ/ | покой | /p/,/p˙/[17] | From the Greek letterpi(Π π) |
| Р р | r | rolledr,Italian terra | родина (family) | ер/ɛr/ | рци | /r/,/rʲ/ | From the Greek letterrho(Ρ ρ) |
| С с | s | sea,so | серпень (August) | ес/ɛs/ | слово | /s/,/sʲ/,/sʲː/,/z/,/zʲ/[18] | From the Greek lettersigma(Σ σ/ς) |
| Т т | t | star,top | додаток (app) | те/tɛ/ | твердо | /t/,/tʲ/,/cː/,/d/,/dʲ/[19] | From the Greek lettertau(Τ τ) |
| У у | u | boot | дідусь (grandfather) | у/u/ | ук | /u/,/u̯/ | Originally it was adigraphof the Cyrillic letters О and Ѵ, which repeats the Greek way of denoting the sound [u] by combining the letters ου. |
| Ф ф | f | fight | фото (photo) | еф/ɛf/ | ферт | /f/ | From the Greek letterphi(Φ φ) |
| Х х | kh | ugh | хворий (sick) | ха/xɑ/ | хір | /x/ | From the Greek letterchi(Χ χ) |
| Ц ц | ts | sits | цукор (sugar) | це/t͡sɛ/ | ци | /t͡s/,/t͡sʲ/,/t͡sʲː/ | There is no exact version of the origin, letters similar in spelling existed in several ancient Alpha bets: inEthiopian,Aramaicand Alpha bets derived from it, such asHebrewandCoptic. |
| Ч ч | ch | chat,check | рукавичка (glove) | че/t͡ʃɛ/ | черв | /t͡ʃ/,/t͡ʃʲː/,/d͡ʒ/[20] | Possibly from the Hebrew lettertsade(צ), maybe it has the same origin as the letterц.Francisk Skarynaused the Greek letterkoppa(Ϙ ϙ) for the letterч. |
| Ш ш | sh | shoes | шафа (wardrobe) | ша/ʃɑ/ | ша | /ʃ/,/ʃʲː/ | There is no exact version of the origin, letters similar in spelling existed in several ancient Alpha bets: theEthiopianε,Aramaicand Alpha bets derived from it, such as theHebrewש or theCopticϣ. |
| Щ щ | shch | freshcherries | борщ(Borscht) | ща/ʃt͡ʃɑ/ | ща | /ʃt͡ʃ/ | By origin, it is aligatureof the lettersшandт(in modernBulgarian,the letter щ is still read as [ʃt]). |
| Ь ь[c] | ʹ | silent,palatalizesa consonant | кінь(horse) | м'який знак/mjɑˈkɪjˈznɑk/ | єрь | /ʲ/ | It is most likely a modification of the Early CyrillicОwith a dash on top, or the Early Cyrillic letterІ,that still exists in Ukrainian. The letter ь became the graphic basis for other Cyrillic letters, like ъ, ы and ѣ. |
| Ю ю | yu, iu | use | ключ (key) | ю/ju/ | ю | /ju/,/ʲu/ | Corresponds to the Greek letter combinationοι(omicron and iota) |
| Я я | ya, ia | yard | я(I) | я/jɑ/ | малий юс | /jɑ/,/ʲɑ/ | Originally the Cyrillic "little yus" comes from a Glagolitic letter, that probably borrowed it from Greek ligatures likeενorον.The modern form was introduced to the Alpha bet afterPeter I's reforms. |
| ' | ʺ | silent, preventspalatalization | м'ясо (meat) | апостроф/ɑˈpɔstrɔf/ | — | —[d] | — |
For other transliteration systems, seeromanisation of Ukrainian.
Notes:
- ^The pronunciation of/w/varies depending on context; it is labial before back vowels and labiodental before front vowels. It is also vocalised to[u̯]in the syllable coda.[clarification needed]
- ^Ge (ґ) was officially banned inSoviet Ukrainefrom 1933 to 1990;[9]it is missing from some computercharacter encodingsand fonts, such asISO-8859-5andMS-DOS Cyrillic.
- ^Thesoft sign(ь) indicates the softening (palatalization) of the preceding consonant letter. It was at the end of the Alpha bet before 1990, when the new official orthography changed its position.
- ^The apostrophe is used in Ukrainian as ahard signanalogous to the Russian letterъ,indicating that the consonant preceding a soft vowel is notpalatalized,when it otherwise would be.
There are alsodigraphswhich are pronounced as a single sound:⟨дж⟩,which is pronounced/dʒ/,likedginknowledge,and⟨дз⟩,which is realized as/d͡z/.Examples:джміль(dzhmil,"a bumble bee" ),бджола(bdzhola,"a bee" ),дзвоник(dzvonyk,"a bell" ).
Historic letters[edit]
| Upright | Italics | Most common transliteration | Modern Ukrainian equivalent | Name | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ѥ ѥ | Ѥ ѥ | ye, ie, je | е, є | йотоване е | /jɛ/ |
| Ѕ ѕ | Ѕ ѕ | z | з | (д)зіло | /z/,/zʲ/ |
| Ѡ ѡ | Ѡ ѡ | o | о | омега, о | /o/ |
| Ъ ъ | Ъ ъ | " | ' (apostrophe) | єр | — |
| Ы ы | Ы ы | y | и | єри | /ɪ/ |
| Ѣ ѣ | Ѣ ѣ | ě | і | ять | /i/ |
| Ꙗ ꙗ | Ꙗ ꙗ | ya, ia, ja | я | йотоване а | /jɑ/ |
| Ѧ ѧ | Ѧ ѧ | ę | я | малий юс | /ɛ̃/ |
| Ѫ ѫ | Ѫ ѫ | ǫ | у | великий юс | /ɔ̃/ |
| Ѩ ѩ | Ѩ ѩ | yę | я | малий йотований юс | /jɛ̃/ |
| Ѭ ѭ | Ѭ ѭ | yǫ | ю | великий йотований юс | /jɔ̃/ |
| Ѱ ѱ | Ѱ ѱ | ps | пс | псі | /ps/,/psʲ/ |
| Ѯ ѯ | Ѯ ѯ | ks | кс | ксі | /ks/,/ksʲ/ |
| Ѳ ѳ | Ѳ ѳ | f | ф | фіта | /θ/,/f/ |
| Ѵ ѵ | Ѵ ѵ | í, v | і, в | іжиця | /i/,/v/ |
| Ё ё | Ё ё | yo, io, jo, ë | йо, ьо | йо | /jɔ/ |
| Ў ў | Ў ў | w, ŭ | в | коротке у | /u̯/ |
| Э э | Э э | e | e | e | /e/ |
Letterforms and typography[edit]
In print, severallowercaseCyrillic letters resemble smaller versions of their correspondinguppercaseforms.
Handwritten Cyrilliccursiveletterforms vary somewhat from their corresponding printed (typeset) counterparts, particularly for the lettersг,д,и,й,andт.
LikeLatin script,whose typefaces haveromananditalicforms, a Cyrillic type face (шрифт,shryft) has upright (прямий,priamyi) and cursive (курсивний,kursyvnyi) font forms, the latter of which later came to be called (письмівка,pys’mivka). Several lowercase letters in the cursive printed form bear little resemblance to the corresponding lowercase letters in the upright printed form, more closely resembling the corresponding handwritten lowercase cursive forms instead, particularly for the lettersг,д,и,й,п,andт.
Quoted text is typically enclosed in unspaced Frenchguillemets(«angle-quotes»), or in lower and upperquotation marksas in German.
| standard | alternative |
|---|---|
| «цитата» | „цитата“ |
| U+00AB U+00BB | U+201E U+201F |
| « » | „ ‟ |
Reference:Bringhurst, Robert(2002).The Elements of Typographic Style(version 2.5), pp. 262–264. Vancouver, Hartley & Marks.ISBN0-88179-133-4.
Encoding Ukrainian[edit]
There are variouscharacter encodingsfor representing Ukrainian with computers.
ISO 8859-5[edit]
ISO 8859-5encoding is missing the letterґ.
KOI8-U[edit]
KOI8-Ustands forКод обміну інформації 8 бітний — український,"Code for information interchange 8 bit — Ukrainian", analogous to "ASCII".KOI8-U is a Ukrainianized version ofKOI8-R.
Windows-1251[edit]
Windows-1251works for the Ukrainian Alpha bet, as well as for other Cyrillic Alpha bets.
Unicode[edit]
Ukrainian falls within the Cyrillic (U+0400 to U+04FF) and Cyrillic Supplementary (U+0500 to U+052F) blocks ofUnicode.The characters in the range U+0400–U+045F are basically the characters fromISO 8859-5moved upward by 864 positions.
In the following table, Ukrainian letters have titles indicating their Unicode information and HTML entity. In a visual browser you can hold the mouse pointer over the letter to see this information.
| First 3 digits | Last digit | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
6
|
7
|
8
|
9
|
A
|
B
|
C
|
D
|
E
|
F
| |
040
|
Ѐ | Ё | Ђ | Ѓ | Є | Ѕ | І | Ї | Ј | Љ | Њ | Ћ | Ќ | Ѝ | Ў | Џ |
041
|
А | Б | В | Г | Д | Е | Ж | З | И | Й | К | Л | М | Н | О | П |
042
|
Р | С | Т | У | Ф | Х | Ц | Ч | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы | Ь | Э | Ю | Я |
043
|
а | б | в | г | д | е | ж | з | и | й | к | л | м | н | о | п |
044
|
р | с | т | у | ф | х | ц | ч | ш | щ | ъ | ы | ь | э | ю | я |
045
|
ѐ | ё | ђ | ѓ | є | ѕ | і | ї | ј | љ | њ | ћ | ќ | ѝ | ў | џ |
046
|
Ѡ | ѡ | Ѣ | ѣ | Ѥ | ѥ | Ѧ | ѧ | Ѩ | ѩ | Ѫ | ѫ | Ѭ | ѭ | Ѯ | ѯ |
047
|
Ѱ | ѱ | Ѳ | ѳ | Ѵ | ѵ | Ѷ | ѷ | Ѹ | ѹ | Ѻ | ѻ | Ѽ | ѽ | Ѿ | ѿ |
048
|
Ҁ | ҁ | ҂ | ҃ | ҄ | ҅ | ҆ | ҇ | ҈ | ҉ | Ҋ | ҋ | Ҍ | ҍ | Ҏ | ҏ |
049
|
Ґ | ґ | Ғ | ғ | Ҕ | ҕ | Җ | җ | Ҙ | ҙ | Қ | қ | Ҝ | ҝ | Ҟ | ҟ |
04A
|
Ҡ | ҡ | Ң | ң | Ҥ | ҥ | Ҧ | ҧ | Ҩ | ҩ | Ҫ | ҫ | Ҭ | ҭ | Ү | ү |
04B
|
Ұ | ұ | Ҳ | ҳ | Ҵ | ҵ | Ҷ | ҷ | Ҹ | ҹ | Һ | һ | Ҽ | ҽ | Ҿ | ҿ |
04C
|
Ӏ | Ӂ | ӂ | Ӄ | ӄ | Ӆ | ӆ | Ӈ | ӈ | Ӊ | ӊ | Ӌ | ӌ | Ӎ | ӎ | ӏ |
04D
|
Ӑ | ӑ | Ӓ | ӓ | Ӕ | ӕ | Ӗ | ӗ | Ә | ә | Ӛ | ӛ | Ӝ | ӝ | Ӟ | ӟ |
04E
|
Ӡ | ӡ | Ӣ | ӣ | Ӥ | ӥ | Ӧ | ӧ | Ө | ө | Ӫ | ӫ | Ӭ | ӭ | Ӯ | ӯ |
04F
|
Ӱ | ӱ | Ӳ | ӳ | Ӵ | ӵ | Ӷ | ӷ | Ӹ | ӹ | Ӻ | ӻ | Ӽ | ӽ | Ӿ | ӿ |
050
|
Ԁ | ԁ | Ԃ | ԃ | Ԅ | ԅ | Ԇ | ԇ | Ԉ | ԉ | Ԋ | ԋ | Ԍ | ԍ | Ԏ | ԏ |
051
|
Ԑ | ԑ | Ԓ | ԓ | Ԕ | ԕ | Ԗ | ԗ | Ԙ | ԙ | Ԛ | ԛ | Ԝ | ԝ | Ԟ | ԟ |
052
|
Ԡ | ԡ | Ԣ | ԣ | Ԥ | ԥ | Ԧ | ԧ | Ԩ | ԩ | Ԫ | ԫ | Ԭ | ԭ | Ԯ | ԯ |
Web pages and XML[edit]
Elements inHTMLandXMLwould normally have theUkrainian languageindicated using theIETF language taguk(lang= "uk"in HTML andxml:lang= "uk"in XML). Although indicating the writing system is normally not necessary, this can be accomplished by adding a script subtag, for example to distinguish Cyrillic Ukrainian text (uk-Cyrl) fromromanized Ukrainian(uk-Latn).
Keyboard layout[edit]
The standard Ukrainiankeyboard layoutfor personal computers is as follows:
See also[edit]
- Cyrillic Alpha bets
- Euro-Ukrainian Alpha bet
- Thehryvnia sign(₴) derives from the cursive minuscule letter He (г)
- Romanization of Ukrainian
- Scientific transliteration of Cyrillic
Notes[edit]
- ^Himelfarb, Elizabeth J. "First Alphabet Found in Egypt", Archaeology 53, Issue 1 (Jan./Feb. 2024): 21.
- ^"Read Ukrainian!".Archived fromthe originalon 2012-03-06.
- ^"Use of Ukrainian Language, Serbia".10 October 2016.
- ^Applebaum, Anne(2017).Red Famine.Penguin. p. 159.ISBN978-0-141-97828-4.
- ^Applebaum, Anne(2017).Red Famine.Penguin. p. 224.ISBN978-0-141-97828-4.
- ^"The Ministry of Education and Science explained why they changed the Ukrainian spelling. Law and Business".zib.ua.Retrieved2021-04-06.
- ^Half-palatalaized sound [b˙] occurs in some loanwords such as бюро.
- ^Half-palatalaized sound [w˙] occurs in words such as свято, цвях, дзвякнути.
- ^Vakulenko, S.1933 in history of Ukrainian language: current norm and spelling practice (on example of editorial policy of "Komunist" newspaper (1933 ій рік в історії української мови: чинна норма та правописна практика (на прикладі редакційної політики газети «Комуніст»)).Historians. 3 December 2012
- ^abIn the digraphдз.
- ^abIn the digraphдж.
- ^Is pronounced the same as[ɪ̞].
- ^The prefixз-and the prepositionзbefore unvoiced consonants are devoiced to [s]: зцілити [sʲtsʲi'lɪtɪ], з хати ['sxɑtɪ]. The prefix роз- is pronounced [ros] before unvoiced consonants in fast and normal speech tempo: розказа́ти [roskɑ'zɑtɪ]. Before [s] it is usually pronounced with [z]: розсипати [roz'sɪpɑtɪ]. In slow tempo, роз- is pronounced [roz]: [rozkɑ'zɑtɪ]. The prefix без- before unvoiced consonants is pronounced [bez-] in slow and normal speech tempo: безпека [bɛ̝z'pɛkɑ]. In fast speech, it sounds as [bes]: [bɛ̝s'pɛkɑ].
- ^Sounds the same as[ɛ̝].
- ^Unvoiced consonants are pronounced as voiced before voiced obstruents: вокза́л [woɡ'zɑl].
- ^If it is labialized.
- ^Half-palatalized sound [p˙] occurs in some loanwords such as пюре.
- ^Unvoiced consonants are pronounced as voiced before voiced obstruents: о́сь де ['ozʲdɛ̝].
- ^Unvoiced consonants are pronounced as voiced before voiced obstruents: боротьба́ [borodʲ'bɑ].
- ^Unvoiced consonants are pronounced as voiced before voiced obstruents: хоч би́ [xod͡ʒ'bɪ].
References[edit]
- Peter T. DanielsandWilliam Bright,eds.[clarification needed](1996).The World's Writing Systems,pp 700, 702. Oxford University Press.ISBN0-19-507993-0.
- Volodymyr Kubijovyčed.[clarification needed](1963). "Ukrainian Writing and Orthography" inUkraine: A Concise Encyclopædia,vol 1, pp 511–520. Toronto, University of Toronto Press.ISBN0-8020-3105-6.
Further reading[edit]
- Meletius Smotrytsky(1619).Slavonic Grammar.(Reprint edition,with Ukrainian interface.)
- Ivan Ohienko(1918).Naiholovnishi pravyla ukrainskoho pravopysu.Kyiv, UNR Ministry of Education.
- Ivan Ohienko (1919).Holovnishi pravyla ukrainskoho pravopysu.Kyiv, UNR Ministry of Education.
- All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences (VUAN, 1920).
- People's Commissariat of Education (1921).
- (1928)Ukrainskyi pravopys.Kharkiv,Academy of Science of the Ukrainian SSR.
- (1936)Ukrainskyi pravopys.Kyiv, Academy of Science of the Ukrainian SSR.
- L. Bulakhovsky, ed. (1946).Ukrainskyi pravopys.Kyiv, May 8, 1945: Academy of Science of the Ukrainian SSR.
- (1960)Ukrainskyi pravopys.Kyiv, Academy of Science of the Ukrainian SSR.
- (1990)Ukrainskyi pravopys.Kyiv, Academy of Science of the Ukrainian SSR.
- (2007)Ukrainskyi pravopys.Kyiv, Naukova Dumka.Online version.
- (2012)Ukrainskyi pravopys.Kyiv, Naukova Dumka.Online version.
- (2015)Ukrainskyi pravopys.Kyiv, Naukova Dumka.Online version.
- (2019)Ukrainskyi pravopys.Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine.Download page.
- Elias Shklanka,Ukrainian Primer.New York: Knyho-Spilka.
- Orest Dubas, ed.,Mii naikrashchyi Slovnyk.(Мій найкращий Словник), 2nd edition. Ukrainian adaptation of Richard Scarry'sBest Word Book Ever.
External links[edit]
- The Cyrillic Charset Soup— Roman Czyborra's site contains an exhaustive history of Cyrillic character set encoding schemes.
- Проєкт нового “Українського правопису”Archived2016-03-05 at theWayback Machine— Proposal for a new Ukrainian orthography (in Ukrainian).
- At the Encyclopedia of Ukraine:Cyrillic script,Orthography,Hrazhdanka,Maksymovychivka,Kulishivka,Zhelekhivka,Pankevychivka.
- Ukrajinśka Latynkais the online project that promotesLatin Alpha betfor the Ukrainian language.