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United Bengalwas a proposal to transformBengal Provinceinto an undivided, sovereign state at the time of thePartition of Indiain 1947. It sought to prevent thedivision of Bengal on religious grounds.The proposed state was to be called the Free State of Bengal. Aconfessionalistpolitical system was mooted. The proposal was not put up for a vote. The British government proceeded to partition Bengal in accordance with theMountbatten PlanandRadcliffe Line.

Background[edit]

Map showing the result of the partition of Bengal in 1905. The western part (Bengal) gained parts of Orissa, while the eastern part (Eastern Bengal and Assam) gained Assam that had been made a separate province in 1874.

In the first few centuries of thesecond millennium,the level of independence of Bengal was fought over by the governors of Bengal and by therulers of Delhi.Bengal finally emerged as an independentpolitywith the establishment of theSultanate of Bengalformed from the unification of three principalities;[1]Satgaon(western Bengal),Lakhnauti(northern Bengal) andSonargaon(eastern Bengal), by SultanShamsuddin Ilyas Shahin 1352.[2]

A watershed in the Bengali sultanate's history was the rise of theSurandMughalempires, which greatly weakened Bengal, with the two empires formally anne xing Bengal in 1538 and 1576 respectively. Despite the loss of independence, a loose confederacy of fiercely independentzamindarsled byIsa Khanrefused to submit to Mughal hegemony, thus extending the complete conquest of Bengal to as late as the mid-17th century.[3]TheBengal Subahemerged as the most prosperous province of the Mughal Empire but as a result of the empire weakening, it re-emerged as an independent state under theNawabs of Bengalfrom 1717 onwards. Bengal was lost toBritishpowers after 1772 which reorganised the borders of the former Bengal Subah. TheTreaty of Yandaboin 1826 facilitated the transfer of the former Bengal Subah's southeastern frontier (which stretched up toAkyaband theKaladan River) toBritish Burma.[4]Following theBritish annexation of Assamin 1838, the Bengali districts ofGoalparaandSylhetwere transferred to the newly establishedNorth-East Frontier(later Assam Province).

Thepartition in 1905reunited these districts with eastern Bengal through the formation of two new provinces;Eastern Bengal and AssamandWestern Bengal.However, this was strongly protested by Bengalis and the authorities assented to reversing this partition in 1912.[5]

History[edit]

Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy,the lastPrime Minister of Bengal

On 27 April 1947,Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy,thePrime Minister of Bengaland aMuslim Leagueleader, addressed a press conference in New Delhi outlining his opposition to the loomingpartition of Bengalunder the British government's plans. At the press conference, Suhrawardy made an impassioned plea for setting aside religious differences in order to create an "independent, undivided, and sovereign Bengal".[6]

Let us pause for a moment to consider what Bengal can be if it remains united. It will be a great country, indeed the richest and the most prosperous in India capable of giving to its people a high standard of living, where a great people will be able to rise to the fullest height of their stature, a land that will truly be plentiful. It will be rich in agriculture, rich in industry and commerce and in course of time it will be one of the powerful and progressive states of the world. If Bengal remains united this will be no dream, no fantasy.[6]

Suhrawardy, a lawyer fromMidnapore,did not want to lose western Bengal to the opposing side of the Hindu-Muslim divide. The proposal elicited support fromBengali HinduleadersSarat Chandra Boseof theIndian National Congress,Kiran Saankar Roy(Leader of the Congress Parliamentary Party in the Bengal Assembly), and Satya Ranjan Bakshi.[7]ProminentBengali Muslimsin support of Suhrawardy included Bengal Finance Minister Mohammad Ali Chaudhury, Bengal Revenue Minister Fazlur Rahman, Islamic scholarShamsul Huda Panchbagi,[8]Tippera politicianAshrafuddin Ahmad Chowdhury,Mayor of CalcuttaSyed BadruddujaandBengal Muslim LeaguesecretaryAbul Hashim.[7][9]For a while, the proposal was subject to significant negotiations.

Statue of Sarat Chandra Bose in Calcutta. Bose supported the United Bengal plan

On 12 May 1947, Bose and Hashim met Congress stalwartMahatma Gandhito discuss the United Bengal scheme. Gandhi gave an attentive hearing.[citation needed]Muhammad Ali Jinnah,leader of the Muslim League, was also open to the idea of an independent Bengal.[6]On 20 May 1947, a five-point plan was outlined for a "Free State of Bengal", echoing the legacy of the name of the Irish Free State. The plan was based on a confessionalist structure with power-sharing between Hindus and Muslims. It mirrored some of the confessionalist practices adopted inFrench Lebanonin 1926, where the positions of President and Prime Minister rotated among Muslims and Christians.[citation needed]

However, the Congress Party backtracked in its openness to the idea. On 27 May 1947, Congress leaderJawaharlal Nehruformally stated that his party would "agree to Bengal remaining united only if it remains in the Indian Union".[6]Congress PresidentJ. B. Kripalaniopposed the proposal to "save the unity of Bengal". In reply to the plea made by Ashrafuddin Chowdhury, Kripalani stated "All that the Congress seeks to do today is to rescue as many areas as possible from the threatened domination of the League and Pakistan. It wants to save as much territory for a Free Indian Union as is possible under the circumstances. It therefore insists upon the division of Bengal andPunjabinto areas forIndiaandPakistanrespectively. "[10][11]Opponents included mostly Hindus in the Bengal Provincial Congress andHindu Mahasabhawho wanted to remain part of Inida and didn't wanted to join a newly created enthenic muslim majority state. A minority of leaders in the Bengal League favored partition and the inclusion of eastern Bengal and Assam in Pakistan. These leaders included former premier SirKhawaja Nazimuddin.[7]

Within theBritish government,there was serious consideration of the proposal. British commercial interests in Bengal required safeguards. TheUnited States governmentwas also briefed on the possibility of three countries emerging out of partition, including Pakistan, India, and Bengal. On 2 June 1947,British Prime MinisterClement Attleeinformed theUS Ambassador to the United KingdomLewis Williams Douglasthat there was a "distinct possibility Bengal might decide against partition and against joining either Hindustan or Pakistan".[12]Douglas cabled theUS State Departmentabout the meeting.[12]

On 3 June 1947,Viceroy of IndiaEarl Mountbattenoutlined the framework principles of partition, including that in principle the partition of British India was accepted by the British Government; successor governments would be givendominionstatus; autonomy and sovereignty will be given to the new countries; each country will make its own constitution;princely stateswere given the right to either join Pakistan or India; and thatProvincescan become a separate nation other than Pakistan or India. There appeared to be some popular momentum towards the concept of United Bengal. On 6 July 1947, theSylhet referendumwas held. Voters in the Sylhet division in Assam Province voted by a majority to bifurcate Sylhet from Assam and merge into Eastern Bengal.

On 20 June 1947, theBengal Legislative Assemblymet to vote on the partition of Bengal. At the preliminary joint session, the assembly decided by 126 votes to 90 that if it remained united it should join theConstituent Assembly of Pakistan.Later, a separate meeting of legislators from West Bengal decided by 58 votes to 21 that the province should be partitioned and that West Bengal should join theConstituent Assembly of India.In another separate meeting of legislators from East Bengal, it was decided by 106 votes to 35 that the province should not be partitioned and 107 votes to 34 that East Bengal should join Pakistan in the event of partition.[13]No vote on the United Bengal proposal was held.

Demographics[edit]

Main articles:Demographics of Bangladesh,Demographics of West Bengal,andLanguages of Bangladesh

Language in United Bengal

Bengali(82.8%)
Others (17.2%)

Religions in United Bengal (2011)

Islam(58.90%)
Hinduism(35.68%)
Christianity(3.18%)
Buddhism(1.34%)
Others (0.72%)
No religion (0.1%)
United Bengal religious diversity as per 2011 census[14][15][16]
Religion Population
Muslims() 167,440,983
Hindus() 101,423,013
Christians() 9,034,999
Buddhists() 3,822,866
Others or no religion 2,558,946
Total 284,280,807

Five point plan[edit]

A five-point plan was outlined on 20 May 1947 after consultations with Governor Frederick Burrows. Its salient features are outlined below.

  1. Bengal would be a Free State. The Free State of Bengal would decide it relations with the rest of India.[17]
  2. The Constitution of the Free State of Bengal would provide for election to the Bengal Legislature on the basis of a joint electorate and adult franchise, with reservation of seats proportionate to the population among Hindus and Muslims. The seats set aside for Hindus and Scheduled Caste Hindus would be distributed amongst them in proportion to their respective population, or in such manner as may be agreed among them. The constituencies would be multiple constituencies and the votes would be distributive and not cumulative. A candidate who got the majority of the votes of his own community cast during the elections and 25 percent of the votes of the other communities so cast, would be declared elected. If no candidate satisfied these conditions, that candidate who got the largest number of votes of his own community would be elected.[17]
  3. On the announcement byHis Majesty's Governmentthat the proposal of the Free State of Bengal had been accepted and that Bengal would not be partitioned, the present Bengal Ministry would be dissolved. A new interim Ministry would be brought into being, consisting of an equal number of Muslims and Hindus (including Scheduled Caste Hindus) but excluding the Prime Minister. In this Ministry, the Prime Minister would be a Muslim and the Home Minister a Hindu.
  4. Pending the final emergence of a Legislature and a Ministry under the new constitutions, Hindus (including Scheduled Caste Hindus) and Muslims would have an equal share in the Services, including military and police. The Services would be manned by Bengalis.[17]
  5. A Constituent Assembly composed of 30 persons, 16 Muslims and 14 Hindus, would be elected by Muslim and Hindu members of the Legislature respectively, excluding Europeans.[17][18]

Legacy[edit]

The United Bengal proposal has been the sole attempt by prominent Bengali leaders to establish an independent country encompassing East and West Bengal. However, since thePartition of Bengal in 1947,the region's politics have veered away from any semblance of pan-Bengali nationalism. It also became complicated with Indian support forEast Pakistan's liberation asBangladeshin 1971. Given the closeBangladesh-India relations,any notion of a pan-Bengali state is considered unrealistic. The pioneer of the United Bengal proposal, Suhrawardy, went on to become a leading statesman of Pakistan. Suhrawardy died inBeirutin 1963 in a country with a confessionalist system.[citation needed]In his memoirs,Sheikh Mujibur Rahman,the founder of Bangladesh and a protege of Suhrawardy, remarked, "Initially, Bengalis failed to appreciate Mr Suhrawardy’s greatness. By the time they learned to value him they had run out of time".[19]

Modern Indian nationalists discuss Bengali reunification in the context of widerIndian reunification.In the 1950s, the Calcutta-based Hindu nationalist volunteer group Sri Aurobindo Sevak Sangha included in their programme "Annulment of the ill-fated partition and reunification of India."[20]On 4 February 1957, an East Pakistani-based newspaperThe Morning Newspublished an article accusing theAwami Leagueof favoring Indian reunification, stating that "there is a party even in Pakistan which is working for reunification and it is growing in strength".[20]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Notes[edit]

Citations[edit]

  1. ^Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin (2012)."Iliyas Shah".InIslam, Sirajul;Miah, Sajahan;Khanam, Mahfuza;Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.).Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh(Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust,Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.ISBN984-32-0576-6.OCLC52727562.OL30677644M.Retrieved13 July2024.
  2. ^Tabori, Paul (1957). "Bridge, Bastion, or Gate".Bengali Literary Review.3–5:9–20.
  3. ^Tapan Raychaudhuri(1953).Bengal under Akbar and Jahangir: An Introductory Study in Social History.Calcutta: A. Mukherjee. p. 1.OCLC5585437.
  4. ^Ahmed, Kawser; Mohiuddin, Helal (2019).The Rohingya Crisis: Analyses, Responses, and Peacebuilding Avenues.Le xing ton Books.p. 37.ISBN9781498585750.
  5. ^David Ludden (2013).India and South Asia: a short history.Oneworld Publications. p. 158.
  6. ^abcdShoaib Daniyal (6 January 2019)."Why did British prime minister Attlee think Bengal was going to be an independent country in 1947?".Scroll.in.Archivedfrom the original on 17 May 2020.Retrieved31 March2020.
  7. ^abc"United Independent Bengal Movement".Banglapedia.Archivedfrom the original on 5 August 2015.Retrieved31 March2020.
  8. ^বাংলাদেশের জন্ম ও মাওলানা পাঁচবাগীর ভূমিকা.Bhorer Kagoj(in Bengali). 20 December 2014.Archivedfrom the original on 25 January 2020.Retrieved24 January2020.
  9. ^Mohammed Ali Syed (2012)."Badrudduja, Syed".InIslam, Sirajul;Miah, Sajahan;Khanam, Mahfuza;Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.).Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh(Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust,Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.ISBN984-32-0576-6.OCLC52727562.OL30677644M.Retrieved13 July2024.
  10. ^Bose, Sugata (1987).Agrarian Bengal: Economy, Social Structure and Politics: 1919-1947.Hyderabad:Cambridge University Press, First Indian Edition in association with Orient Longman. pp. 230–231.
  11. ^Kabir, Nurul (1 September 2013)."Colonialism, politics of language and partition of Bengal PART XVI".New Age.Archivedfrom the original on 9 October 2016.Retrieved14 August2016.
  12. ^ab"UK PM Attlee believed Bengal may opt to be a separate country".Dawn.28 December 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 17 April 2020.Retrieved31 March2020.
  13. ^Bose, Sugata (1986).Agrarian Bengal: Economy, Social Structure and Politics.Cambridge University Press. p. 230.ISBN978-0-521-30448-1.
  14. ^Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics(2011)."Population & Housing Census"(PDF).Bangladesh Government. p. xiii. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 3 September 2017.Retrieved17 April2015.Population By Religion (%) Muslim 90.39 Hindu 8.54 Buddhist 0.60 Christian 0.37 Others 0.14
  15. ^Data Archived 4 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Census – Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics
  16. ^"Census of India Website: Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India".Censusindia.gov.in.Retrieved17 July2021.
  17. ^abcdMisra, Chitta Ranjan."United Bengal Movement".Banglapedia.Bangladesh Asiatic Society.Archivedfrom the original on 5 August 2015.Retrieved25 April2016.
  18. ^"Book by Madhuri Bose throws new light on 'United Bengal' plan".BDNews24.28 January 2016.Archivedfrom the original on 7 March 2016.Retrieved29 April2016.
  19. ^Rahman, Sheikh Mujibur (2012).Unfinished Memoirs.Translated by Alam, Fakrul. Dhaka: University Press Limited. p. 52.ISBN978-0-19-906358-1.
  20. ^abLambert, Richard D. (1959). "Factors in Bengali Regionalism in Pakistan".Far Eastern Survey.28(4). American Institute of Pacific Relations: 56.doi:10.2307/3024111.JSTOR3024111.That such plots continue to be discovered is indicated in an editorial in theMorning Newsof February 4, 1957: A vigorous campaign has been launched in Bharat to undo Pakistan and re-unite it with Bharat, according to authoritative reports reaching here from Calcutta. A political party, the Sri Aurobindo Sevak Sangha which claims that its political programme is based on the 'teaching of Sri Aurobindo' is fighting general elections in Bharat with a programme the first item of which reads: 'Annulment of the ill-fated partition and reunification of India.' In its election manifesto, which has been widely distributed and even sent to some newspapers in Pakistan, the party claims that 'there is a party even in Pakistan which is working for reunification and it is growing in strength.' The editorial in this Muslim League newspaper goes on to remark that the party in East Bengal is not named but hints very strongly that it is the Awami League. It is this latter charge (that they are at best dupes and at worst agents of seditious groups) that has been used most effectively against the regionalist groups—so much so that it made Mr. Bhashani cry out in an interview, "Call me an agitator, call me anything, but when they say that I am an enemy of Pakistan and am destroying it, I can only cry my agony to the high heavens for justice and retribution."
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