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Valencian language

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"Valencian" redirects here. For people of Valencia, seeValencians.

Valencian
valencià
Pronunciation[valensiˈa,ba-]
Native toSpain
RegionValencian Community,Region of Murcia(Carche)
See alsogeographic distribution of Catalan
EthnicityValencians
Native speakers
2.4 million (2004)[1]
Early forms
Valencian orthography
(Latin script)
Official status
Official language in
Spain
Recognised minority
language in
Regulated byAcadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua(AVL)
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
ISO 639-6vlca
GlottologNone
IETFca-valencia
Map of the Valencian Community, Valencian speaking areas in green
This article containsIPAphonetic symbols.Without properrendering support,you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbolsinstead ofUnicodecharacters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA.
Catalan/Valenciancultural domain
Language
People
History
Geo-political divisions
Government and politics
Traditions and symbols
Arts

Valencian[a](valencià)[b]or theValencian language[4](llengua valenciana)[c]is the official, historical and traditional name used in theValencian CommunityofSpainto refer to theRomance language also known asCatalan,[d][5][6][7][8][9]either as a whole[e]or in its Valencia-specific linguistic forms.[f][10][11]The Valencian Community's 1982Statute of Autonomyand theSpanish Constitutionofficially recognise Valencian as the name of the regional language.[4][12]

Valencian displays transitional features betweenIbero-Romance languagesandGallo-Romance languages.According to philological studies, the varieties of this language spoken in the Valencian Community and El Carche cannot be considered a single dialect restricted to these borders: the severaldialects of Valencian(Alicante's Valencian, Southern Valencian, Central Valencian orApitxat,Northern Valencian or Castellon's Valencian and Transitional Valencian) belong to the Western group of Catalan dialects.[13][14]

There is apolitical controversy within the Valencian Communityregarding its status as aglottonymor as an independent language, since official reports show that the majority of the people in the Valencian Community consider it as a separate language, different fromCatalan,although the same studies show that this percentage decreases among younger generations and people with higher studies.[15][16]According to the 2006Statute of Autonomy,Valencian is regulated by theAcadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua,[4]following the legacy established by theCastelló norms,[17]which adapt Catalan orthography to Valencian idiosyncrasies.

Some of the most important works ofValencian literatureexperienced a golden age during theLate Middle Agesandthe Renaissance.Important works includeJoanot Martorell'schivalric romanceTirant lo Blanch,andAusiàs March's poetry. The first book produced withmovable typein theIberian Peninsulawas printed in the Valencian variety.[18][19]The earliest recordedchessgame with modern rules for moves of thequeenandbishopwas in the Valencian poemScachs d'amor(1475).

Official status[edit]

The official status of Valencian is regulated by theSpanish Constitutionand the ValencianStatute of Autonomy,together with the Law on the Use and Teaching of Valencian(ca).

Article 6 of the Valencian Statute of Autonomy sets the legal status of Valencian, establishing that:[20]

  • The native language[g]of the Valencian Community is Valencian.
  • Valencian is the official language in the Valencian Community, along with Spanish, which is the official language of Spain. Everyone shall have the right to know and use them, and to receive education on Valencian and in Valencian.
  • No one can be discriminated against by reason of their language.
  • Special protection and respect shall be given to the recuperation of Valencian.
  • The Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua shall be the normative institution of the Valencian language.

Passed in 1983, the Law on the Use and Teaching of Valencian develops this framework, providing for the implementation of abilingual educationalsystem, regulating the use of Valencian in the public administration and judiciary system, where citizens can freely use it when acting before both, or establishing the right to be informed by media in Valencian among others.

Valencian is also protected under theEuropean Charter for Regional or Minority Languages,ratified by Spain. However, the Committee of Experts of the Charter has pointed out a considerable number of deficiencies in the application of the Charter by the Spanish and Valencian governments.[21]

Distribution and usage[edit]

Distribution[edit]

Following theReconquistaValencian was spoken much further south than is currently the case, in a situation of bilingualism with Spanish. The latter then gradually imposed itself in many zones, with the limit between the two stabilizing around the mid-18th century.[22]

Unlike in other bilingualAutonomous communities,Valencian has not historically been spoken to the same extent throughout theValencian Community.Slightly more than a quarter of its territory, equivalent to 10-15% of the population (its inland and southernmost areas), isSpanish-speakingsince the Middle Ages. Additionally, it is also spoken by a small number of people in theEl Carchecomarca,a rural area in theRegion of Murciaadjoining the Valencian Community.[23][24][25]Nevertheless, Valencian does not have any official recognition in this area. Nowadays about 600 people are able to speak Valencian in El Carche.[26]

Knowledge and usage[edit]

Knowledge of Valencian according to the 2001 census. The light green areas inland and in the southernmost part are not historically Valencian speaking (large).

In 2010 theGeneralitat Valencianapublished a study,Knowledge and Social use of Valencian,[27]which included a survey sampling more than 6,600 people in the provinces of Castellón, Valencia, and Alicante. The survey simply collected the answers of respondents and did not include any testing or verification. The results were:

Valencian was the language "always, generally, or most commonly used":

  • at home: 31.6%
  • with friends: 28.0%
  • in internal business relations: 24.7%

For ability:

  • 48.5% answered they can speak Valencian "perfectly" or "quite well" (54.3% in the Valencian-speaking areas and 10% in the Spanish-speaking areas)
  • 26.2% answered they can write Valencian "perfectly" or "quite well" (29.5% in the Valencian-speaking areas and 5.8% in the Spanish-speaking areas)

The survey shows that, although Valencian is still the common language in many areas in the Valencian Community, where slightly more than half of the Valencian population are able to speak it, most Valencians do not usually use Valencian in their social relations.

Moreover, according to the most recent survey in 2021,[28]there is a downward trend in everyday Valencian users. The lowest numbers are in the major cities ofValenciaandAlicante,where the percentage of everyday speakers is at single-digit numbers. However, the percentage of residents who claim to be able to understand and read Valencian seems to have increased since 2015.

Due to a number of political and social factors, including repression, immigration and lack of formal instruction in Valencian, the number of speakers has severely decreased, and the influence of Spanish has led to the appearance of a number ofbarbarisms.[29]

Features of Valencian[edit]

The maindialects of Catalan.Western Catalan block comprises the two dialects of Northwestern Catalan and Valencian.[30][31][32]

This is a list of features of the main forms of Valencian as a group of dialectal varieties that differ from those of other Catalan dialects, particularly from the Central variety of the language. For more general information on the features of Valencian, seeCatalan language.There is a great deal of variety within the Valencian Community, and by no means do the features below apply to every local version.

TheAcadèmia Valenciana de la Llenguaspecifies standard Valencian as having some specific syntax, vocabulary, verb conjugations and accent marks compared to standardCatalan.

Phonology[edit]

Main article:Catalan phonology
For assistance with IPA transcriptions of Valencian for Wikipedia articles, seeHelp:IPA/Catalan.

Vowels[edit]

Vowels of Valencian, fromSaborit Vilar 2009,p. 23
Vowels of Valencian[33][34][35][36]
Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid e o
Open ɛ a ɔ
  • The stressed vowel system of Valencian is the same as that of Eastern Catalan:/a/,/e/,/ɛ/,/i/,/o/,/ɔ/,and/u/,with/ɛ/and/ɔ/being considerably lower than in EC.[37]
    • The vowels/i/and/u/are more open and centralised than in Spanish. This effect is more pronounced in unstressed syllables, where the phones are best transcribed[ɪ,ʊ].[38]As the process is completely predictable, the latter symbols are not used elsewhere in the article.
    • The vowel/e/is somewhat retracted[e̠]and/o/is somewhat advanced[o̟]both in stressed and unstressed syllables./e/and/o/can be realised as mid vowels[e̞,o̞]in some cases. This occurs more often with/o/.[39]
    • The so-called "open vowels",/ɛ/and/ɔ/,are generally as low as/a/in most Valencian dialects. The phonetic realisations of/ɛ/approaches[æ]and/ɔ/is as open as[ɒ](as in traditionalRPdog). This feature is also found inBalearic.[40]
      • /ɛ/is slightly more open and centralised before liquids/l,r/and in monosyllabics.
      • /ɔ/is most often a back vowel. In some dialects (including Balearic)/ɔ/can be unrounded.
    • The vowel/a/is slightly more fronted and closed than in Central Catalan (but less fronted and closed than in Majorcan). The precise phonetic realisation of the vowel/a/in Valencian is [ɐ~ä], this vowel is subject to assimilation in many instances.[41]
      • Stressed/a/can be retracted to[ɑ]in contact with velar consonants (including the velarized[ɫ]), and fronted to[a]in contact with palatals.[41]This is not transcribed in the article.
      • Final unstressed/a/may have the following values: [ɜ~ɞ~ɐ], depending on the preceding sounds and/or dialect, e.g.taula[ˈtawɫɜ~ˈtawɫɞ~ˈtawɫɐ]'table'.
    • All vowels are phonetically nasalised between nasal consonants or when preceding a syllable-final nasal.[42]
    • Vowels can be lengthened in some contexts.[42]
  • There are five general unstressed vowels/a,e,i,o,u/.Although unstressed vowels are more stable than in Eastern Catalan dialects, there are many cases where they merge:[42]
    • In some Valencian varieties, unstressed/o/and/ɔ/are realised as/u/before labial consonants (e.g.coberts[kuˈbɛɾ(t)s]'cutlery'), before a stressed syllable with a high vowel (e.g.sospira[susˈpiɾa]'he/she sighs') and in some given names (e.g.Josep[dʒuˈzɛp]'Joseph') (note also in some colloquial speeches initial unstressed/o~ɔ/is often diphthongized to[aw],olor[awˈɫoɾ]) 'smell (n.)'). Similarly, unstressed/e/,and/ɛ/are realised as/a/in contact with sibilants, nasals and certain approximants (e.g.eixam[ajˈʃãm]'swarm',entendre[ãnˈtẽndɾe]'to understand',clevill[kɫaˈviʎ]'crevice'). Likewise (although not recommended by the AVL), unstressed/e~ɛ/merges with/i/in contact with palatal consonants (e.g.genoll[dʒiˈnoʎ]'knee'), and especially (in this case it is accepted) in lexical derivation with the suffix -ixement(e.g.coneixement[konejʃiˈmẽnt]'knowledge'). In the Standard all these reductions are accepted (/e,ɛ/→[i]is only accepted in words with the suffix-ixement).
    • Many Valencian dialects, especially Southern Valencian, feature some sort ofvowel harmony(harmonia vocàlica). This process is normally progressive (i.e. preceding vowels affect those pronounced afterwards) over the last unstressed vowel of a word; e.g.hora/ˈɔɾa/>[ˈɔɾɞ]'hour'. However, there are cases where regressive metaphony occurs over pretonic vowels; e.g.tovallola/tovaˈʎɔla/>[tɞvɞˈʎɔɫɞ]'towel',afecta/aˈfɛkta/>[ɜˈfɛktɜ]'affects'. Vowel harmony differs greatly from dialect to dialect, while many varieties assimilate both to the height and the quality of the preceding stressed vowel (e.g.terra[ˈtɛrɜ]'Earth, land' anddona[ˈdɔnɞ]'woman'); in other varieties, it is just the height that assimilates, so thatterraanddonacan be pronounced with either[ɜ]([ˈtɛrɜ,ˈdɔnɜ]) or with[ɞ]([ˈtɛrɞ,ˈdɔnɞ]), depending on the speaker.
      • In a wider sense, vowel harmony can occur in further instances, due to different processes involving palatalisation, velarisarion and labialisation
    • In certain cases, the unstressed/a,e/become silent when followed or preceded by a stressed vowel:quinzeanys[kĩnzˈãɲ(t)ʃ].
    • In certain accents, vowels occurring at the end of aprosodic unitmay be realized as centering diphthongs for special emphasis, so thatEh tu! Vine ací"Hey you! Come here!" may be pronounced[ˈeˈtuə̯ˈvinea̯ˈsiə̯].The non-syllabic[a̯]is unrelated to this phenomenon as it is an unstressed non-syllabic allophone of/a/that occurs after vowels, much like in Spanish.
Main vocalic allophones[43][42]
Phoneme Allophone Usage Example
/a/[41]
[ä]~[ɐ] - Found in most instances mà
[a] - Before/after palatals (*) nyap
[ã] - Same than[a],but followed by a nasal llamp
[ɑ] - Before/after velars poal
[ɑ̃] - Same than[ɑ],but followed by a nasal sang
[ɐ] - In unstressed position abans
[ɐ̃] - Nasal[ɐ];that is,[ɐ]followed by or in between nasals llançat
[ɛ̈]~[ɔ̈] - Final unstressed syllables (vowel harmony) (*) terra/dona
/ɛ/[44]
[æ] - Before liquids and in monosyllabic terms set
[æ̃] - Before nasals dens
[ɛ] - Rest of cases (*) terra
/e/[45]
[e] - Found in stressed and unstressed syllables sec
[ẽ] - In stressed and unstressed position followed by or in between nasals lent
[a] - Unstressed position before palatals (*) eixam
[ɐ̃] - In some cases, in unstressed position before nasals (*) entendre
[ɪ] - Found in the suffix -ixement(*) naixement
/i/[46]
[i] - Especially found in stressed syllables sis
[ĩ] - Nasal[i];that is,[i]followed by or in between nasals dins
[ɪ] - Unstressed position xiquet
[ɪ̃] - Nasal[ɪ];that is,[ɪ]followed by or in between nasals minvar
[j] - Unstressed position before/after vowels iogurt
/ɔ/[47]
[ɒ] - Found before stops and in monosyllabic terms roig
[ɒ̃] - Before nasals pondre
[ɔ] - Rest of cases (*) dona
/o/[48]
[o] - Found in stressed and unstressed syllables molt
[õ] - Nasal[o];that is,[o]followed by or in between nasals on
[o̞] - Found in the suffix -dorand in coda stressed syllables cançó
[ʊ] - Unstressed position before labials, a syllable with a high vowel and in some given names (*) Josep
[ʊ̃] - Same as[ʊ],but followed by a nasal complit
[ew] - Found in most cases with the weak pronounho ho
/u/[49]
[u] - Especially found in stressed syllables lluç
[ũ] - Nasal[u];that is,[u]followed by or in between nasals fum
[ʊ] - Unstressed position sucar
[ʊ̃] - Nasal[ʊ];that is,[ʊ]followed by or in between nasals muntó
[w] - Unstressed position before/after vowels teua

Consonants[edit]

Consonants of Valencian[34][35][36]
Labial Dental/
Alveolar 		Palatal Velar
Nasal m n ɲ (ŋ)
Stop p b t d k ɡ
Affricate ts dz tʃ dʒ
Fricative f v s z ʃ (ʒ)
Approximant j w
Lateral l ʎ
Flap ɾ
Trill r
  • Thevoicedstops/d,ɡ/arelenitedto approximants[ð,ɣ]after acontinuant,i.e. a vowel or any type of consonant other than astopornasal(exceptions include/d/afterlateral consonants). These sounds are realised as voiceless plosives in the coda in standard Valencian.
    • /b/can also be lenited in betacist dialects.
    • /d/is often elided between vowels following a stressed syllable (found notably in feminine participles,/ada/→[aː],and in the suffix -dor); e.g.fideuà[fiðeˈwaː]( <fideuada) 'fideuà',mocador[mokaˈoɾ]'tissue' (note this feature, although widely spread in South Valencia, is not recommended in standard Valencian,[36]except for reborrowed terms such asAlbà,Roà,the previously mentionedfideuà,etc.).
    • Unlike other Catalan dialects, the clusters/bl/and/ɡl/never geminate or fortify in intervocalic position (e.g.poble[ˈpɔbɫe]'village').
  • The velar stops/k/,/ɡ/are fronted to pre-velar position [k̟,ɡ̟] beforefront vowels:qui[ˈk̟i]('who').
  • Valencian has preserved in most of its varieties the mediaevalvoiced pre-palatal affricate/dʒ/(similar to thejin English "jeep" ) in contexts where other modern dialects have developedfricative consonants/ʒ/(like thesiin English "vision" ), e.g.dijous[diˈdʒɔws]('Thursday').
    • Note the fricative[ʒ]appears only as a voicedallophoneof/ʃ/before vowels and voiced consonants; e.g.peixal forn[ˈpejʒaɫˈfoɾn]'oven fish'.
  • Unlike other Catalan dialects,/dʒ/and/tʃ/do not geminate (in most accents):metge[ˈmedʒe]('medic'), andcotxe[ˈkotʃe]('car'). Exceptions may include learned terms likepidgin[ˈpidːʒĩn]('pidgin').
  • In the Standard, intervocalic/dz/,e.g.setze('sixteen'), and/ts/,e.g.potser('maybe'), are recommended to be pronounced with a gemination of the stop element (/dːz/and/tːs/,respectively).
  • /v/occurs in Balearic,[50]Alguerese,standard Valencian and some areas in southern Catalonia (e.g.viu[ˈviw],'s/he lives').[51]It hasmergedwith/b/elsewhere.[52]
    • /v/is realized as an approximant[ʋ]after continuants:avanç[aˈʋans]('advance'). This is not transcribed in this article.
  • Deaffrication of/dz/to[z]in verbs ending in -itzarand derivatives:analitzar[anaɫiˈzaɾ]('to analise'),organització[oɾɣanizaˈsjo]('organization'). Also in words likebotzina[boˈzina]('horn'),horitzó[oɾiˈzo]('horizon') andmagatzem[maɣaˈzẽm]('storehouse') (c.f.guitza[ˈɡidːza],'bother').
  • Most varieties of Valencian preserve final stops in clusters (e.g./mp/,/nt/,/ŋk/,and/lt/):camp[ˈkãmp]'field' (a feature shared with modernBalearic). Dialectally, all final clusters can be simplified.
  • /l/is normallyvelarised([ɫ]), especially in the coda.
    • /l/is generallydroppedin the wordaltre[ˈatɾe]('other'), as well as in derived terms.[36]
  • /r/is mostly retained in the coda (e.g.estar[esˈtaɾ],'to be'), except for some cases where it is dropped:arbre[ˈabɾe]('tree ") anddiners[diˈnes]('money').[36]In some dialects/r/can be further dropped in combinatory forms with infinitives and pronouns.
  • In some dialects,/s/is pronounced[sʲ]or[ʃ]after/i,j,ʎ,ɲ/.In the Standard only is accepted after/i/(in the inchoative form with/sk/→[ʃk]), and after/ʎ,ɲ/:ells[ˈeʎʃ]('they'). In some variants the result may be an affricate.[53]

Morphology[edit]

  • The present first-person singular of verbs differs from Central Catalan. All those forms without final -oare more akin to mediaeval Catalan and contemporary Balearic Catalan.
Comparison of present first-person singular with Central Catalan
Stem Infinitive Present first person singular
Catalan English Valencian Central English
IPA IPA
-ar parlar to speak parle [ˈpaɾɫe] parlo [ˈpaɾɫu] I speak
-re batre to beat bat [ˈbat] bato [ˈbatu] I beat
-er témer to fear tem [ˈtẽm] temo [ˈtemu] I fear
-ir sentir to feel sent [ˈsẽnt] sento [ˈsẽntu] I feel
senc [ˈsẽŋk]
inchoative -ir patir to suffer patisc [paˈtisk] pateixo [pəˈtɛʃu] I suffer
patesc [paˈtesk]
  • Present subjunctive is more akin to medieval Catalan and Spanish; -arinfinitives end⟨e⟩,-re,-erand -irverbs end in⟨a⟩(in contemporary Central Catalan present subjunctive ends in⟨i⟩).
  • An exclusive feature of Valencian is thesubjunctiveimperfect morpheme -ra:que ell vinguera('that he might come').
  • Valencian has -i- as theme vowel for inchoative verbs of the third conjugation; e.g.servix('s/he serves'), like North-Western Catalan. Although, again, this cannot be generalised since there are Valencian dialects that utilize -ei-, e.g.serveix.
  • In Valencian the simple past tense (e.g.cantà'he sang') is more frequently used in speech than in Central Catalan, where the periphrastic past (e.g.va cantar'he sang') is prevailing and the simple past mostly appears in written language. The same, however, may be said of the Balearic dialects.[54]
  • The second-person singular of the present tense of the verbser('to be'),ets('you are'), has been replaced byeresin colloquial speech.
  • The infinitiveveure('to see') has the variantvore,which belongs to more informal and spontaneous registers.
  • The usage of the periphrasis of obligationtindre+que+ infinitive is widely spread in colloquial Valencian, instead of the Standardhaver+de(equivalent to English "have to" ).
Clitics
  • In general, use of modern forms of the determinate article (el,els'the') and the third-person unstressed object pronouns (el,els'him, them'), though some dialects (for instance the one spoken inVinaròsarea) preserve etymological formslo,losas inLleida.For the other unstressed object pronouns, etymological old forms (me,te,se,ne,mos,vos...) can be found, depending on places, in conjunction with the more modern reinforced ones (em,et,es,en,ens,us...).
    • Several local variations fornosaltres,vosaltres('we, you'):mosatros,moatros,matros,etc.;vosatros,voatros,vatros,etc.; also for the weak formmos/-mosinstead of standardens/'ns/-nos('us') andvos/-vosinstead ofus/-vos('you pl.'), the latter (vos,instead ofus) considered standard.
  • The adverbial pronounhi('there') is almost never used in speech and is replaced by other pronouns. The adverbial pronounen('him/her/them/it') is used less than in Catalonia and the Balearic Islands.[54]
  • Combined weak cliticswithli('him/her/it') preserve theli,whereas in Central Catalan it is replaced byhi.For example, the combinationli+elgivesli'lin Valencian (l'hiin Central Catalan).
  • The weak pronounho('it') is pronounced as:
    • [ew],when it forms syllable with a pronoun:m'ho dóna[mewˈðona],dóna-m'ho[ˈdonamew]('s/he gives it to me')
    • [ew]or[u],when it comes before a verb starting with consonant:ho dóna[ewˈðona](or[uˈðona]) ('s/he gives it')
    • [w],when precedes a vowel or when coming after a vowel:li ho dóna[liwˈðona]('s/he gives it to her/him'),dóna-ho[ˈdonaw]('you give it')
    • [o],when it comes after a consonant or a semivowel:donar-ho[doˈnaɾo]('to give it').
  • The personal pronounjo('I') and the adverbja('already') are not pronounced according to the spelling, but to the etymology ([ˈjɔ]and[ˈja],instead of/ˈ(d)ʒɔ/and/ˈ(d)ʒa/). Similar pronunciations can be heard in North-Western Catalan and Ibizan.
  • The prepositionamb('with') merges withen('in') in most Valencian dialects.
  • Valencian preserves the mediaeval system of demonstratives with three different levels of demonstrative precision (esteoraquest/açò/ací,eixeoraqueix/això/ahí,aquell/allò/allíorallà,whereaquestandaqueixare almost never used) (feature shared with modern Ribagorçan and Tortosan).

Vocabulary[edit]

Valencian vocabulary contains words both restricted to the Valencian-speaking domain, as well as words shared with other Catalan varieties, especially withNorthwestern ones.Words are rarely spread evenly over the Valencian community, but are usually contained to parts of it, or spread out into other dialectal areas. Examples includehui'today' (found in all of Valencia except transitional dialects, in Northern dialectsavui) andespill'mirror' (shared with Northwestern dialects, Central Catalanmirall). There is also variation within Valencia, such as 'corn', which isdacsain Central and Southern Valencian, butpanísin Alicante and Northern Valencian (as well as in Northwestern Catalan). Since Standard Valencian is based on the Southern dialect, words from this dialect are often used as primary forms in the standard language, despite other words traditionally being used in other Valencian dialects. Examples of this aretomaca'tomato' (which istomataoutside of Southern Valencian) andmatalaf'mattress' (which ismatalapin most of Valencia, including parts of the Southern Valencian area).

Below are a selection of words which differ or have different forms in Standard Valencian and Catalan. In many cases, both standards include this variation in their respective dictionaries, but differ as to what form is considered primary. In other cases, Valencian includes colloquial forms not present in the IEC standard. Primary forms in each standard are shown in bold (and may be more than one form). Words in brackets are present in the standard in question, but differ in meaning from how thecognateis used in the other standard.

Standard Valencian (AVL)[55] Standard Catalan (IEC)[56] English
així,aixina així like this
bresquilla,préssec préssec,bresquilla peach
creïlla,patata patata,creïlla potato
dènou,dèneu,dinou dinou,dènou nineteen
dos,dues dues,dos two (f.)
eixe, aqueix aqueix,eixe that
eixir,sortir sortir,eixir to exit, leave
engrunsadora,gronxador(a) gronxador(a) swing
espill,mirall mirall,espill mirror
este,aquest aquest,este this
estel,estrela,estrella estel,estrella,estrela star
hòmens,homes homes men (plural)
hui,avui avui,hui today
huit,vuit vuit,huit eight
lluny,llunt lluny far
meló d'Alger,meló d'aigua,síndria síndria,meló d'aigua,meló d'Alger watermelon
meua,meva
teua,teva
seua,seva		 meva,meua
teva,teua
seva,seua		 my, mine
your(s)
his/her(s)/its
mitat,meitat meitat,mitat half
palometa,papallona papallona,palometa butterfly
per favor si us plau,per favor please
periodista,periodiste (-a) periodista journalist
polp,pop pop,polp octopus
quint,cinqué cinquè,quint fifth
rabosa,guineu guineu,rabosa fox
roí(n),dolent dolent,roí bad, evil
roig,vermell vermell,roig red
sext,sisé si sắc,sext sixth
tindre,tenir tenir,tindre to have
tomaca,tomàquet,tomata tomàquet,tomaca,tomata tomato
vacacions,vacances vacances,vacacions holidays
veure,vore veure to see
vindre,venir venir,vindre to come
xicotet,petit petit,xicotet small

Varieties of Valencian[edit]

Standard Valencian[edit]

TheAcademy of Valencian Studies(Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua,AVL), established by law in 1998 by theValencian autonomous governmentand constituted in 2001, is in charge of dictating the official rules governing the use of Valencian.[57]Currently, the majority of people who write in Valencian use this standard.[58]

Standard Valencian is based on the standard of theInstitute of Catalan Studies(Institut d'Estudis Catalans,IEC), used inCatalonia,with a few adaptations.[59]This standard roughly follows theRules of Castelló(Normes de Castelló) from 1932,[60]a set of othographic guidelines regarded as a compromise between the essence and style ofPompeu Fabra's guidelines, but also allowing the use of Valencian idiosyncrasies.

Valencian dialects[edit]

Dialects of Valencian
  • Transitional Valencian(valencià de transició) orTortosan(tortosí): spoken only in the northernmost areas of the province ofCastellonin towns likeBenicarlóorVinaròs,the area ofMatarranyain Aragon (province ofTeruel), and a southern border area ofCataloniasurroundingTortosa,in the province ofTarragona.
    • Word-initial and postconsonantal/dʒ/(Catalan/ʒ/and/dʒ/~/ʒ/) alternates with[(j)ʒ]intervocalically; e.g.joc[ˈdʒɔk]('game'), butpitjor[piˈʒo]('worse'),boja[ˈbɔjʒa]('crazy') (Standard Valencian/ˈdʒɔk/,/piˈdʒoɾ/;/ˈbɔdʒa/;Standard Catalan/ˈʒɔk/,/piˈdʒo/and/ˈbɔʒə/).
    • Final⟨r⟩[ɾ]is not pronounced in infinitives; e.g.cantar[kãnˈta](Standard/kanˈtaɾ/) ('to sing').
    • Archaicarticleslo, los('the') are used instead ofel, els;e.g.lo xic('the boy'),los hòmens('the men').
  • Northern Valencian(valencià septentrional) orCastellon's Valencian(valencià castellonenc): spoken in an area surrounding the city ofCastellón de la Plana.
    • Use of[e]sound instead of standard⟨a⟩/a/in the third person singular of most verbs; e.g.(ell) cantava[kãnˈtave](Standard/kanˈtava/) 'he sang'. Thus, Northern Valencian dialects contrast forms like(jo) cantava[kãnˈtava]('I sang') with(ell) cantava[kãnˈtave]('he sang'), but merges(jo) cante[ˈkãnte]('I sing') with(ell) canta[ˈkãnte]('he sings').
    • Palatalization of⟨ts⟩/ts/>[tʃ]and⟨tz⟩/dz/>[dːʒ];e.g.pots/ˈpots/>[ˈpotʃ]('cans, jars, you can'),dotze/ˈdodze/>[ˈdodːʒë]('twelve').
    • Depalatalization of/jʃ/to[jsʲ]by some speakers; e.g.caixa/ˈkajʃa/>[ˈkajsʲa]('box').
  • Central Valencian(valencià central), orApitxat,spoken inValenciacity and its area, but not used as standard by the Valencian media.
    • Sibilant merger: all voiced sibilants are devoiced (/dʒ/>[tʃ],/dz/>[ts],/z/>[s]); that is,apitxatpronouncescasa[ˈkasa]('house') andjoc[ˈtʃɔk]('game'), where other Valencians would pronounce/ˈkaza/and/ˈdʒɔk/(feature shared withRibagorçan).
    • Betacism,that is the merge of/v/into/b/;e.g.viu[ˈbiw](instead of/ˈviw/) ('he lives').
    • Fortition (gemination) and vocalisation of final consonants;nit[ˈnitː(ə)](instead of/ˈnit/) ('night').
    • It preserves the strong simple past, which has been substituted by an analytic past (periphrastic past) withvadere+infinitivein the rest of modern Catalan and Valencian variants. For example,aníinstead ofvaig anar('I went').
  • Southern Valencian(valencià meridional): spoken in the contiguouscomarqueslocated in the southernmost part of the Valencia province and the northernmost part in the province of Alicante. This dialect is considered as Standard Valencian.
    • Vowel harmony:the final syllable of a disyllabic word adopts a preceding open⟨e⟩([ɜ]) or⟨o⟩([ɞ]) if the final vowel is an unstressed -⟨a⟩or -⟨e⟩;e.g.terra[ˈtɛrɜ]('earth, land'),dona[ˈdɔnɞ]('woman').
    • This dialect retain geminate consonants (⟨tl⟩/lː/and⟨tn⟩/nː/); e.g.guatla[ˈɡʷaɫːa]('quail'),cotna[ˈkõnːa]('rind').
    • Weak pronouns are "reinforced" in front of the verb (em, en, et, es,etc.) contrary to other dialects which maintains "full form" (me, ne, te, se,etc.).
  • Alicante's Valencian(valencià alacantí): spoken in the southern half of the province ofAlicante,and the area ofEl Carchein Murcia.
    • Intervocalic/d/elision in most instances; e.g.roda[ˈrɔa]('wheel'),nadal[naˈaɫ]('Christmas').
    • Yod is not pronounced in⟨ix⟩/jʃ/>[ʃ];e.g.caixa[ˈkaʃa]('box').
    • Final⟨r⟩is not pronounced in infinitives; e.g.cantar[kãnˈta]('to sing').
    • There are some archaisms like:ansinstead ofabans('before'),mancoinstead ofmenys('less'),dintreinstead ofdins('into') ordeversinstead ofcap a('towards').
    • There are more interferences with Spanish than other dialects:assul(fromazul) instead ofblau(oratzur) ('blue'),llimpiar(fromlimpiar) instead ofnetejar('to clean') orsacar(fromsacar) instead oftraure('take out').

Authors and literature[edit]

Media in Valencian[edit]

Main articles:Ràdio Televisió ValencianaandValencian Media Corporation
Employees demonstrate in front of the RTVV headquarters inBurjassotthe day of its closure

Until its dissolution in November 2013, the public-serviceRàdio Televisió Valenciana(RTVV) was the main broadcaster of radio and television in Valencian language. The Generalitat Valenciana constituted it in 1984 in order to guarantee thefreedom of informationof the Valencian people in their own language.[61]It was reopened again in 2018 in the same location but under a different name, À Punt, and it is owned by À Punt Media, a group owned by theGeneralitat Valenciana.The new television channel claims to be plural, informative and neutral for all of the Valencian population. It is bilingual, with a focus on the Valencian language. It's recognised as a regional TV channel.[62]

Prior to its dissolution, the administration of RTVV under thePeople's Party(PP) had been controversial due to accusations of ideological manipulation and lack of plurality. The news broadcast was accused of giving marginal coverage of theValencia Metro derailmentin 2006 and the indictment of President de la GeneralitatFrancisco Campsin theGürtelscandal in 2009.[63]Supervisors appointed by the PP were accused ofsexual harassment.[64]

In face of an increasing debt due to excessive expenditure by the PP, RTVV announced in 2012 a plan to shed 70% of its labour. The plan was nullified on 5 November 2013 by theNational Courtafter trade unions appealed against it. On that same day, the President de la GeneralitatAlberto Fabra(also fromPP) announced RTVV would be closed, claiming that reinstating the employees was untenable.[65]On 27 November, the legislative assembly passed the dissolution of RTVV and employees organised to take control of the broadcast, starting a campaign against the PP. Nou TV's last broadcast ended abruptly when Spanish police pulled the plug at 12:19 on 29 November 2013.[66]

Having lost all revenues from advertisements and facing high costs from the termination of hundreds of contracts, critics question whether the closure of RTVV has improved the financial situation of the Generalitat, and point out to plans to benefit private-owned media.[67]Currently, the availability of media in the Valencian language is extremely limited. All the otherautonomous communities in Spain,including the monolingual ones, have public-service broadcasters, with the Valencian Community being the only exception despite being the fourth most populated.

In July 2016 a new public corporation,Valencian Media Corporation,was launched in substitution of RTVV. It manages and controls several public media in the Valencian Community, including the television channel À Punt, which started broadcasting in June 2018.

Politico-linguistic controversy[edit]

Further information:Valencian language controversy,Language secessionism,Blaverism,andNorms of El Puig

Linguists, including Valencian scholars, deal with Catalan and Valencian as the same language. The official regulating body of the language of the Valencian community, theValencian Language Academy(Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua,AVL) considers Valencian and Catalan to be two names for the same language.[68]

CatalanWikisourcehas original text related to this article:

[T]he historical patrimonial language of theValencian people,from a philological standpoint, is the same shared by the autonomous communities ofCataloniaandBalearic Islands,andPrincipality of Andorra.Additionally, it is the patrimonial historical language of other territories of the ancientCrown of Aragon[...] The different varieties of these territories constitute a language, that is, a "linguistic system" [...] From this group of varieties, Valencian has the same hierarchy and dignity as any other dialectal modality of that linguistic system [...]

— Ruling of the Valencian Language Academy of 9 February 2005, extract of point 1.[60][h]
Chronological map showing linguistic evolution of Valencian/Catalan in southwest Europe

The AVL was established in 1998 by the PP-UVgovernment ofEduardo Zaplana.According toEl País,Jordi Pujol,then president of Catalonia and of theCiU,negotiated with Zaplana in 1996 to ensure the linguistic unity of Catalan in exchange for CiU support of the appointment ofJosé María AznarasPrime Minister of Spain.[69]Zaplana has denied this, claiming that "[n]ever, never, was I able to negotiate that which is not negotiable, neither that which is not in the negotiating scope of a politician. That is, the unity of the language".[i]The AVL orthography is based on theNormes de Castelló,a set of rules for writing Valencian established in 1932.

A rival set of rules, calledNormes del Puig,were established in 1979 by theRoyal Academy of Valencian Culture(Real Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana,RACV), which considers itself a rival language academy to the AVL, and promotes analternative orthography,treating Valencian as an independent language, as opposed to a variety of Catalan. Compared to Standard Valencian, this orthography excludes many words not traditionally used in the Valencian Community, and also prefers spellings such as ⟨ch⟩ for /tʃ/ and ⟨y⟩ for /j/ (as inSpanish). Besides, these alternative Norms are also promoted and taught by the cultural associationLo Rat Penat.

Valencian is classified as a Western dialect, along with the North-Western varieties spoken in Western Catalonia (Province of Lleidaand most of theProvince of Tarragona).[70][71]The various forms of Catalan and Valencian are mutually intelligible (ranging from 90% to 95%)[72]

Despite the position of the official organizations, an opinion poll carried out between 2001 and 2004[16]showed that the majority (65%) of the Valencian people (both Valencian and Spanish speakers) consider Valencian different from Catalan: this position is promoted by people who do not use Valencian regularly.[73]Furthermore, the data indicate that younger people educated in Valencian speaking areas are considerably less likely to hold these views. According to an official poll in 2014,[15]54% of Valencians considered Valencian to be a language different from Catalan, while 41% considered the languages to be the same. By applying a binarylogistic regressionto the same data, it was also found that different opinions about the unity of the language are different between people with certain levels of studies and the opinion also differs between each of the Valencian provinces. The opinion agreeing on the unity of Valencian and Catalan has significant differences regarding age, level of education and province of residence, with a majority of those aged 18–24 (51%) and those with a higher education (58%) considering Valencian to be the same language as Catalan. This can be compared to those aged 65 and above (29%) and those with only primary education (32%), where the same view has its lowest support. People living in the province ofCastellónare more prone to be in favor of the unity of the language, while people living in the province ofAlicanteare more prone to be against the unity of the language, especially in the areas where Valencian is not a mandatory language at schools.[verification needed][74]Later studies also showed that the results differ significantly depending on the way the question is posed.[75]

The ambiguity regarding the term Valencian and its relation to Catalan has sometimes led to confusion and controversy. In 2004, during the drafting of theEuropean Constitution,the regional governments of Spain where a language other than Spanish is co-official were asked to submit translations into the relevant language in question. Since different names are used in Catalonia ( "Catalan" ) and in the Valencian Community ( "Valencian" ), the two regions each provided one version, which were identical to each other.[76]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^English pronunciation:/vəˈlɛnsiən,-nʃən/.
  2. ^Valencian pronunciation:[valensiˈa,ba-].
    Catalan pronunciation:[bələnsiˈa,və-](Central and Insular),[balensiˈa](North-western).
  3. ^Also known asidioma valencià.
  4. ^TheValencian Normative Dictionaryof the Valencian Academy of the Language states that Valencian is a "romance language spoken in the Valencian Community, as well as in Catalonia, the Balearic Islands, the French department of thePyrénées-Orientales,the Principality of Andorra, the eastern flank of Aragon and the Sardinian town of Alghero (unique in Italy), where it receives the name of 'Catalan'. "
  5. ^TheCatalan Language Dictionaryof the Institut d'Estudis Catalans states in the sixth definition of Valencian that it is equivalent to Catalan language in the Valencian community.
  6. ^TheCatalan Language Dictionaryof theInstitut d'Estudis Catalansstates in the second definition of Valencian that it is the Western dialect of Catalan spoken in the Valencian Community.
  7. ^The original text says "llengua pròpia",a term that does not have an equivalent in English.
  8. ^Original full text of Dictamen 1:D'acord amb les aportacions més solvents de la romanística acumulades des del segle XIX fins a l'actualitat (estudis de gramàtica històrica, de dialectologia, de sintaxi, de lexicografia…), la llengua pròpia i històrica dels valencians, des del punt de vista de la filologia, és també la que compartixen les comunitats autònomes de Catalunya i de les Illes Balears i el Principat d'Andorra. Així mateix és la llengua històrica i pròpia d'altres territoris de l'antiga Corona d'Aragó (la franja oriental aragonesa, la ciutat sarda de l'Alguer i el departament francés dels Pirineus Orientals). Els diferents parlars de tots estos territoris constituïxen una llengua, és a dir, un mateix "sistema lingüístic", segons la terminologia del primer estructuralisme (annex 1) represa en el Dictamen del Consell Valencià de Cultura, que figura com a preàmbul de la Llei de Creació de l'AVL. Dins d'eixe conjunt de parlars, el valencià té la mateixa jerarquia i dignitat que qualsevol altra modalitat territorial del sistema lingüístic, i presenta unes característiques pròpies que l'AVL preservarà i potenciarà d'acord amb la tradició lexicogràfica i literària pròpia, la realitat lingüística valenciana i la normativització consolidada a partir de les Normes de Castelló.
  9. ^"Nunca, nunca, pude negociar lo que no se puede negociar, ni aquello que no está en el ámbito de la negociación de un político. Es decir la unidad de la lengua."

References[edit]

  1. ^Luján, Míriam; Martínez, Carlos D.; Alabau, Vicente.Evaluation of several Maximum Likelihood Linear Regression variants for language adaptation(PDF).Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, LREC 2008. p. 860.the total number of people who speak Catalan is 7,200,000, (...). The Valencian dialect is spoken by 27% of all Catalan speakers.citing Vilajoana, Jordi, and Damià Pons. 2001. Catalan, Language of Europe. Generalitat de Catalunya, Department de Cultura. Govern de les Illes Balears, Conselleria d'Educació i Cultura.
  2. ^abSome Iberian scholars may alternatively classify Catalan asIberian Romance/East Iberian.
  3. ^Wheeler 2006.
  4. ^abc"Ley Orgánica 1/2006, de 10 de abril, de Reforma de la Ley Orgánica 5/1982, de 1 de julio, de Estatuto de Autonomía de la Comunidad Valenciana"(PDF).Generalitat Valenciana. 10 April 2006.Retrieved17 February2013.
  5. ^"Valenciano, na".Diccionario de la Real Academia Española(in Spanish).Real Academia Española.Retrieved9 June2017.
  6. ^«Otra sentencia equipara valenciano y catalán en las oposiciones, y ya van 13.»20 minutos,7 January 2008.
  7. ^Decreto 84/2008, de 6 de junio, del Consell, por el que se ejecuta la sentencia de 20 de junio de 2005, de la Sala de lo Contencioso-Administrativo del Tribunal Superior de Justicia de la Comunitat Valenciana.
  8. ^"no trobat".sindicat.net.
  9. ^"La AVL publica una 'Gramàtica Valenciana Bàsica' con las formas más" genuinas "y" vivas "de su tradición histórica".20minutos.es.Europa Press. 22 April 2016.Retrieved23 April2016.
  10. ^Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (9 February 2005)."Acord de l'Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (AVL), adoptat en la reunió plenària del 9 de febrer del 2005, pel qual s'aprova el dictamen sobre els principis i criteris per a la defensa de la denominació i l'entitat del valencià"(PDF)(in Valencian). p. 52. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 23 September 2015.Retrieved16 February2013.
  11. ^Institut d'Estudis Catalans."Resultats de la consulta:valencià".DIEC 2(in Valencian).Retrieved23 February2016.2 6 m. [FL] Al País Valencià, llengua catalana.
  12. ^"Dictamen sobre los Principios y Criterios para la Defensa de la Denominación y entidad del Valenciano"(PDF).It is a fact the in Spain there are two equally legal names for referring to this language: Valencian, as stated by the Statute of Autonomy of the Valencian Community, and Catalan, as recognised in the Statutes of Catalonia and Balearic Islands.
  13. ^Alcover, Antoni Maria(1983).Per la llengua(in Catalan). Barcelona: Secció de Filologia Catalana, Universitat de Palma. p. 37.ISBN9788472025448.Retrieved26 September2012.
  14. ^Moll, Francesc de Borja(1968).Gramàtica catalana: Referida especialment a les Illes Balears[Catalan grammar: Referring especially to the Balearic Islands] (in Catalan). Palma de Mallorca: Editorial Moll. pp. 12–14.ISBN84-273-0044-1.
  15. ^abBaròmetre d'abril 2014(PDF)(Report). Presidència de la Generalitat Valenciana. 2014. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 5 April 2016.Retrieved29 January2018.
  16. ^ab"Casi el 65% de los valencianos opina que su lengua es distinta al catalán, según una encuesta del CIS"[Almost 65% of Valencians think that their language is different from Catalan, according to a CIS survey].La Vanguardia.9 December 2004.Retrieved12 October2017.
  17. ^"Ley 7/1998, de 16 de septiembre, de Creación de la Academia Valenciana de la Lengua"(in Spanish). pp. 34727–34733 – via Boletín Oficial de España.
  18. ^Trobes en llaors de la Verge Maria( "Poems of praise of the Virgin Mary" ) 1474.
  19. ^abCosta Carreras & Yates 2009,pp. 6–7.
  20. ^"Título I. La Comunitat Valenciana – Estatuto Autonomía".Congreso.es.Retrieved12 October2017.
  21. ^"Aplicación de la Carta en España, Segundo ciclo de supervisión. Estrasburgo, 11 de diciembre de 2008. A.1.3.28 pag 7; A.2.2.5"(PDF).Coe.int. p. 107.Retrieved1 March2015.
  22. ^Mas i Miralles, Antoni (2018)."La frontera meridional per la costa de la llengua catalana".Estudis romànics.40(40): 311–325.doi:10.2436/20.2500.01.249.Retrieved7 June2024.
  23. ^Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (23 July 2013)."El valencià continua viu en la comarca murciana del Carxe".avl.gva.es(in Valencian). Archived fromthe originalon 13 September 2014.Retrieved13 September2014.
  24. ^"El valenciano 'conquista' El Carche".La Opinión de Murcia.12 February 2016.Retrieved21 February2016.
  25. ^Miquel Hernandis (21 February 2016)."En Murcia quieren hablar valenciano".El Mundo.Retrieved21 February2016.
  26. ^Martínez, D. (26 November 2011)."Una isla valenciana en Murcia"[A Valencian island in Murcia].ABC(in Spanish).Retrieved13 July2017.
  27. ^"Servei d'Investigació i Estudis Sociolingüístics(Knowledge and Social use of Valencian language) ".Servei d'Investigació i Estudis Sociolingüístics. 2010. Archived fromthe originalon 10 December 2010.Retrieved1 July2010.
  28. ^"Enquestes sobre la situació del valencià - Política Lingüística - Generalitat Valenciana".Direcció General de Política Lingüística i Gestió del Multilingüisme(in Catalan).Retrieved30 July2023.
  29. ^Casanova, Emili (1980)."Castellanismos y su cambio semántico al penetrar en el catalán"(PDF).Boletín de la Asociación Europea de Profesores de Español.12(23): 15–25.
  30. ^Feldhausen 2010,p. 6.
  31. ^Wheeler 2005,p. 2.
  32. ^Costa Carreras & Yates 2009,p. 4.
  33. ^Saborit Vilar 2009,p. 23.
  34. ^abSaborit Vilar 2009,p. 52.
  35. ^abLacreu i Cuesta, Josep (2002), "Valencian",Manual d'ús de l'estàndard oral[Manual for the use of the oral standard] (6th ed.), Valencia: Universitat de València, pp. 40–4,ISBN84-370-5390-0.
  36. ^abcde"L'estàndard oral del valencià(2002) "(PDF).Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 30 September 2010.
  37. ^Recasens 1996,p. 58.
  38. ^Recasens 1996,pp. 65–69, 141–142.
  39. ^Recasens 1996,pp. 69–77, 135–140.
  40. ^Recasens 1996,pp. 81–90, 130–133.
  41. ^abcRecasens 1996,pp. 90–104.
  42. ^abcdRecasens 1996,pp. 59–142.
  43. ^Saborit Vilar 2009,p.?.
  44. ^Recasens 1996,pp. 81–90.
  45. ^Recasens 1996,pp. 69–77.
  46. ^Recasens 1996,pp. 65–69.
  47. ^Recasens 1996,pp. 130–133.
  48. ^Recasens 1996,pp. 135–140.
  49. ^Recasens 1996,pp. 141–142.
  50. ^Carbonell & Llisterri 1992,p. 53.
  51. ^Veny 2007,p. 51.
  52. ^Wheeler 2005,p. 13.
  53. ^Recasens 2014,pp. 253–254.
  54. ^abBadia i Margarit, Antoni M. (1995).Gramática de la llengua catalana: Descriptiva, normativa, diatópica, diastrática(in Catalan). Barcelona: Proa.
  55. ^Diccionari Normatiu Valencià.http:// avl.gva.es/lexicval/
  56. ^Diccionari de la llengua catalana,Segona edició.http://dlc.iec.cat/index.html
  57. ^Statute of Autonomy of the Valencian Community, article 6, section 4.
  58. ^Lledó 2011,p. 339.
  59. ^Lledó 2011,p. 338.
  60. ^abAcadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua 2005.
  61. ^"Ley de Creación de la Entidad Pública Radiotelevisión Valenciana"(PDF).UGT RTTV.1984.Retrieved1 April2015.
  62. ^"Benvinguts a À Punt. L'espai públic de comunicació valencià".À Punt.
  63. ^"Los escándalos de Canal 9".vertele.2013.Retrieved1 April2015.
  64. ^"Sanz, destituït de secretari general de RTVV per assetjament sexual".Vilaweb.2010.Retrieved1 April2015.
  65. ^Bono, Ferran (2013)."El fracaso de Fabra acaba con el PP".El País.Retrieved1 April2015.
  66. ^"Polic evict staff in Spain after closure of station".BBC. 2013.Retrieved1 April2015.
  67. ^"El coste del cierre de RTVV asciende a 144,1 millones".Levante-EMV.2014.Retrieved1 April2015.
  68. ^"Dictamen de l'Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua sobre els principis i criteris per a la defensa de la denominació i l'entitat del valencià".Report fromAcadèmia Valenciana de la Llenguaabout denomination and identity of Valencian.
  69. ^"Pujol revela que pactó con Zaplana para avanzar con discreción en la unidad del catalán".El País(in Spanish). Barcelona / Valencia. 10 November 2004.Retrieved13 July2017.
  70. ^Feldhausen 2010,p. 5.
  71. ^Wheeler 2005,pp. 2–3.
  72. ^Central Catalan has 90% to 95% inherent intelligibility for speakers of Valencian (1989 R. Hall, Jr.), cited onEthnologue.
  73. ^Wheeler 2003,p. 207.
  74. ^Agulló Calatayud, Vicent (2011)."Análisis de la realidad sociolingüística del valenciano".Papers.96(2): 501.doi:10.5565/rev/papers/v96n2.149.hdl:10550/37211.Retrieved15 October2023.
  75. ^Baldaquí Escandell, Josep M. (2005)."A Contribution to the Study of Valencian Linguistic Secessionism: Relations between the Perception of the Supradialectal Unity of the Catalan Language and Other Sociolinguistic Variables".Catalan Review.XIX:47–58.doi:10.3828/CATR.19.5.hdl:10045/4347.Retrieved15 October2023.
  76. ^Isabel I Vilar, Ferran (30 October 2004)."Traducció única de la Constitució europea".I-Zefir.Retrieved29 April2009.

Bibliography[edit]

External links[edit]

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