Ushabti

Theushabti(also calledshabtiorshawabti,with a number of variant spellings) was afuneraryfigurine used inancient Egyptian funerary practices.The Egyptological term is derived from𓅱𓈙𓃀𓏏𓏭𓀾wšbtj,which replaced earlier𓆷𓍯𓃀𓏏𓏭𓀾šwbtj,perhaps thenisbaof𓈙𓍯𓃀𓆭šwꜣb"Perseatree ".

Ushabtis were placed in tombs among thegrave goodsand were intended to act as servants or minions for the deceased, should they be called upon to do manual labor in theafterlife.The figurines frequently carried a hoe on their shoulder and a basket on their backs, implying they were intended to farm for the deceased. They were usually written on by the use of hieroglyphs typically found on the legs.^[1]^[2]They carried inscriptions asserting their readiness to answer the gods' summons to work.^[3]

The practice of using ushabtis originated in theOld Kingdom of Egypt(c. 2600to 2100 BCE), with the use of life-sized reserve heads made from limestone, which were buried with the mummy.^[4]Most ushabtis were of minor size, and many produced in multiples – they sometimes covered the floor around a sarcophagus. Exceptional ushabtis are of larger size, or produced as a one-of-a-kind master work.

Due to the ushabti's commonness through all Egyptian time periods, and world museums' desire to representancient Egyptianart objects, the ushabti is one of the most commonly represented objects in Egyptology displays. Produced in huge numbers, ushabtis, along withscarabs,are the most numerous of all ancient Egyptian antiquities to survive.

Etymology and usage of the terms[edit]

The termshabtiapplies to these figures prior to theTwenty-first Dynasty of Egypt,but only after the end of theFirst Intermediate Period(c. 2181–2055 BCE), and really only to those figurines inscribed with Chapter Six of theBook of the Dead.Otherwise, they might better be defined by the generic term "funerary figurines".

Shabtiswere servant figures that carried out the tasks required of the deceased in the underworld. It was necessary for the owner's name to be inscribed on an ushabti, along with a phrase sending them to action, written in the hieratic script.^[4]

Theshawabtiwere a distinct class of funerary figurines within the area ofThebesduring theNew Kingdom.

The termushabtibecame prevalent after the21st Dynastyand remained in use until thePtolemaic Kingdom.

It is thought by some that the termushabtimeant "follower" or "answerer" in Ancient Egyptian, because the figurine "answered" for the deceased person and performed all the routine chores of daily life for its master in the afterlife that the gods had planned for them,^[5]although it would be difficult to reconcile this derivation with the formshawabti.^[6]

Examples of ushabtis from different dynasties

Early ushabti made from wax (11th Dynasty)
Ushabti of Amenemhat (18th Dynasty)
Ushabti of pharaohRamesses IV(20th Dynasty)
Ushabti ofNesitanebetashru,daughter ofPinedjem II(end-21st Dynasty)
Ushabti of pharaohTaharqa(25th Dynasty)
Ushabti of a priest (30th Dynasty)

Inscriptions[edit]

Ushabti inscriptions often contain the 6th chapter of theBook of the Dead,translated as:

Illumine the Osiris [name of the deceased], whose word is truth. Hail, Shabti Figure! If the Osiris [name of the deceased] be decreed to do any of the work which is to be done in Khert-Neter, let everything which standeth in the way be removed from him – whether it be to plough the fields, or to fill the channels with water, or to carry sand from the East to the West. The Shabti Figure replieth:"I will do it, verily I am here when thou callest".^[7]

(Example: the deceased Ramses would have been described as"Osiris Ramses").

In rare cases different chapters of the Book of the Dead are written. Furthermore, ushabtis often mention the name and the titles of the owner, without the spells of the Book of the Dead.

Before being inscribed on funerary figurines, the spell was written on some mid-Twelfth Dynastycoffins fromDeir el-Bersha(about 1850 BC) and is known today as spell 472 of theCoffin Texts.^[8]

Usage[edit]

Mentioned first in spell 472 of theCoffin Texts,they were included in thegrave goodsof the dead as small figurines since the reign of Mentuhotep II of the11th Dynasty.^[9]Some think that originally they may have symbolically replaced human sacrificial burials, calledretainer sacrifices,a somewhat improbable theory as centuries had passed between the last known sacrificial burials and the appearance of theushabtis.^{[citation needed]}They were generally distinguished from other statuettes by being inscribed with the name of the deceased, his titles, and often with spell 472 of the Coffin Texts^[5]or the speech of the ushabti figure found in Chapter Six of theBook of the Dead.

In the 18th Dynasty during the reign ofAkhenaten,the figurines were inscribed with an offering addressed to the sun diskAten,rather than the traditional speech of the ushabti figure. The ushabti was believed to magically animate after the dead had been judged, and work for the dead person as a substitute labourer in the fields ofOsiris.From theNew Kingdomonwards, it was often referred to asservant.

From the21st Dynastyon, ushabtis became common and numerous in graves. In some tombs the floor was covered with a great many ushabti figurines; in others the ushabtis were neatly packed into ushabti boxes. At times, several hundred ushabti were placed in a deceased Ancient Egyptian's tomb, but pharaohs had considerably more of these servants than commoners, and kingTaharqahad more than a thousand.^[10]Some tombs contained overseer or 'reis'ushabtisholding a whip, which were responsible for groups of ten ushabti each (ten being a common administrative division, for example in the armies). These overseers became rare during the Late Period.

The tomb ofTutankhamunhad a large number of ushabtis of varying sizes, and most were ornate, with hieroglyph statements.^[11]They were divided into groups: some honored Osiriform gods, gold-foiled; some were more simple of wood, or faience.

A receipt for 401 ushabtis produced by Padikhonsu
Funerary Ushabti,Albert Hall Museum

Shape and material[edit]

Ushabtis were mostly mummiform, but during theDynasty XVIIIreign ofThutmose IV,they began to be fashioned as servants with baskets, sacks, and other agricultural tools. Some ushabtis were very ornate in form, and in colour, when made of enamel.^[12]They were also made of clay, wood and stone^[5]and early ones were sometimes made fromwax.Later figurines were often made of less perishable materials: stone,terracotta,metal, glass and, most frequently, glazed earthenware (Egyptian faience). While ushabtis manufactured for the rich were often miniature works of art, the great mass of cheaply made ushabtis became standardised—made from single molds with little detail. The level of standardisation varied, a compositional and morphological study of faience ushabtis suggested that mass-production is an oversimplification of a complex process that may more accurately be described as batch-processing.^[13]

References[edit]

^Taylor (2000),p. 114
^Teeter, E (October 1998). "Harry M. Stewart. Egyptian Shabtis".Journal of Near Eastern Studies:299–300.doi:10.1086/468658.
^ushabti. (2003). In The Macmillan Encyclopedia.
^^a ^bTaylor (2000)
^^a ^b ^cBrier (1998),p. 186
^Wendy Doniger,Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions,Merriam-Webster 1999, p.1121
^Papyrus of Ani; Egyptian Book of the Dead
^Coffin Text 472 in A. Gardiner,Egypt of the Pharaohs: An Introduction,p.32
^Ian Shaw,The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt,Oxford University Press 2003, p.170
^R. N. Longenecker,Life in the Face of Death: The Resurrection Message of the New Testament,Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing 1998, p.28
^27 distinct ushabtis (all given titles), gold foil, multi-columned hieroglyphs, to simple bluefaienced.James (2000),p. 111–127
^"Relics of Ancient Egypt". 1916. The Lotus Magazine. 7 (5): 213-214.
^Whitford, Michelle F.; Wyatt-Spratt, Simon; Gore, Damian B.; Johnsson, Mattias T.; Power, Ronika K.; Rampe, Michael; Richards, Candace; Withford, Michael J. (2020-10-01)."Assessing the standardisation of Egyptian shabti manufacture via morphology and elemental analyses".Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports.33:102541.Bibcode:2020JArSR..33j2541W.doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102541.ISSN 2352-409X.S2CID 224873688.

External links[edit]

Official websiteof Ushabtis

[1] Taylor (2000),p. 114

[2] Teeter, E (October 1998). "Harry M. Stewart. Egyptian Shabtis".Journal of Near Eastern Studies:299–300.doi:10.1086/468658.

[3] ushabti. (2003). In The Macmillan Encyclopedia.

[harvp|Taylor|2000-4] Taylor (2000)

[Brier-5] Brier (1998),p. 186

[6] Wendy Doniger,Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions,Merriam-Webster 1999, p.1121

[7] Papyrus of Ani; Egyptian Book of the Dead

[8] Coffin Text 472 in A. Gardiner,Egypt of the Pharaohs: An Introduction,p.32

[9] Ian Shaw,The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt,Oxford University Press 2003, p.170

[10] R. N. Longenecker,Life in the Face of Death: The Resurrection Message of the New Testament,Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing 1998, p.28

[11] 27 distinct ushabtis (all given titles), gold foil, multi-columned hieroglyphs, to simple bluefaienced.James (2000),p. 111–127

[12] "Relics of Ancient Egypt". 1916. The Lotus Magazine. 7 (5): 213-214.

[13] Whitford, Michelle F.; Wyatt-Spratt, Simon; Gore, Damian B.; Johnsson, Mattias T.; Power, Ronika K.; Rampe, Michael; Richards, Candace; Withford, Michael J. (2020-10-01)."Assessing the standardisation of Egyptian shabti manufacture via morphology and elemental analyses".Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports.33:102541.Bibcode:2020JArSR..33j2541W.doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102541.ISSN 2352-409X.S2CID 224873688.

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