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Victory over Japan Day

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This article is about the event and commemoration day. For the holiday Victory over Japan Day in the US, seeVictory Day (United States).For the photograph, seeV-J Day in Times Square.

Victory over Japan Day
Representatives of the Empire of Japan aboardUSSMissouriat thesurrender of Japanon 2 September 1945
Also calledV-J Day, Victory in the Pacific Day, V-P Day
Date15 August 1945 and 2 September 1945
FrequencyAnnually
Related toVictory in Europe Day

Victory over Japan Day(also known asV-J Day,Victory in the Pacific Day,orV-P Day[1]) is the day on whichImperial Japan surrenderedinWorld War II,in effect bringing the warto an end.The term has been applied to both of the days on whichthe initial announcementof Japan's surrender was made – 15 August 1945, in Japan, and because of time zone differences, 14 August 1945 (when it was announced in theUnited Statesand the rest of the Americas and Eastern Pacific Islands) – as well as to 2 September 1945, when thesurrender documentwas signed, officially ending World War II.

15 August is the official V-J Day for theUnited Kingdom,while the official US commemoration is 2 September.[2]The name, V-J Day, had been selected by the Allies after they namedV-E Dayfor the victory in Europe.

On 2 September 1945, formal surrender occurred aboard the battleshipUSSMissouriinTokyo Bay.InJapan,15 August usually is known as the "memorial day for the end of the war"(Chung chiến kỷ niệm ngày,Shūsen-kinenbi);the official name for the day, however, is "the day for mourning of war dead and praying for peace"(Chiến không giả を truy điệu し bình thản を kỳ niệm する ngày,Senbotsusha o tsuitōshi heiwa o kinensuru hi).This official name was adopted in 1982 by anordinanceissued by theJapanese government.[3]

Surrender[edit]

Events before V-J Day[edit]

On August 6 and 9, 1945, the Allies droppedatomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki,respectively. On August 9, theSoviet Union declared war on Japan.The Japanese government on August 10 communicated its intention to surrender under the terms of thePotsdam Declaration.

The news of the Japanese offer began early celebrations around the world. Allied soldiers inLondondanced in aconga lineonRegent Street.Americans and Frenchmen inParisparaded on theChamps-Élyséessinging "Don't Fence Me In".American soldiers inoccupied Berlinshouted "It's over in the Pacific", and hoped that they would now not be transferred there to fight the Japanese. Germans stated that the Japanese were wise enough to—unlike themselves—give up in a hopeless situation, and were grateful that the atomic bomb was not ready in time to be used against them.Moscownewspapers briefly reported on the atomic bombings with no commentary of any kind. While "Russians and foreigners alike could hardly talk about anything else", the Soviet government refused to make any statements on the bombs' implication for politics or science.[4]

InChongqing,Chinese fired firecrackers and "almost buried [Americans] in gratitude". InManila,residents sang "God Bless America".OnOkinawa,six men were killed and dozens were wounded as American soldiers "took every weapon within reach and started firing into the sky" to celebrate; ships soundedgeneral quartersand firedanti-aircraft gunsas their crews believed that akamikazeattack was occurring. OnTinianisland,B-29crews preparing for their next mission over Japan were told that it was cancelled, but that they could not celebrate because it might be rescheduled.[4]

Japan's acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration[edit]

A little after noonJapan Standard Timeon August 15, 1945,EmperorHirohito'sannouncementof Japan's acceptance of the terms of thePotsdam Declarationwas broadcast to the Japanese people over the radio. Earlier the same day, the Japanese government had broadcast an announcement overRadio Tokyothat "acceptance of the Potsdam Proclamation [would be] coming soon", and had advised the Allies of the surrender by sending a cable to U.S. PresidentHarry S Trumanvia theSwissdiplomatic mission inWashington, D.C.[5]A nationwide broadcast by Truman was aired at seven o'clock p.m. (daylight timeinWashington, D.C.) on Tuesday, August 14, announcing the communication and that the formal event was scheduled for September 2. In his announcement of Japan's surrender on August 14, Truman said that "the proclamation of V-J Day must wait uponthe formal signing of the surrender terms by Japan".[6]

Since the EuropeanAxis powershad surrendered three months earlier (V-E Day), V-J Day was the effective end ofWorld War II,although a peace treaty between Japan and most of the Allies was not signed until 1952, and between Japan and the Soviet Union until 1956. InAustralia,the nameV-P Day(Victory in the Pacific) was used from the outset. TheCanberra Timesof August 14, 1945, refers to V-P Day celebrations, and apublic holidayfor V-P Day was gazetted by the government in that year according to theAustralian War Memorial.[7][1]

Public celebrations[edit]

After news of the Japanese acceptance and before Truman's announcement, civilians began celebrating "as if joy had been rationed and saved up for the three years, eight months and seven days since Sunday, Dec. 7, 1941" (the day of the Japaneseattack on Pearl Harbor),Lifemagazine reported.[8]InWashington, D.C.a crowd attempted to break into the White House grounds as they shouted "We want Harry!"[9]

InSan Franciscotwo nude women jumped into a pond at theCivic Centerto soldiers' cheers.[8]More seriously, thousands of drunken people, the vast majority of them Navy enlistees who had not served in the war theatre, embarked in what theSan Francisco Chroniclesummarized in 2015 as "a three-night orgy of vandalism, looting, assault, robbery, rape and murder" and "the deadliest riots in the city's history", with more than 1,000 people injured, 13 killed, and at least six women raped. None of these acts resulted in serious criminal charges, and no civilian or military official was sanctioned, leading theChronicleto conclude that "the city simply tried to pretend the riots never happened".[10]

The largest crowd in the history ofNew York City'sTimes Squaregathered to celebrate.[8]The victory itself was announced by a headline on the "zipper"news tickeratOne Times Square,which read "OFFICIAL *** TRUMAN ANNOUNCES JAPANESE SURRENDER ***"; the six asterisks represented the branches of the U.S. Armed Forces.[11]In theGarment District,workers threw out cloth scraps and ticker tape, leaving a pile five inches deep on the streets. The news of the war's end sparked a "coast-to-coast frenzy of [servicemen] kissing... everyone in skirts that happened along," withLifepublishing photographs of such kisses in Washington,Kansas City,Los Angeles,andMiami.[8]

  • US and Soviet sailors and seamen celebrating together V-J Day on August 14, 1945
    US and Soviet sailors and seamen celebrating together V-J Day on August 14, 1945
  • Crowds celebrating V-J Day in Times Square on August 14, 1945
    Crowds celebrating V-J Day inTimes Squareon August 14, 1945
  • Citizens and workers of Oak Ridge, Tennessee celebrate V-J Day on August 14, 1945[a]
    Citizens and workers ofOak Ridge, Tennesseecelebrate V-J Day on August 14, 1945[a]
  • Allied military personnel in Paris celebrating V-J Day on August 15, 1945
    Allied military personnel inPariscelebrating V-J Day on August 15, 1945
  • Crowds in Shanghai celebrating V-J Day on August 15, 1945
    Crowds inShanghaicelebrating V-J Day on August 15, 1945
  • Chinese victory parade in Chongqing on September 3, 1945
    Chinese victory parade inChongqingon September 3, 1945
  • Dancing Man in Sydney on August 15, 1945
    Dancing ManinSydneyon August 15, 1945
  • Montreal's Chinese community celebrates V-J Day with a parade in Chinatown on September 2, 1945
    Montreal's Chinese community celebrates V-J Day with a parade inChinatownon September 2, 1945
  • Civilians and service personnel in London celebrating V-J Day on August 15, 1945
    Civilians and service personnel inLondoncelebrating V-J Day on August 15, 1945

Famous photographs[edit]

Victor Jorgensen's photo published inThe New York Times

One of the best-known kisses that day appeared inV-J Day in Times Square,one of the most famous photographs ever published byLife.It was shot on August 14, 1945, shortly before the announcement by President Truman occurred and when people were beginning to gather in celebration.Alfred Eisenstaedtwent to Times Square to take candid photographs and spotted a sailor who "grabbed something in white. And I stood there, and they kissed. And I snapped four times."[12]The same moment was captured in a very similar photograph by Navy photographerVictor Jorgensen(right), published inthe New York Times.[13]Several people have since claimed to be the sailor or the female, who was long assumed to be a nurse.[14]It has since been established that the woman in the Alfred Eisenstaedt photograph was actually a dental assistant namedGreta Zimmer Friedman,who clarified in a later interview that "I was grabbed by a sailor and it wasn't that much of a kiss, it was more of a jubilant act that he didn't have to go back, I found out later, he was so happy that he did not have to go back to the Pacific where they already had been through the war. And the reason he grabbed someone dressed like a nurse was that he just felt very grateful to nurses who took care of the wounded.".[15]

Another famous photograph is that of theDancing ManinElizabeth Street, Sydney,captured by a press photographer and aMovietonenewsreel.The film and stills from it have taken on iconic status in Australian history and culture as a symbol of victory in the war.

Japanese reaction[edit]

Japanese commanders listen to the terms of surrender aboard an Australian warship.

On August 15 and 16, some Japanese soldiers, devastated by the surrender, committedsuicide.Well over 100 Americanprisoners of warwere also murdered. In addition, many Australian and British prisoners of war were murdered inBorneo,at bothRanau and Sandakan,by the Imperial Japanese Army.[16]AtBatu Lintang camp,also in Borneo,death orderswere found which proposed the murder of some 2,000 POWs and civilian internees on September 15, 1945, but the camp was liberated four days before these orders were due to be carried out.[17]Japanese forces remainedin combat with Soviet forceson several fronts for two weeks following VJ-Day.

Ceremony aboard USSMissouri[edit]

The formal signing of theJapanese Instrument of Surrendertook place on board thebattleshipUSSMissouriinTokyo Bayon September 2, 1945, and at that time Truman declared September 2 to be the official V-J Day.[18]

Chronology[edit]

Main article:Surrender of Japan
  • April 1 – June 21, 1945:Battle of Okinawa.82,000+ US military casualties, and 117,000+ Japanese and Okinawan. Approximately one-fourth of the Okinawan civilian population died, often in mass suicides organized by the Imperial Japanese Army.
  • July 26: ThePotsdam Declarationis issued. Truman tells Japan, "Surrender or suffer prompt and utter destruction."[19]
  • July 29: Japan rejects the Potsdam Declaration.
  • August 2: ThePotsdam Conferenceends.
  • August 6: The US drops anatomic bomb,Little Boy,onHiroshima.In a press release 16 hours later, Truman warns Japan to surrender or "expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth."[20]
  • August 9: The USSR declares war on Japan, and invadesseveral Japanese-held territories.The US drops another atomic bomb,Fat Man,onNagasaki.
  • August 10: At the direction of the Emperor, the Japanese Foreign Ministry notifies the Allies (via Swiss diplomatic channels) of Japan's intention to surrender unconditionally in accordance with the terms of the Potsdam Declaration, providing the Emperor be permitted to remain in place.
  • August 11: The Allies notify the Japanese government (again via Swiss diplomats) of their willingness to accept Japan's surrender as offered.
  • August 14: Allied governments announce the surrender of Japan, and the Emperor informs his people of the fact in an unprecedented radio broadcast. The date is described as "V-J Day" or "V-P Day" in newspapers in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada.
  • September 2: Official surrender ceremony is held aboardUSSMissouriin Tokyo Bay; President Truman declares September 2 as the official "V-J Day".
  • November 1: Scheduled commencement ofOperation Olympic,the planned Allied invasion ofKyushu.
  • March 1, 1946: Scheduled commencement ofOperation Coronet,the planned Allied invasion ofHonshu.
  • September 8, 1951: 48 countries including Japan and most of the Allies sign theTreaty of San Francisco
  • April 28, 1952: The Treaty of San Francisco goes into effect, formally ending the state of war between Japan and most of the Allied countries.

Post war:

Commemoration[edit]

Australia[edit]

Victory celebrations atCaloundra,Queensland 1945

On 15 August 1945 Australian Prime Minister Ben Chifley announced on radio that Japan had unconditionally surrendered to allied forces. This day, which has become known as VP Day, was marked with jubilant celebrations across the nation as citizens looked towards a future free of conflict and fear of invasion. To manage celebrations authorities closed pubs, as they had on VE Day. However, this did not dissuade individuals from partying, with crowds gathering in streets and strangers dancing together in city squares.[25]

InAustralia,many use the term "VP Day" in preference to "VJ Day", but in the publicationThe Sixth Year of War in Picturespublished byThe Sun News-Pictorialin 1946, the term "VJ Day" is used on pages 250 and 251.[26]Also an Australian Government 50th Anniversary Medal issued in 1995 has "VJ-Day" stamped on it.[27]

Amateur radio[edit]

Amateur radiooperators in Australia hold the "Remembrance Day Contest" on the weekend nearest VP Day, August 15, remembering amateur radio operators who died during World War II and to encourage friendly participation and help improve the operating skills of participants. The contest runs for 24 hours, from 0800UTCon the Saturday, preceded by a broadcast including a speech by a dignitary or notable Australian (such as thePrime Minister of Australia,Governor-General of Australia,or a military leader) and the reading of the names of amateur radio operators who are known to have died. It is organized by theWireless Institute of Australia,with operators in each Australian state contacting operators in other states,New Zealand,andPapua New Guinea.A trophy is awarded to the state that can boast the greatest rate of participation, based on a formula including: number of operators, number of contacts made, and radio frequency bands used.[28]

China[edit]

70th-anniversaryVictory Day ParadeonTiananmen Square

As the final official surrender of Japan was accepted aboard the battleshipUSSMissouriinTokyo Bayon September 2, 1945, theNationalist Governmentof theRepublic of China,which represented China on theMissouri,announced three-day holidays to celebrate V-J Day, starting September 3. Starting from 1946, September 3 was celebrated as "Victory of War of Resistance against Japan Day" (Chinese:Chiến tranh kháng Nhật thắng lợi ngày kỷ niệm;pinyin:Kàngrì Zhànzhēng Shènglì Jìniànrì), which evolved into theArmed Forces Day(Chinese:Quân nhân tiết) in 1955. September 3 is recognized as V-J Day inmainland China.

Hong Kong[edit]

TheUnion Jackand theflag of the Republic of Chinawere flown at theCenotaph in Hong Kong.

Hong Kong was handed over by the Imperial Japanese Army to theRoyal Navyon August 30, 1945, and resumed its pre-war status as aBritish dependency.Hong Kong celebrated the "Liberation Day" (Chinese:Lại thấy ánh mặt trời ngày kỷ niệm;Jyutping:cung4 gwong1 gei2 nim3 jat6) on August 30 (later moved to the Saturday preceding the last Monday in August) annually, which was a public holiday before 1997. After thetransfer of sovereigntyin 1997, the celebration was moved to the third Monday in August and renamed "Sino-Japanese War Victory Day", the Chinese name of which is literally "Victory of War of Resistance against Japan Day" as in the rest of China, but this day was removed from thelist of public holidaysin 1999. In 2014, the Chief Executive's Office announced that a commemoration ceremony would be held on September 3, in line with the "Victory Day of the Chinese people's war of resistance against Japanese aggression" in mainland China.[29]

Korea[edit]

Theday is celebratedas a public holiday in both North and South Korea, and is the only public holiday shared by the two countries. The day has particular significance to Korea, as it is the day that it was liberated from its status asa colony of the Empire of Japan.In North Korea, it is referred to as Liberation Day, and in South Korea it is referred to asGwangbokjeol,(meaning "the day the light returned" ).[30]

Mongolia[edit]

Troops of theMongolian Armed Forcesand theRussian Armyduring the 80th anniversary parade inChoibalsan

Victory over Japan Day is celebrated with duality inMongolia.It also celebrates the victory of Soviet and Mongolian forces in theBattles of Khalkhin Gol.The anniversary of the battle was first celebrated in 1969, and was periodically celebrated on a massive scale every 5 years until its 50th anniversary in 1989, after which it dwindled in importance and was reduced to the level of academic debates and lectures. It was only recently that the anniversary made a resurgence in Mongolian history.[31]It is jointly celebrated by theMongolian Armed Forceswith theRussian Armed Forces.During the 70th, 75th and 80th anniversaries in 2009, 2014 and 2019 respectively, thePresident of Russiahas taken part in the celebrations alongside thePresident of Mongoliaas part of the former'sstate visitto the Mongolian capital.

Netherlands[edit]

Indisch monumentbyJaroslawa Dankowa[nl],1989.The Hague,Netherlands.

The Netherlands has one national and several regional or local remembrance services on or around August 15. The national service is at the "Indisch monument"(Dutch for" Indies Monument ") inThe Hague,where the victims of theJapanese occupation of the Dutch East Indiesare remembered, usually in the presence of the head of state and the government. In total, there are about 20 services, also in the Indies remembrance center inBronbeekinArnhem.The Japanese occupation meant the twilight of Dutch colonial rule overIndonesia.Indonesia declared itself independenton August 17, 1945, just two days after the Japanese surrendered. TheIndonesian War of Independencelasted until 1949, with the Netherlands recognizing Indonesian sovereignty in late December of that year.

Vietnam[edit]

On the day of the surrender of Japan,Hồ Chí Minhdeclared an independentDemocratic Republic of Vietnam.[32]

Vietnam celebrated 19 August as V-J Day, because of the victory ofAugust Revolutionagainst the Japanese forces.

Philippines[edit]

In the Philippines, V-J Day is celebrated annually on September 3 and is called the "Surrender of GeneralTomoyuki YamashitaDay ".[33] The province ofIfugaohas observed every September 2 as "Victory Day", commemorating the valor of Philippine war veterans and the informal surrender of General Yamashita to the joint Filipino-American troops led-by Cpt. Grisham in the municipality of Kiangan on September 2, 1945.[34][35]

Russia/Former USSR[edit]

It was introduced as a holiday by decree of thePresidium of the Supreme Sovietof the Soviet Union on September 3, 1945 (the day after the surrender of Japan). The only celebration that was held in the days that followed was aparadeof theRed ArmyinHarbin.In 1945 and 1946, this day was a national holiday. In subsequent years, it became a working day and no celebrations were held on this occasion. In modernRussia,Victory over Japan Day (Russian:День победы над Японией) is considered a memorable date and is celebrated as one of manyDays of Military Honour.In recent years such as in 2017,[36]bills in theState Dumahave proposed making it a national holiday.[37][38]

Amilitary paradeof theEastern Military Districtis annually held in the cities ofYuzhno-SakhalinskorKhabarovsk,being one of the only parades being held on this day. Parades have also been held on September 2 in thefederal subjects of Russiathat celebrate the anniversary of theBattles of Khalkhin Gol,such asBuryatia,Yakutiaand theAltai Republic.[39][40]In the breakawayMoldovan-republic ofTransnistria,Victory over Japan Day is jointly celebrated with theirRepublic Daycelebrations, which take place on the same day.[41]

United States[edit]

Although September 2 is the designated "V-J Day" in the entire United States, the event is not an official federal or state holiday.Rhode Islandcelebrates the ending of WW2 as "Victory Day",[42]and it is observed on the second Monday of August.

V-J Day was initially commemorated throughout the United States every year on September 2, beginning in 1948, but as the war faded from memory so has the holiday. According toWPRI-TV,the reason for abolishing V-J Day was economic, because workers got a paid day off. There was even a debate over whether or not even Rhode Island would abolish their own Victory Day celebrations. Some towns in various states still celebrate V-J day.Moosup, Connecticutholds an annual V-J day parade on the 2nd Sunday in August, and holds the distinction of being the oldest continuous parade celebrating V-J day since the actual surrender of the Japanese in 1945. Arkansas was the only other state to make the holiday official statewide, but it abolished it in 1975, leaving Rhode Island as the only remaining state.[43]

World Peace Day[edit]

It was suggested in the 1960s to declare September 2, the anniversary of the end of World War II, as an international holiday to be calledWorld Peace Day.However, when this holiday came to be first celebrated beginning in 1981, it was designated as September 21, the day theGeneral Assemblyof theUnited Nationsbegins its deliberations each year.

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^Oak Ridge was part of theManhattan Project,which resulted in theatomic bomb.

References[edit]

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  4. ^ab"Victory Reports Around the World: U. S. Fighting Men Lead Wild Celebrations at Japs' Surrender Offer".Life.20 August 1945. pp. 38–38A.Archivedfrom the original on 22 June 2013.Retrieved25 November2011.
  5. ^Hakim, Joy (1995).A History of Us: War, Peace and all that Jazz.New York: Oxford University Press.ISBN0-19-509514-6.
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  16. ^Remembering Sandakan: 1945–1999ArchivedJuly 14, 2009, at theWayback Machine"Captain Hoshijima Susumi was able to reveal from his knowledge of the war crimes interrogation documents that the last POWs had been killed at Ranau on 27 August 1945, well after the Japanese surrender. They had undoubtedly been killed, inMoffitt's view, to stop them being able to testify to the atrocities committed by the guards. "
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External links[edit]

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