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Upper Silesia

Coordinates:50°N18°E/ 50°N 18°E/50; 18
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Upper Silesia
Górny Śląsk(Polish)
Gůrny Ślůnsk(Silesian)
Horní Slezsko(Czech)
Oberschlesien(German)
Historical region
Opole Old Town
Historic Silver Mine in Tarnowskie Góry
Gliwice Old Town
Cieszyn Old Town
Flag of Upper Silesia
Flag
Coat of arms of Upper Silesia
Coat of arms
Location of Upper Silesia on the map of Poland
Location of Upper Silesia on the map of Poland
Contemporary map of Upper Silesia in English
Contemporary map of Upper Silesia in English
CountriesPoland
Czech Republic
Historical capitalOpole
Largest cityKatowice
Time zoneUTC+1(CET)
• Summer (DST)UTC+2(CEST)
Highways
Upper Silesia (Górny Śląsk) and other historical lands of Poland against the background of modern administrative borders (names in Polish)

Upper Silesia(Polish:Górny Śląskⓘ;Silesian:Gůrny Ślůnsk, Gōrny Ślōnsk;[1]Czech:Horní Slezsko;German:Oberschlesien[ˈoːbɐˌʃleːzi̯ən]ⓘ;Silesian German:Oberschläsing;Latin:Silesia Superior) is the southeastern part of the historical and geographical region ofSilesia,located today mostly inPoland,withsmall parts in theCzech Republic.The area is predominantly known for itsheavy industry(mining and metallurgy).

Geography[edit]

Upper Silesia is situated on the upperOderRiver, north of theEastern Sudetesmountain range and theMoravian Gate,which form the southern border with the historicMoraviaregion. Within the adjacentSilesian Beskidsto the east, theVistulaRiver rises and turns eastwards, theBiałaandPrzemszatributaries mark the eastern border withLesser Poland.In the north, Upper Silesia borders onGreater Poland,and in the west on theLower Silesianlands (the adjacent region aroundWrocławalso referred to asMiddle Silesia).

Moravian-Silesian Beskids

It is currently split into a largerPolishand the smallerCzech Silesianpart, which is located within theCzechregions ofMoravia-SilesiaandOlomouc.The Polish Upper Silesian territory covers most of theOpole Voivodeship,except for the Lower Silesian counties ofBrzegandNamysłów,and the western half of theSilesian Voivodeship(except for theLesser Polishcounties ofBędzin,Bielsko-Biała,Częstochowawith the city ofCzęstochowa,Kłobuck,Myszków,ZawiercieandŻywiec,as well as the cities ofDąbrowa Górnicza,JaworznoandSosnowiec).

DividedCieszyn Silesiaas well as formerAustrian Silesiaare historical parts of Upper Silesia.

History[edit]

See also:History of Silesia

According to the 9th centuryBavarian Geographer,the West SlavicOpolanietribe had settled on the upper Oder River since the days of theMigration Period,centered on thegordofOpole.It is possible that during the times of PrinceSvatopluk I(871–894), Silesia was a part of hisGreat Moravianrealm. Upon its dissolution after 906, the region fell under the influence of thePřemyslidrulers ofBohemia,DukeSpytihněv I(894–915) and his brotherVratislaus I(915–921), possibly the founder and name giver of the Silesian capital Wrocław (Czech:Vratislav).

Polish rule[edit]

By 990 the newly installedPiastdukeMieszko Iof thePolanshad conquered large parts of Silesia. From the Middle Silesia fortress ofNiemcza,his son and successorBolesław I the Brave(992–1025), having established theDiocese of Wrocław,subdued the Upper Silesian lands of the pagan Opolanie, which for several hundred years were part ofPoland,though contested by Bohemian dukes likeBretislaus I,who from 1025 invaded Silesia several times. Finally, in 1137, the Polish princeBolesław III Wrymouth(1107–1138) came to terms with DukeSoběslav I of Bohemia,when a peace was made confirming the border along theSudetes.

Silesian flagused bySilesians

However, this arrangement fell apart when upon the death of Bolesław III andhis testamentthe fragmentation of Poland began, which decisively enfeebled its central authority. The newly establishedDuchy of Silesiabecame the ancestral homeland of theSilesian Piasts,descendants of Bolesław's eldest sonWładysław II the Exile,who nevertheless saw themselves barred from the succession to the Polish throne and only were able to regain their Silesian home territory with the aid of theHoly Roman Emperor.

Coat of arms of Upper Silesia as drawn byHugo Gerard Ströhl(1851–1919)
Duchy of Opole–Racibórz under Duke Casimir I (1211-1230)

The failure of theAgnatic seniorityprinciple of inheritance also led to the split-up of the Silesian province itself: in 1172 Władysław's second sonMieszko IV Tanglefootclaimed his rights and received the Upper SilesianDuchy of Racibórzas an allodium from the hands of his elder brother DukeBolesław I the Tallof Silesia. In the struggle around the Polish throne, Mieszko additionally received the formerLesser Polishlands ofBytom,Oświęcim,Zator,SiewierzandPszczynafrom the new Polish High DukeCasimir II the Justin 1177. When in 1202 Mieszko Tanglefoot had annexed theDuchy of Opoleof his deceased nephewJarosław,he ruled over all Upper Silesia asDuke of Opole and Racibórz.

In the early 13th century the ties of the Silesian Piasts with the neighbouringHoly Roman Empiregrew stronger as several dukes married scions of German nobility. Promoted by the Lower Silesian DukeHenry I the Bearded,from 1230 also regent over Upper Silesia for the minor sons of his late cousin DukeCasimir I of Opole,large parts of the Silesian lands were settled withGermanimmigrants in the course of theOstsiedlung,establishing numerous cities according toGerman town law.The plans to re-unify Silesia shattered upon thefirst Mongol invasion of Polandand the death of DukeHenry II the Piousat the 1241Battle of Legnica.Upper Silesia further fragmented upon the death of DukeWładysław Opolskiin 1281 into the duchies ofBytom,Opole, Racibórz andCieszyn.About 1269 theDuchy of Opavawas established on adjacent Moravian territory, ruled by the Přemyslid dukeNicholas I,whose descendants inherited the Duchy of Racibórz in 1336. As they ruled both duchies inpersonal union,Opava grew into the Upper Silesian territory.

Bohemia, Hungary, Austria and Prussia[edit]

In 1327 the Upper Silesian dukes, like most of their Lower Silesian cousins, had sworn allegiance to KingJohn of Bohemia,thereby becoming vassals of theBohemian kingdom.During the re-establishment of Poland under KingCasimir III the Great,all Silesia was specifically excluded as non-Polish land by the 1335Treaty of Trentschinbecoming a land of theBohemian Crownand — indirectly — of the Holy Roman Empire. By the mid-14th century, the influx of German settlers into Upper Silesia was stopped by theBlack Deathpandemic. Unlike in Lower Silesia, theGermanizationprocess was halted; still a majority of the population spoke Polish andSilesianas their native language, often together with German (Silesian German) as a second language. In the southernmost areas, alsoLach dialectswere spoken. While Latin, Czech and German language were used as official languages in towns and cities, only in the 1550s (during theProtestant Reformation) did records with Polish names start to appear.

Upper Silesia was hit by theHussite Warsand in 1469 was conquered by KingMatthias CorvinusofHungary,while the Duchies of Oświęcim and Zator fell back to the Polish Crown as a part ofLesser Poland.Upon the death of theJagielloniankingLouis IIin 1526, the Bohemian crown lands were inherited by the AustrianHouse of Habsburg.In the 16th century, large parts of Silesia had turnedProtestant,promoted by reformers likeCaspar Schwenckfeld.After the 1620Battle of White Mountain,theCatholicEmperors of the Habsburg dynasty forcibly re-introduced Catholicism, led by theJesuits.[citation needed]

1746 map of Upper Silesia,Homannheirs, Nuremberg

Lower Silesia and most of Upper Silesia were occupied by theKingdom of Prussiain 1742 during theFirst Silesian Warand annexed by the terms of theTreaty of Breslau.A small part south of theOpava Riverremained within the Habsburg-ruled Bohemian Crown as the "Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia", colloquially calledAustrian Silesia.Incorporated into the PrussianSilesia Provincefrom 1815, Upper Silesia became an industrial area taking advantage of its plentifulcoalandiron ore.Prussian Upper Silesia became a part of theGerman Empirein 1871.

Ethnolinguistic structure before the plebiscite[edit]

The earliest exact census figures onethnolinguisticornationalstructure (Nationalverschiedenheit) of the Prussian part of Upper Silesia, come from year 1819. The last pre-WW1 general census figures available, are from 1910 (if not including the 1911 census of school children - Sprachzählung unter den Schulkindern - which revealed a higher percent of Polish-speakers among school children than the 1910 census among the general populace). Figures (Table 1.) show that large demographic changes took place between 1819 and 1910, with the region's total population quadrupling, the percent of German-speakers increasing significantly, and that of Polish-speakers declining considerably. Also, the total land area in which Polish language was spoken, as well as the land area in which it was spoken by the majority, declined between 1790 and 1890.[2]Polish authors before 1918 estimated the number of Poles in Prussian Upper Silesia as slightly higher than according to official German censuses.[3]

United States Immigration Commission in 1911 classified Polish-speaking Silesians as Poles.[8]

Interbellum, World War II, and post-war period[edit]

Main article:Upper Silesia plebiscite

In 1919, afterWorld War I,Polish miners organized large protests inMysłowice.[9]On August 15, 1919, the GermanGrenzschutzopened fire on protesting Polish miners and their families, killing seven miners, two women and a 13-year-old boy.[9]The event, known as the "Mysłowice massacre", sparked theFirst Silesian Uprisingagainst Germany.[9]

Silesian Parliamentin Katowice

Soon afterwards, the eastern part of Upper Silesia (with a majority of ethnic Poles) came under Polish rule as theSilesian Voivodeship,while the mostly German-speaking western part remained part of theWeimar Republicas the newly establishedUpper Silesia Province.In early 1919, thePolish–Czechoslovak Warbroke out around Cieszyn Silesia, whereafterCzechoslovakiagained theTrans-Olzastrip in addition to theHlučín Region.

From 1919 to 1921 threeSilesian Uprisingsoccurred among the Polish-speaking populace of Upper Silesia; theBattle of Annabergwas fought in the region in 1921. In theUpper Silesia plebisciteof March 1921, a majority of 59.4% voted against merging with Poland and a minority of 40.6% voted for,[10][11]with clear lines dividing Polish and German communities. The plan to divide the region was suggested by the Inter-Allied Commission on Upper Silesia, headed by the French generalHenri Le Rond.The plan was decided by an ambassadors conference in Paris on 20 October 1921. The exact border, the maintenance of cross-border railway traffic and other necessary co-operations, as well as equal rights for all inhabitants in both parts of Upper Silesia, were all fixed by theGerman-Polish Accord on East Silesia,[12]signed in Geneva on 15 May 1922. On 20 June 1922 theWeimar Republicceded theEast Upper Silesiaregion to Poland. The area became part of Silesian Voivodeship of theSecond Polish Republic.

The new border only partly followed the results of the referendum. The reason was that closely following the local majority vote would have resulted in a plurality of enclaves and would thus not have been a viable border. Particularly in theUpper Silesian Industrial Region,the border line was often bizarre, cutting right through settlements or through industrial facilities.[13]

Division of Prussian Silesia between Weimar Germany, Poland and Czechoslovakia after World War I
Division of: Area in 1910 (km2) Share of territory Population in 1910 After WW1 part of: Notes
Lower Silesia 27,105 km2[14] 100% 3,017,981 Divided between:
toPoland 526 km2[15][16] 2% 1% Poznań Voivodeship

(Niederschlesiens Ostmark[17])

[Note 1]
toGermany 26,579 km2 98% 99% Province of Lower Silesia
Upper Silesia 13,230 km2[14] 100% 2,207,981 Divided between:
toPoland 3,225 km2[18] 25% 41%[18] Silesian Voivodeship [Note 2]
toCzechoslovakia 325 km2[18] 2% 2%[18] Hlučín Region
toGermany 9,680 km2[18] 73% 57%[18] Province of Upper Silesia
Parachute Tower in Katowice,one of the symbols of the PolishDefense of Katowicein 1939

During the Germaninvasion of Poland,which startedWorld War IIin September 1939, German troops committed numerous massacres of Polish civilians in the region, including atGostyń,Łaziska Górne,Jankowice,Zgoń,Lędziny,Świętochłowice,Katowice,Pasternik,Pszczyna,Siemianowice ŚląskieandWyry.[20]Afterwards, Polish Silesiawas annexedto theNazi German Reichas part of theGauofSilesia.The Polish population was subjected tofurther persecution and crimes.A network ofPolenlagerforced labourcamps was established in the region, and multiplesubcampof theAuschwitz concentration camp.[21]The Germans operated theStalag VIII-B,Stalag VIII-DandStalag VIII-Fprisoner-of-war campsfor Polish,French,Belgian, British, Serbian and otherAlliedPOWs, with numerous forced labour subcamps, in the region.[22]In 1941 Upper and Lower Silesia were split into separateGaue.

After 1945, almost all of Upper Silesia that was not ceded to Poland in 1922 was placed under the administration of theRepublic of Poland.German civilians, as well as Nazi criminals, were interned in labor camps such as theZgoda labour camp.The majority of the German-speaking population that had not fledwas expelled,an activity that was euphemized as "transfers [to] be effected in an orderly and humane manner" in accordance with the decision of the victoriousAlliedpowers at their 1945 meeting atPotsdam.The German expellees were transported to the present-day Germany (including the formerEast Germany), and Polish migrants, a sizeable part of whom were themselves expelleés from former Polish provinces taken over by the USSR in the east, settled in Upper Silesia. A good many German-speaking Upper Silesians were relocated inBavaria.A small part of Upper Silesia stayed as part ofCzechoslovakiaasCzech Silesia.

The expulsions of German-speakers did not totally eliminate the presence of a population that considered itself German. In contrast to the situation inLower Silesia,where almost the totality of the pre-war population that was expelled was exclusively German-speaking (only about 50-60% of the population of Upper Silesia was displaced to Germany, while over 95-97% of population of Lower Silesia was displaced), the pre-war population of Upper Silesia was in considerable number Roman Catholic mixed bilingual that spoke both German and Polish dialects, and their Polish linguistic skills were considered solid enough for them to be kept in the area (Aleksandra Kunce,Being at Home in a Place: The Philosophy of Localness,pp. 41-112[1]). Firstly, after the war, Poles displaced from Polish territories incorporated into the USSR settled in Upper Silesia, but also Polish settlers from other overpopulated parts of Poland. And later, in the years 1945-1989, a large number of Poles from various parts of Poland settled in Upper Silesia, who received work, e.g. in the mines.

The area formally became part of the Republic of Poland by virtue of the German-Polish border treaty of 14 November 1990. With the fall of communism and Poland's joining the European Union, there were enough of these remaining in Upper Silesia to allow for the recognition of theGerman minority in Polandby the Polish government.

Major cities and towns[edit]

Katowice
Ostrava
Gliwice

The historical capital of Upper Silesia isOpole,nevertheless the largest towns of the region, includingKatowice,are located in theUpper Silesian Industrial Region,the total population of which is about 2,500,000.

As of 2022, the following cities and towns have over 20,000 inhabitants:

Culture[edit]

Silesian dumplings

Silesian cuisine[edit]

Upper Silesian cuisinebelongs toCentral European cuisinesand is therefore characterized by high calorific value of dishes. For centuries, Polish, Czech and German cuisine was mixed here. Typical Upper Silesian dishes are consumed here, as well as dishes that are also present inLesser PolandandGreater Polandat the same time. In the second half of the twentieth century, dishes from the Polish borderland cuisine (potato pancakes, dumplings with cheese, redborscht,bigos) gained popularity in Upper Silesia.

Clothes[edit]

Silesian gorals

Silesian women's clothes vary depending on the region and even the individual towns and villages they come from. The ways of dressing intertwined with the movement of people in the 19th and 20th century. The inhabitants of Silesia also started to adapt their outfits to the urban fashion, which changed the appearance of the outfit even more.

The men's outfit consists of a shacket, a shirt (vest), a white shirt, a silk shirt (silk scarf) or a dressing gown (ribbons), galot (trousers) or bizoków (trousers ironed to the edge) and szczewików (shoes). The man's costume is now called anancug,this name is mainly associated with a suit.

Further information:Kiełbaśnica

Crafts[edit]

In Upper Silesia, metallurgy, mining and other heavy industry branches are developed.

Agriculture plays a secondary role, developed mainly in Opole Silesia.

Architecture[edit]

Main article:Silesian architecture

Media[edit]

On the territory of Upper Silesia,TVP Infobroadcasts the regional channelsTVP OpoleandTVP Katowiceof the public Polish Television. In addition, the private television stationTVSis aimed at viewers in the Silesian Voivodeship. Another channel is TVT.

Regionally oriented radio stations arePolskie RadioOpole and Polskie Radio Katowice of the state radio station. A private Upper Silesian station is Radio Piekary.

Radio Mittendrin is a German-Polish Internet radio station of the German minority.

Sports[edit]

Stadion ŚląskiinChorzów,the largest athletics and football stadium in the region

Football,ice hockeyandvolleyballteams from Upper Silesia enjoyed great success either historically or recently.

Football enjoys a strong following in the region withGórnik ZabrzeandRuch Chorzówamong the most accomplished teams in Poland, and other notable teams includingGKS Katowice,Odra Opole,Piast Gliwice,Polonia Bytom.

Top volleyball teams, multiple times Polish champions, areJastrzębski WęgielandZAKSA Kędzierzyn-Koźle,with the latter also winning three consecutiveCEV Champions Leaguetitles in 2021–2023.

Top ice hockey teams, multiple times Polish champions, areGKS Katowice,GKS Tychy,Polonia Bytom.

Local politics[edit]

Theautonomy movementis relatively young and was only founded in 1990 by Rudolf Kolodziejczyk inRybnik.It is supposed to continue the traditions of the German period, but also ofSilesiaunder theSecond Polish Republic.The current head of the movement isJerzy Gorzelik.Its main aim is to improve the self-government of the Upper Silesian provinces of Opolskie and Slaskie.

In 2010, RAS (Ruch Autonomii Śląska) had 8.49% of the votes in theSilesian Regional Assembly,i.e. 122,781 votes and three mandates. In 2018 they failed to get any mandates with 3.10%.

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^AfterWorld War IPoland received a small part of historicalLower Silesia,with majorityethnic Polishpopulation as of year 1918. That area included parts of countiesSyców(German: Polnisch Wartenberg),Namysłów,GóraandMilicz.In total around 526 square kilometers with around 30 thousand[18][15]inhabitants, including the city ofRychtal.Too small to form its own voivodeship, the area was incorporated toPoznań Voivodeship(formerProvince of Posen).
  2. ^Interwar Silesian Voivodeship was formed from PrussianEast Upper Silesia(area 3,225 km2) and Polish part of AustrianCieszyn Silesia(1,010 km2), in total 4,235 km2.After the annexation ofTrans-Olzafrom Czechoslovakia in 1938, it increased to 5,122 km2.[19]Silesian Voivodeship's capital wasKatowice.

References[edit]

  1. ^This is two leading ways of writing of Silesian Alpha bet, e.i. used on Silesian Wikipedia and various Silesian websites:http:// wachtyrz.eu/Archived2021-03-02 at theWayback Machine,http://silling.orgArchived2021-02-28 at theWayback Machine.
  2. ^Joseph Partsch(1896). "Die Sprachgrenze 1790 und 1890".Schlesien: eine Landeskunde für das deutsche Volk. T. 1., Das ganze Land(in German). Breslau: Verlag Ferdinand Hirt. pp. 364–367. Archived fromthe originalon 2016-05-26.Retrieved2016-02-04.
  3. ^abKozicki, Stanislas (1918).The Poles under Prussian rule.Toronto: London, Polish Press Bur. pp.2-3.
  4. ^Georg Hassel (1823).Statistischer Umriß der sämmtlichen europäischen und der vornehmsten außereuropäischen Staaten, in Hinsicht ihrer Entwickelung, Größe, Volksmenge, Finanz- und Militärverfassung, tabellarisch dargestellt; Erster Heft: Welcher die beiden großen Mächte Österreich und Preußen und den Deutschen Staatenbund darstellt(in German). Verlag des Geographischen Instituts Weimar. p. 34.Archivedfrom the original on 2023-12-28.Retrieved2019-02-27.Nationalverschiedenheit 1819: Polen - 377,100; Deutsche - 162,600; Mährer - 12,000; Juden - 8,000; Tschechen - 1,600; Gesamtbevölkerung: 561,203
  5. ^Paul Weber (1913).Die Polen in Oberschlesien: eine statistische Untersuchung(in German). Berlin: Verlagsbuchhandlung von Julius Springer.
  6. ^Kalisch, Johannes; Bochinski, Hans (1958)."Stosunki narodowościowe na Śląsku w świetle relacji pruskich urzędników z roku 1882"(PDF).Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka.13.Leipzig. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2020-02-01.
  7. ^Paul Weber (1913).Die Polen in Oberschlesien: eine statistische Untersuchung(in German). Berlin: Verlagsbuchhandlung von Julius Springer. p.27.
  8. ^Dillingham, William Paul; Folkmar, Daniel; Folkmar, Elnora (1911).Dictionary of Races or Peoples.United States. Immigration Commission (1907-1910). Washington, D.C.: Washington, Government Printing Office. pp. 104–105.
  9. ^abc"Strzały w Mysłowicach doprowadziły do wybuchu I powstania śląskiego".PolskieRadio24.pl(in Polish).Retrieved14 January2024.
  10. ^"Volksabstimmungen in Oberschlesien 1920-1922 (gonschior.de)".Archivedfrom the original on 2017-05-13.Retrieved2016-02-04.
  11. ^"Die Volksabstimmung in Oberschlesien 1921 (home.arcor.de)".Archived fromthe originalon 2015-02-16.Retrieved2016-02-04.
  12. ^"Cf. Deutsch-polnisches Abkommen über Ostschlesien (Genfer Abkommen)".Archived fromthe originalon 2012-08-02.Retrieved2017-01-01.
  13. ^Smolorz, Dawid (2022). "Teilung Oberschlesiens vor 100 Jahren".Schlesien heute(in German).25(286). Senfkorn Verlag Alfred Theisen: 78–79.ISSN1436-5022.
  14. ^ab"Gemeindeverzeichnis Deutschland: Schlesien".Archivedfrom the original on 2016-07-10.Retrieved2019-06-20.
  15. ^ab"Rocznik statystyki Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej 1920/21".Rocznik Statystyki Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej(in Polish and French).I.Warsaw: Główny Urząd Statystyczny: 56–62. 1921.Archivedfrom the original on 2019-06-20.Retrieved2019-06-20.
  16. ^"Schlesien: Geschichte im 20. Jahrhundert".OME-Lexikon - Universität Oldenburg.Archivedfrom the original on 2019-10-06.Retrieved2019-06-20.
  17. ^Sperling, Gotthard Hermann (1932)."Aus Niederschlesiens Ostmark"(PDF).Opolska Biblioteka Cyfrowa.Archived(PDF)from the original on 2018-12-25.Retrieved2019-06-20.
  18. ^abcdefgWeinfeld, Ignacy (1925).Tablice statystyczne Polski: wydanie za rok 1924 [Poland's statistical tables: edition for year 1924].Warsaw: Instytut Wydawniczy "Bibljoteka Polska". p. 2. Archived fromthe originalon 2018-12-25.Retrieved2019-06-20.
  19. ^Mały Rocznik Statystyczny [Little Statistical Yearbook] 1939(PDF).Warsaw: GUS. 1939. p. 14. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2018-11-27.Retrieved2019-06-20.
  20. ^Wardzyńska, Maria (2009).Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion(in Polish). Warszawa:IPN.pp. 131–135.
  21. ^"Auschwitz sub-camps".Memorial and Museum Auschwitz-Birkenau.Retrieved14 January2024.
  22. ^"Working Parties".Lamsdorf.Archived fromthe originalon 29 October 2020.Retrieved14 January2024.

Sources[edit]

  • H. Förster, B. Kortus (1989) "Social-Geographical Problems of the Cracow and Upper Silesia Agglomerations", Paderborn. (Bochumer Geographische Arbeiten No. 51)
  • Bernhard Gröschel(1993)Die Presse Oberschlesiens von den Anfängen bis zum Jahre 1945: Dokumentation und Strukturbeschreibung.Schriften der Stiftung Haus Oberschlesien: Landeskundliche Reihe, Bd. 4 (in German). Berlin: Gebr. Mann, p. 447.ISBN3-7861-1669-5
  • Bernhard Gröschel(1993)Studien und Materialien zur oberschlesischen Tendenzpublizistik des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts.Schriften der Stiftung Haus Oberschlesien: Landeskundliche Reihe, Bd. 5 (in German). Berlin: Gebr. Mann, p. 219.ISBN3-7861-1698-9
  • Bernhard Gröschel(1993)Themen und Tendenzen in Schlagzeilen der Kattowitzer Zeitung und des Oberschlesischen Kuriers 1925 - 1939: Analyse der Berichterstattung zur Lage der deutschen Minderheit in Ostoberschlesien.Schriften der Stiftung Haus Oberschlesien: Landeskundliche Reihe, Bd. 6 (in German). Berlin: Gebr. Mann, p. 188.ISBN3-7861-1719-5
  • Krzysztof Gwozdz (2000) "The Image of Upper Silesia in geography textbooks 1921-1998", in: Boleslaw Domanski (Ed.), Prace Geograficzne, No. 106, Institute of Geography of theJagiellonian UniversityKraków. pp. 55–68
  • Rudolf Carl Virchow."Report on the Typhus Epidemic in Upper Silesia."(1848) Am J Public Health 2006;96 2102–2105. (Excerpted from: Virchow RC. Collected Essays on Public Health and Epidemiology. Vol 1. Rather LJ, ed. Boston, Mass: Science History Publications; 1985:204–319.)

External links[edit]

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