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Vachellia

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Vachellia
Vachellia farnesiana
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Caesalpinioideae
Clade: Mimosoid clade
Genus: Vachellia
Wight&Arn.
Type species
Vachellia farnesiana
(L.) Wight & Arn.
Species

147; see text.

World map showing Vachellia species occurring through out the tropics
The original range of the genusVachellia.Today it is also found in most Mediterranean countries.
Synonyms[1]
  • Acaciasubg.AcaciaVassal, nom. illeg.
  • AcaciopsisBritton & Rose
  • AldinaE.Mey.
  • BahamiaBritton & Rose
  • DelaporteaGagnepain
  • FarnesiaGasparrini
  • FeracaciaBritton & Rose
  • FishlockiaBritton & Rose
  • GumiferaRaf.
  • LucayaBritton & Rose
  • MyrmecodendronBritton & Rose
  • NimiriaCraib
  • PithecodendronSpeg.
  • PoponaxRaf.
  • ProtoacaciaMill.
  • TaurocerasBritton & Rose

Vachelliais a genus offlowering plantsin thelegumefamily,Fabaceae,commonly known asthorn treesoracacias.It belongs to the subfamilyMimosoideae.Its species were considered members of genusAcaciauntil 2009.[2][3]Vachelliacan be distinguished from other acacias by its capitateinflorescencesand spinescentstipules.[4]Before discovery of theNew World,Europeans in the Mediterranean region were familiar with several species ofVachellia,which they knew as sources of medicine, and had names for them that they inherited from the Greeks and Romans[clarification needed].[5]

The wide-ranging genus occurs in a variety of open, tropical to subtropical habitats, and is locally dominant.[6]In parts of Africa,Vachelliaspecies are shaped progressively by grazing animals of increasing size and height, such asgazelle,gerenuk,andgiraffe.The genus in Africa has thus developed thorns in defence against such herbivory[clarification needed].[7]

Nomenclature

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By 2005, taxonomists had decided thatAcacia sensu latoshould be split into at least five separate genera. TheICNdictated that under these circumstances, the name ofAcaciashould remain with the originaltype,which wasAcacia nilotica.[1]However, that year the General Committee of theIBCdecided thatAcaciashould be given a new type (Acacia verticillatum) so that the ~920 species of Australian acacias would not need to be renamedRacosperma.This decision was opposed by 54.9% or 247 representatives at its 2005 congress, while 45.1% or 203 votes were cast in favor. However, since a 60% vote was required to override the committee, the decision was carried, and anom. cons.propositumwas listed in Appendix III (p. 286).[8][9]The 2011 congress voted 373 to 172 to uphold the 2005 decision, which means that the nameAcaciaand a new type follow the majority of the species inAcacia sensu lato,rather than this genus.[10]However, some members of the botanical community remain unconvinced,[11]and the use ofAcaciain the scientific literature continues to exceed the use of the new generic names.

Description

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The members ofVachelliaare trees or shrubs, sometimes climbing, and are always armed. Younger plants, especially, are armed with spines which are modifiedstipules,situated near the leaf bases. Some (cf.V. tortilis,Vachellia hebeclada[Wikidata],V. luederitziiandV. reficiens) are also armed with paired, recurvedprickles(in addition to the spines).[12]The leaves are alternate and bipinnately arranged, and their pinnae are usually opposite. The racemose inflorescences usually grow from the leaf axils. The yellow or creamy white flowers are produced in spherical heads, or seldom in elongate spikes, which is the general rule in the related genusSenegalia.The flowers are typically bisexual with numerous stamens, but unisexual flowers have been noted inV. nilotica(cf.Sinha, 1971).[13]The calyx and corolla are usually 4 to 5-lobed. Glands are usually present on therachisand the upper side of thepetiole.The seed pod may be straight, curved or curled, and either dehiscent or indehiscent.[12]

  • V. vernicosa, or "viscid acacia", in habitat, Far West Texas
    V. vernicosa,or "viscid acacia", in habitat,Far West Texas
  • V. vernicosa, detail of inflorescence
    V. vernicosa,detail of inflorescence

Species list

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Of the 163 species currently assigned toVachellia,52 are native to theAmericas,83 toAfrica,Madagascarand theMascarene Islands,32 toAsiaand 9 toAustraliaand thePacific Islands.[14]Vachelliacomprises the following species:[15][2][16][17][3][18][19][20][21]

Incertae sedis

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These species are suspected to belong toVachellia,but have not been formally transferred.[18]

Hybrids

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  • Vachellia×cedilloi(Rico Arce) Seigler & Ebinger
  • Vachellia campechiana×pennatula
  • Vachellia erioloba×haematoxylon
  • Vachellia×gladiata(Saff.) Seigler & Ebinger
  • Vachellia kirkii×seyal
  • Vachellia macracantha×pennatula
  • Vachellia seyalvar.fistula×xanthophloea
  • Vachellia×standleyi(Saff.) Seigler & Ebinger

References

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  1. ^abMaslin, B. R.; Orchard, A. E.; West, J. G."Nomenclatural and classification history of Acacia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae), and the implications of generic subdivision"(PDF).worldwidewattle.Retrieved5 November2015.
  2. ^abKyalangalilwa B, Boatwright JS, Daru BH, Maurin O, van der Bank M (2013)."Phylogenetic position and revised classification ofAcacia s.l.(Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) in Africa, including new combinations inVachelliaandSenegalia".Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society.172(4): 500–523.doi:10.1111/boj.12047.
  3. ^abClarke HD, Seigler DS, Ebinger JE (2009). "Taxonomic Revision of theVachellia acuiferaSpecies Group (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) in the Caribbean ".Systematic Botany.34(1): 84–101.doi:10.1600/036364409787602285.S2CID86066178.
  4. ^Dyer C. (2014)."New names for the AfricanAcaciaspecies inVachelliaandSenegalia".Southern Forests: A Journal of Forest Science.76(4): iii.Bibcode:2014SFJFS..76D...3D.doi:10.2989/20702620.2014.980090.
  5. ^Austin, Daniel F. (2004).Florida ethnobotany Fairchild Tropical Garden, Coral Gables, Florida, Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, Tucson, Arizona: with more than 500 species illustrated by Penelope N. Honychurch... [et al.]Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 58–59.ISBN9780203491881.
  6. ^Shorrocks, Bryan; Bates, William (2014).The Biology of African Savannahs(Biology of Habitats Series ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 231–233.ISBN978-0198702702.
  7. ^Chidumayo, Emmanuel N.; Gumbo, Davison J. (2010).The Dry Forests and Woodlands of Africa: Managing for Products and Services.Routledge. p. 25.ISBN9781136531378.
  8. ^Corder, Hugh; Glazewski, Jan; Bleazard, Janice (2009).A Rose is a Rose but is an 'Acacia' an 'Acacia'? Global administrative law: development and innovation.Cape Town: Juta.ISBN9780702181900.
  9. ^Moore, Gerry; Smith, Gideon F.; Figueiredo, Estrela; Demissew, Sebsebe; Lewis, Gwilym; Schrire, Brian; Rico, Lourdes; van Wyk, Abraham E.; Luckow, Melissa; Kiesling, Roberto; Sousa, Mario (June 2011)."The Acacia controversy resulting from minority rule at the Vienna Nomenclature Section: Much more than arcane arguments and complex technicalities"(PDF).Taxon.60(3): 852–857.doi:10.1002/tax.603017.hdl:2263/17167.Retrieved19 May2016.
  10. ^"The Acacia debate"(PDF).IBC2011 Congress News.RetrievedMay 5,2016.
  11. ^"ConservingAcaciaMill. with a conserved type: What happened in Melbourne? "(PDF).Taxon.RetrievedMay 5,2016.
  12. ^abHyde, Mark; et al."3446.000AcaciaMill.—Thorn trees ".Flora of Zimbabwe.Retrieved6 November2015.
  13. ^"Handbook on seeds of dry-zone acacias, 3. Reproductive biology".fao.org.FAO Corporate Document Repository: Agriculture and Consumer Protection.Retrieved6 November2015.
  14. ^Thiele KR. (2011)."The controversy over the retypification ofAcaciaMill. with an Australian type: A pragmatic view "(PDF).Taxon.60(1): 194–198.doi:10.1002/tax.601017.JSTOR41059833.
  15. ^Seigler DS, Ebinger JE (2005)."New combinations in the genusVachellia(Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) from the New World ".Phytologia.87(3): 139–78.
  16. ^Seigler DS, Ebinger JE (2010)."New combinations inSenegaliaandVachellia(Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) "(PDF).Phytologia.92(1): 92–95.
  17. ^Maslin BR, Seigler DS, Ebinger J (2013)."New combinations inSenegalia and Vachellia(Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) for Southeast Asia and China ".Blumea.58(1): 39–44.doi:10.3767/000651913X669914.
  18. ^abMaslin B."List ofAcacia sensu latospecies ".World Wide Wattle.Retrieved4 January2014.
  19. ^Kodela PG, Wilson PG (2006)."New combinations in the genusVachellia(Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) from Australia ".Telopea.11(2): 233–244.doi:10.7751/telopea20065723.
  20. ^Ali SI. (2014)."The GenusAcacia s.l.in Pakistan "(PDF).Pak J Bot.46(1): 1–4.
  21. ^Boatwright JS, Maurin O, van der Bank M (2015)."Phylogenetic position of Madagascan species ofAcacia s.l.and new combinations inSenegaliaandVachellia(Fabaceae, Mimosoideae, Acacieae) ".Bot J Linn Soc.179(2): 288–294.doi:10.1111/boj.12320.
  22. ^Maiden, J. H.(1889).The Useful Native Plants of Australia (including Tasmania).Sydney: Turner and Henderson. p.3.
  23. ^Maslin BR. (2014)."Vachellia bolei(Fabaceae: Mimosoideae), the correct name for a species from India "(PDF).Nuytsia.24:21–22.doi:10.58828/nuy00708.
  24. ^abcdefTaxon in theV. karroocomplex, see:Roland, Dr. Wolf-Achim."The Acacia (s.l.)-karroo complex, Status 2014".Acacia World.Retrieved20 November2015.
  25. ^"Protected Trees"(PDF).Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Republic of South Africa. 3 May 2013. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 5 July 2010.
  26. ^Seigler DS, García R, Mejía M, Ebinger JE (2012)."A new species ofVachellia(Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) from Haiti ".Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas.6(1): 45. Archived fromthe originalon 2016-03-01.
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