Uyuk culture

Uyuk culture
	-325 SAKAS Korgantas YUEZHI Sargat Goro-; khovo Sha-; jing Subeshi Slab-grave; culture DONGHU SABEANS Ordos; culture Pazyryk Tagar Chandman Sagly JIN Dian; culture MACEDONIAN EMPIRE NANDA; EMPIRE ZHOU; DYNASTY MEROË Scythians Sauro-; matians Massagetae Dahae class=notpageimage\| Uyuk Culture (here theSagly-Bazhy culturephase) and contemporary cultures and polities circa 325 BCE
Geographical range	South Siberia
Dates	8th to 2nd century BCE
Preceded by	Karasuk culture,
Followed by	Xiongnu Empire,Kokel Culture

52°04′18″N93°37′55″E/ 52.071606°N 93.631836°E/52.071606; 93.631836

TheUyuk culturerefers to theSakaculture of the Turan-Uyuk depression around theUyuk river,in modern-dayTuva Republic.^[1]

Cultures[edit]

This period of Scythian culture covers a period from the 8th century BCE to the 2nd century BCE.^[1]The successive phases of the Uyuk culture are:

theArzhan culture(9th-8th century BCE)
theAldy-Bel culture(7th-6th century BCE)
theSagly-Bazhy culture/Chandman culture(5th–3rd centuries BCE).^[1]

These Saka cultures would ultimately be replaced by theXiongnu Empireand later theKokel Culture.^[1]

Nearby Saka cultures were theTagar Cultureof theMinusinsk Basin,and thePazyryk Culturein theAltai Mountains.^[1]^[2]To the east was theSlab-grave culture.

The culture of Tuva in the Scythian era is presented in Hall 30 of the State Hermitage Museum.^[3]It stopped to exist in the 2nd century BCE as a result ofXiongnuinvasions.^[4]

Arzhan 2 kurgan (7th-6th centuries BC, associated with theAldy-Bel culture).^[5]
Curled-up feline animal from Arzhan-1, circa 800 BCE.^[6]
"Animal style" deer of theArzhan culture,(7-6th century BC) Tuva.
Pectoral plate, from burial mound Arzhan (7-6th century BC) Tuva.
Akinak (dagger) burial moundArzhan culture(7-6th century BC), Tuva.
Arzhan-2 gold bracelet,Tuva National Museum.

Genetics[edit]

A 2020 study analyzed the DNA of Chandman fossils (late Uyuk culture), and described them as a mixed Eurasian population, with 50% of their ancestry being derived from the West EurasianSintashta culture,and an additional 43% from an East Eurasian population fromLake Baikal(Baikal EBA),Mongolia.Around 7% of their ancestry was related to theBactria-Margiana Archaeological Complexpopulation of Central Asia, which is closely related to modern-day populations of theIranian plateau.^[8]

TheXiongnuderived an important part of their ancestry from the Chandman culture combined with Eastern AsianUlaanzuukh/Slab Graveancestry.^[8]A study of the relationship between ethnicity and social status in theXiongnu Empiresuggested that the ancestry of high status individuals among the Xiongnu essentially derived from the Eastern EurasianSlab Grave culture,while retainers of comparatively lower status had high genetic heterogeneity, representing influxes from the many parts of the Xiongnu Empire, and included a large proportion of Chandman-related individuals.^[9]

References[edit]

^^a ^b ^c ^d ^eGlebova, A. B.; Chistyakov, K. V. (1 July 2016). "Landscape regularities of human colonization of the Tuva territory in the Scythian time (8th–3rd centuries B. C.)".Geography and Natural Resources.37(3): 239.doi:10.1134/S1875372816030070.ISSN 1875-371X.Uyuk culture [9, 12]. It derives its name from the Uyuk river, the valley of which, primarily within the Turan-Uyuk depression, is home to gigantic stone and earth kurgans with graves of tribal chiefs.
^Murphy, Eileen M. (2013)."Iron Age pastoral nomadism and agriculture in the eastern Eurasian steppe: Implications from dental palaeopathology and stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes".Journal of Archaeological Science.
^"Tuva in the Scythian Era (Hall 30)".State Hermitage Museum.
^"The Culture of Tuva in the Scythian Era (Hall 30)".State Hermitage Museum.
^Chugunov, K. V.; Parzinger, H.; Nagler, A. (2005). "Chronology and Cultural Affinity of the Kurgan Arzhan-2 Complex According to Archaeological Data".Impact of the Environment on Human Migration in Eurasia.Springer Netherlands: 1–7.doi:10.1007/1-4020-2656-0_1.
^Impact of the environment on human migration in Eurasia.Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic. 2004. p. 24.ISBN 1-4020-2655-2.p.24 "Figure.2. Royal barrow Arzhan 1: funeral artifacts. 36-39"
^Jeong, Choongwon (2020). "A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe".Cell.183(4): Figure S4A.doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015.hdl:21.11116/0000-0007-77BF-D.ISSN 0092-8674.
^^a ^bJeong, C; Wang, K; Wilkin, S (12 November 2020). "A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe".Cell.183(4): 890-904.e29.doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015.hdl:21.11116/0000-0007-77BF-D.PMID 33157037.See Fig. 4, A and B.
^Lee, Juhyeon; Miller, Bryan K.; Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav; Johannesson, Erik; Ventresca Miller, Alicia; Warinner, Christina; Jeong, Choongwon (14 April 2023)."Genetic population structure of the Xiongnu Empire at imperial and local scales".Science Advances.9(15).doi:10.1126/sciadv.adf3904.ISSN 2375-2548.PMC10104459.In this genome-wide archaeogenetic study, we find high genetic heterogeneity among late Xiongnu-era individuals at two cemeteries located along the far western frontier of the Xiongnu empire and describe patterns of genetic diversity related to social status. Overall, we find that genetic heterogeneity is highest among lower-status individuals. In particular, the satellite graves surrounding the elite square tombs at TAK show extreme levels of genetic heterogeneity, suggesting that these individuals, who were likely low-ranking retainers, were drawn from diverse parts of the empire. In contrast, the highest-status individuals at the two sites tended to have lower genetic diversity and a high proportion of ancestry deriving from EIA Slab Grave groups, suggesting that these groups may have disproportionately contributed to the ruling elite during the formation of the Xiongnu empire. "(...)" a chanyu, or ruler of the empire. Like the elite women at the western frontier, he also had very high eastern Eurasian ancestry (deriving 39.3 and 51.9% from SlabGrave1 and Han_2000BP, respectively, and the rest from Chandman_IA; data file S2C) "(...)" Chandman_IA was representative of people in far western Mongolia associated with Sagly/Uyuk (ca. 500 to 200 BCE), Saka (ca. 900 to 200 BCE), and Pazyryk (ca. 500 to 200 BCE) groups in Siberia and Kazakhstan.

[ABG-1] Glebova, A. B.; Chistyakov, K. V. (1 July 2016). "Landscape regularities of human colonization of the Tuva territory in the Scythian time (8th–3rd centuries B. C.)".Geography and Natural Resources.37(3): 239.doi:10.1134/S1875372816030070.ISSN 1875-371X.Uyuk culture [9, 12]. It derives its name from the Uyuk river, the valley of which, primarily within the Turan-Uyuk depression, is home to gigantic stone and earth kurgans with graves of tribal chiefs.

[2] Murphy, Eileen M. (2013)."Iron Age pastoral nomadism and agriculture in the eastern Eurasian steppe: Implications from dental palaeopathology and stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes".Journal of Archaeological Science.

[3] "Tuva in the Scythian Era (Hall 30)".State Hermitage Museum.

[4] "The Culture of Tuva in the Scythian Era (Hall 30)".State Hermitage Museum.

[5] Chugunov, K. V.; Parzinger, H.; Nagler, A. (2005). "Chronology and Cultural Affinity of the Kurgan Arzhan-2 Complex According to Archaeological Data".Impact of the Environment on Human Migration in Eurasia.Springer Netherlands: 1–7.doi:10.1007/1-4020-2656-0_1.

[6] Impact of the environment on human migration in Eurasia.Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic. 2004. p. 24.ISBN 1-4020-2655-2.p.24 "Figure.2. Royal barrow Arzhan 1: funeral artifacts. 36-39"

[CHJ-7] Jeong, Choongwon (2020). "A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe".Cell.183(4): Figure S4A.doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015.hdl:21.11116/0000-0007-77BF-D.ISSN 0092-8674.

[CJE-8] Jeong, C; Wang, K; Wilkin, S (12 November 2020). "A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe".Cell.183(4): 890-904.e29.doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015.hdl:21.11116/0000-0007-77BF-D.PMID 33157037.See Fig. 4, A and B.

[9] Lee, Juhyeon; Miller, Bryan K.; Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav; Johannesson, Erik; Ventresca Miller, Alicia; Warinner, Christina; Jeong, Choongwon (14 April 2023)."Genetic population structure of the Xiongnu Empire at imperial and local scales".Science Advances.9(15).doi:10.1126/sciadv.adf3904.ISSN 2375-2548.PMC10104459.In this genome-wide archaeogenetic study, we find high genetic heterogeneity among late Xiongnu-era individuals at two cemeteries located along the far western frontier of the Xiongnu empire and describe patterns of genetic diversity related to social status. Overall, we find that genetic heterogeneity is highest among lower-status individuals. In particular, the satellite graves surrounding the elite square tombs at TAK show extreme levels of genetic heterogeneity, suggesting that these individuals, who were likely low-ranking retainers, were drawn from diverse parts of the empire. In contrast, the highest-status individuals at the two sites tended to have lower genetic diversity and a high proportion of ancestry deriving from EIA Slab Grave groups, suggesting that these groups may have disproportionately contributed to the ruling elite during the formation of the Xiongnu empire. "(...)" a chanyu, or ruler of the empire. Like the elite women at the western frontier, he also had very high eastern Eurasian ancestry (deriving 39.3 and 51.9% from SlabGrave1 and Han_2000BP, respectively, and the rest from Chandman_IA; data file S2C) "(...)" Chandman_IA was representative of people in far western Mongolia associated with Sagly/Uyuk (ca. 500 to 200 BCE), Saka (ca. 900 to 200 BCE), and Pazyryk (ca. 500 to 200 BCE) groups in Siberia and Kazakhstan.

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