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Vega (rocket)

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Vega
Vega's VV05 before liftoff withSentinel-2A
FunctionSmall-lift launch vehicle
ManufacturerAvio
Country of originEuropean multi-national[a]
Cost per launchUS$37 million
Size
Height30 m (98 ft)
Diameter3 m (9.8 ft)
Mass137,000 kg (302,000 lb)
Stages4
Capacity
Payload topolar orbit
Altitude700 km (430 mi)
Orbital inclination90°
Mass1,430 kg (3,150 lb)
Payload toelliptic orbit
Altitude1,500 km × 200 km (930 mi × 120 mi)
Orbital inclination5.4°
Mass1,963 kg (4,328 lb)
Payload toSSO
Altitude400 km (250 mi)
Mass1,450 kg (3,200 lb)
Associated rockets
Derivative workVega C
Comparable
Launch history
StatusActive, retiring
Launch sitesGuiana Space Centre,ELV
Total launches21
Success(es)19
Failure(s)2
First flight13 February 2012 (multiple payloads)[1]
Last flight9 October 2023 (THEOS-2and others)
First stage –P80[2][3][4]
Height11.7 m (38 ft)
Diameter3 m (9.8 ft)
Empty mass7,330 kg (16,160 lb)
Gross mass95,695 kg (210,971 lb)
Maximum thrust2,261 kN (508,000 lbf)
Specific impulse280 s (2.7 km/s)
Burn time107 seconds
PropellantHTPB/AP
Second stage –Zefiro 23
Height8.39 m (27.5 ft)
Diameter1.9 m (6 ft 3 in)
Empty mass2,850 kg (6,280 lb)
Gross mass28,850 kg (63,600 lb)
Maximum thrust871 kN (196,000 lbf)
Specific impulse287.5 s (2.819 km/s)
Burn time71.6 seconds
PropellantHTPB/AP[5]
Third stage –Zefiro 9
Height4.12 m (13.5 ft)
Diameter1.9 m (6 ft 3 in)
Empty mass1,315 kg (2,899 lb)
Gross mass11,815 kg (26,048 lb)
Maximum thrust260 kN (58,000 lbf)
Specific impulse296 s (2.90 km/s)
Burn time117 seconds
PropellantHTPB/AP[6]
Fourth stage – AVUM
Height1.7 m (5 ft 7 in)
Diameter1.9 m (6 ft 3 in)
Empty mass147 kg (324 lb)
Gross mass697 kg (1,537 lb)
Powered by1 ×RD-843[7](RD-868P)[8]
Maximum thrust2.42 kN (540 lbf)
Specific impulse315.5 s (3.094 km/s)
Burn time317 seconds
PropellantUDMH/N2O4
[edit on Wikidata]

Vega(Italian:Vettore Europeo di Generazione Avanzata,French:Vecteur européen de génération avancée,lit. 'Vector European Generation Advanced')[9]is an expendablesmall-lift launch vehicle operated byArianespace,produced byAvio,and jointly developed by theItalian Space Agency(ASI) and theEuropean Space Agency(ESA). Development began in 1998 and the first launch took place from theGuiana Space Centreon 13 February 2012.[4]It is the 8th most launchedsmall lift launch vehiclein history. The final flight of the rocket is scheduled for September 2024, after which the vehicle will be replaced by the improvedVega C,already in use.

It is designed to launch small payloads, 300 to 2,500 kilograms (660 to 5,510 lb)satellitesfor scientific andEarth observationmissions topolarandlow Earthorbits.[10]The reference Vega mission is a polar orbit bringing a spacecraft of 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) to an altitude of 700 kilometres (430 mi).

The rocket, named afterVega,thebrightest starin the constellationLyra,[11]is a single-body launcher (no strap-on boosters) with threesolid rocketstages: theP80first stage, the Zefiro 23 second stage, and the Zefiro 9 third stage. The upper module is aliquid rocketcalled AVUM. The improved version of the P80 stage, theP120C,will also be used as the side boosters of theAriane 6.Italyis the leading contributor to the Vega program (65%), followed byFrance(13%).[12]Other participants includeSpain,Belgium,theNetherlands,SwitzerlandandSweden.[13]

Development[edit]

Background[edit]

During the mid-1990s, French firmsAérospatialeand SEP, along with Italian firmBombrini-Parodi-Delfino(BPD), commenced discussions on the development of a proposed Ariane Complementary Launcher (ACL). Around the same time, Italy began to champion the concept of a new solid-propellant satellite launcher.[14]This proposed launcher, dubbedVega,was promoted as functioning to expand the range of European launch capabilities; Vega would be capable of launching a 1000 kg payload into a 700 km polar orbit. From the onset, the first of three stages would be based on the solid booster of the existingAriane 5expendable launch system while the second and third stages would make use of the in-development Zefiro rocket motor.[15][16]

However, it was recognised to be a costly project and thus difficult for Italy alone to finance; accordingly, international partners were sought early on in order to proceed with development.[14]In April 1998, it was publicly stated that the Vega programme was dependent upon the securing of roughly ECU70 million of industrial investment, as well as the availability of around ECU350 million of funding that had been requested from interested member states of theEuropean Space Agency(ESA), led by France and Italy.[17]During June 1998, it was announced that ministers from European Space Agency (ESA) member states had agreed to proceed with the first phase of the development programme for Vega; the participating members were France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain and Italy – the latter had assumed 55% of the burden for financing the programme.[18][16]

By September 1998, it was projected that, if fully funded, Vega would perform its first launch during 2002.[19]However, by early 1998, France was publicly showing displeasure in the programme, leading to disputes in its funding.[20][21]A new, higher-performance version of the Vega was proposed, but this failed to sufficiently satisfy France. In September 1999, France decided to withdraw from the Vega programme entirely, leading to fears for the future of the launcher.[22]In November 1999,European Space Agency(ESA) formally dropped Vega as an endorsed programme, a decision which was largely attributed to France's withdrawal; Italy declared that it would proceed regardless, and threatened to re-direct its allocated contributions for the further development of the Ariane 5 to meet the shortfall.[23][24]

Around 2000, an alternative use for the Vega was explored as a medium-class booster rocket to be used in conjunction with an improved, up-rated model of the Ariane 5 heavy launcher.[25]In October 2000, it was announced that France and Italy had settled their year-long dispute over the Vega programme; France and Italy agreed to provide 35% and 52%, respectively, of the financing towards the all-composite P80 booster for the Ariane 5 — work which would be included in the Vega programme.[26]In March 2001,FiatAvioand theItalian Space Agency(ASI) formed a new company, European Launch Vehicle (ELV), to assume responsibility for the majority of development work on the Vega programme.[27]By 2003, there was concerns thatEuropean Space Agency(ESA)'s recent adoption of the RussianSoyuzlauncher would directly compete with the in-development Vega; demands for such launchers had declined with a downturn in the mobile telecommunications satellite market and doubts over the EuropeanGalileosatellite navigationsystem.[28]

Programme launch[edit]

In March 2003, contracts for development of the Vega launcher were signed byEuropean Space Agency(ESA) andCentre national d'études spatiales(CNES), the French space agency; Italy provided 65% of funding while six additional nations contributed the remainder.[29]In May 2004, it was reported that a contract was signed between commercial operatorArianespaceand prime contractor ELV to perform vehicle integration atKourou,French Guiana.[30]In November 2004, construction commenced upon a new dedicated launch pad for the Vega launcher at Kourou, this included abunkerand a self-propelled structure to assist assembly of the stages; this site was built over the original launch pad for the retiredAriane 1launcher.[31][32]In September 2005, the successful completion of key tests on the Vega's solid rocket motor igniters, a key milestone, was reported.[33]

In November 2005,European Space Agency(ESA) declared its desire for the development and deployment of anelectric propulsion-poweredmodule to work in conjunction with the Vega launcher; this envisioned module would transfer payloads betweenlow Earth orbit(LEO) and ageostationary orbit(GEO).[34]During November 2005, it was reported that bothIsraelandIndiahad shown formal interest in the Vega programme.[35]In December 2005, the Vega launcher, along with the Ariane and Soyuz launchers, were endorsed as the recognised "first choice" platforms for ESA payloads.[36]On 19 December 2005, the first test firing of the Vega's third stage was completed successfully atSalto di Quirra,Sardinia.[37]For several years, further tests would be conducted at the Sardinia site.[38][39]Progress on Vega was delayed by the failure of one such test of the third stage on 28 March 2007.[40][41]

During January 2007,European Space Agency(ESA) announced that the agency was studying the use ofGlobal Positioning System(GPS) navigation in order to support launches of the Vega and Ariane.[42]At the 2009Paris Air Show,it was revealed that the adoption of more cost-effective engine to replace the upper stages of the Vega have been postponed due to a failure to reduce the overall costs of the launcher, making it much less worthwhile to pursue.[43]Despite this finding, efforts to improve the efficiency of the third stage continued.[44]At this point, the certification of all four stages of the Vega launch was anticipated to be achieved prior to the end of 2009, while the first launch was scheduled to take place during 2010.[45]The first flight was intended to be flown with a scientific payload, rather than a "dummy" placeholder;[46][47]but had intentionally avoided a costly commercial satellite.[48]By late 2010, the first flight had been delayed into 2011.[49]

Into flight[edit]

During October 2011, all major components of the first Vega rocket departed Avio'sColleferrofacility, nearRome,by sea for Kourou. At this point, the first launch was anticipated to occur during December 2011 or January 2012.[50][51]During early January 2012, it was reported that the launch date would slip into the following month.[47][52]On 13 February 2012, the first launch of the Vega rocket occurred for Kourou; it was reported as being an "apparently perfect flight".[53][54]

During mid-2011, it was postulated that an evolved 'Europeanised' upgrade of the Vega rocket could be developed in the medium-to-long term future.[55]Following the successful first launch, various improvements for the Vega were postulated. TheGerman Aerospace Center(DLR) was reportedly enthusiastic on the prospects of developing a European alternative to the Vega's final, fourth stage; however, it was widely believed that there should be no change to Vega hardware for roughly 10 years in order to consolidate operations and avoid unnecessary costs early on.[56]European Space Agency(ESA) was also keen to take advantage of potential commonalities between the Vega and the proposedAriane 6heavy launcher.[57]

Following on from the first launch, a further four flights were conducted under the vestiges of the VERTA programme (Vega Research and Technology Accompaniment), during which observation or scientific payloads were orbited while validating and readying the Vega rocket for more lucrative commercial operations.[58]The second launch, performed on 6 May 2013, which followed a considerably more demanding flight profile and carried the type's first commercial payload, was also successful.[59]In the aftermath of this second launch,European Space Agency(ESA) declared the Vega rocket to be "fully functional".[60]The lapse of more than one year between the inaugural flight and the second one was mainly due to the fact that the Italian manufacturer had to completely redevelop the Flight Control Software, due to the restrictions on French export control imposed on the software used on the first flight.[61]

Since entering commercial service, Arianespace markets Vega as a launch system tailored for missions topolarandSun-synchronousorbits.[62]During its qualification flight, Vega placed its main payload of 386.8 kg, theLARESsatellite, into a circular orbit at the altitude of 1450 km with aninclinationof 69.5°.[63]

Specifications[edit]

Stages[edit]

Stages[64][65] Stage 1
P80 		Stage 2
Zefiro 23 		Stage 3
Zefiro 9 		Stage 4
AVUM
Height 11.7 m (38 ft 5 in) 7.5 m (24 ft 7 in) 3.5 m (11 ft 6 in) 1.7 m (5 ft 7 in)
Diameter 3 m (9 ft 10 in) 1.9 m (6 ft 3 in) 1.9 m (6 ft 3 in) 1.9 m (6 ft 3 in)
Propellant type Solid Solid Solid Liquid
Propellant mass 88,000 kg (194,000 lb) 24,000 kg (53,000 lb) 10,500 kg (23,100 lb) 550 kg (1,210 lb)
Motor dry mass 7,330 kg (16,160 lb) 1,950 kg (4,300 lb) 915 kg (2,017 lb) 131 kg (289 lb)
Motor case mass 3,260 kg (7,190 lb) 900 kg (2,000 lb) 400 kg (880 lb) 16 kg (35 lb)
Average thrust 2,200 kN (490,000 lbf) 871 kN (196,000 lbf) 260 kN (58,000 lbf) 2.42 kN (540 lbf)
Burn time (sec.) 110 77 120 667
Specific impulse 280 s (2.7 km/s) 287.5 s (2.819 km/s) 296 s (2.90 km/s) 315.5 s (3.094 km/s)

Payload[edit]

Arianespacehad indicated that the Vega launcher is able to carry 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) to a circularpolar orbitat an altitude of 700 km (430 mi).[66]

The payload fairing of the Vega was designed and is manufactured byRUAG Spaceof Switzerland.[67]It has a diameter of 2.6 metres, a height of 7.8 metres and a mass of 400 kg. The cylindrical part of the fairing has an outer diameter 2.6 m and a height 3.5 m.[68]

Three solid motor stages[edit]

The first three stages are solid propellant engines produced byAvio,that is prime contractor for the Vega launcher through its company ELV.[69]

As of 2011,the design and production process of the three engine types intended for the three stages of Vega were planned to be verified in twoground-test firings— one for design evaluation and one in the final flight configuration.[70][71][needs update]

P80[edit]

Main article:P80 (rocket stage)

The P80 is the first stage of VEGA, its name is derived from the design phase propellant weight of 80 tons that was later increased to 88 tons. The P80 includes athrust vector control(TVC) system, developed and made in Belgium bySABCA,consisting of two electromechanical actuators that operate a movable nozzle with flexible joint using lithium-ion batteries.[72]The 3 m diameter case is composed ofgraphite epoxyfilament woundcase and low density rubber is used for the internal insulation. Thenozzleis made of light low-cost carbon phenolic material; a consumable casing is used for the igniter. Thesolid propellantloaded has low binder content and highaluminiumpercentage (HTPB 1912).[73]

The first test firing of the P80 engine took place on 30 November 2006 inKourou,and the test was concluded successfully.[74]

The second test firing of the P80 first stage engine took place on 4 December 2007 in Kourou. Delivering a mean thrust of 190 tonnes over 111 seconds, the engine's behaviour was in line with predictions.[75]

The future version of the stage,P120C,also with its name derived from the design phase propellant weight of 120 tons, will increase the propellant mass to 141–143 tons.[76]

Zefiro 23[edit]

Main article:Zefiro (rocket stage)
Nozzle of the Zefiro 23, Paris Air Show 2015

The development of the Zefiro motor was initiated byAvio,partially funded by the company and partially funded by a contract from theItalian Space Agency(ISA). A Zefiro 23 forms the second stage of Vega. Itscarbon-epoxycase isfilament-woundand its carbon phenolic nozzle includes acarbon-carbonthroat insert. The propellant loading is 23 tons.[72]

The Zefiro 23 second stage engine was first fired on 26 June 2006 atSalto di Quirra.This test was successful.[77]

The second test firing of the Zefiro 23 second stage engine took place on 27 March 2008 also at Salto di Quirra. This successful test qualified the rocket engine.[78]

Zefiro 9[edit]

Main article:Zefiro (rocket stage)

The first engine completed was Zefiro 9, the third-stage engine. The first test firing was carried out on 20 December 2005, at theSalto di QuirraInter-force Test Range, on theMediterraneancoast in southeastSardinia.The test was a complete success.[79]

After a critical design review based on the completed first test firings,[80]the second test-firing of the Zefiro 9 took place at Salto di Quirra on 28 March 2007. After 35 seconds, there was a sudden drop in the motor's internal pressure, leading to an increased combustion time.[81]No public information is available for this sudden drop of internal pressure, and whether any flaws were present in the motor's design.

On 23 October 2008, an enhanced version of the Zefiro 9 with a modified nozzle design, the Zefiro 9-A, was successfully tested.[82]

On 28 April 2009, the final qualification test firing of Zefiro 9-A took place at the Salto di Quirra Interforce Test Range inSardinia,Italy.[83]

Attitude Vernier Upper Module (AVUM)[edit]

AVUM undergoing vibration test atESTECTest Centre inNoordwijk.

The Attitude Vernier Upper Module (AVUM)upper stage,developed byAvio,has been designed to place the payload in the required orbit and to perform roll and attitude control functions. The AVUM consists of two modules: AVUM Propulsion Module (APM) and AVUM Avionics Module (AAM).[84]The propulsion module uses a Ukrainian-builtRD-843[7](RD-868P)[8]rocket engineliquid-fuel rocketburning pressure-fedUDMHandnitrogen tetroxideas propellants. The AVUM avionics module contains the main components of the avionics sub-system of the vehicle.[85]

Variants[edit]

There was a concept study for a new medium-size launcher based on Vega andAriane 5elements. This launcher would use an Ariane 5 P230 first stage, a Vega P80 second stage and an Ariane 5 third stage using either storable or cryogenic fuel.[72]

The future upgraded Vega (LYRA program) has exceeded the feasibility study and is planned to replace the current third and fourth stages with a single low cost LOX/Liquid methane stage with a newguidance system.The purpose of the program is to upgrade the performance by about 30% without significant price increase.[86]

On 14 February 2012, one day after the successful first launch of Vega, theGerman Aerospace Center(DLR) moved to be included in the program. Johann-Dietrich Wörner, at that time head ofDLR,saidGermanywanted to join the project. Germany would provide a replacement for the RD-843 engine on the AVUM fourth stage, currently made inUkraine.The Vega launcher manager stated that it will not fly in the near future because it takes some time to develop, but he confirmed it will be on agenda in the next meeting of ministers in late 2012. That way, all components of the rocket would be built inside theEuropean Union(EU), excluding theSwissmade ones.[13]

The revised Vega-C first stage, renamedP120C(Common), has been selected asboosterfor the first stage of the next generationAriane 6rocket atEuropean Space Agency(ESA) Council meeting at Ministerial level in December 2014.[87]

Avio is also considering a "Vega Light" that would omit the first stage of either the Vega-C or Vega-E and would be targeted at replenishing satellite constellations. The vehicle would be capable of launching between 250–300 kg or 400–500 kg depending on whether it was derived from a Vega-C or Vega-E, respectively.[88][89]

Vega C[edit]

Main article:Vega C
Model of Vega-C at Paris Air Show 2015

Vega C is an evolution on the original Vega launcher to enable better launch performance and flexibility.[90]Development started following the December 2014 ESA Ministerial Council with the goal to meet the change in payload demands, both in regards to an increase in medium-sized institutional payloads, and to compete with cheaper launch providers.[91]

This new evolution incorporates various changes to the Vega stack. The first stageP80 motorwill be replaced with theP120C,the same booster due to be used on the upcomingAriane 6launcher, and the Zefiro 23 second stage will also be replaced with the Zefiro 40. The larger AVUM+ will replace the AVUM fourth stage, while the third Zefiro 9 stage will be carried over from the base version of the launcher.[90]

These modifications will enable new mission parameters using various payload adapters and upper stages. The new rocket will be able to carry dual payloads using the Vespa-C payload adapter, or a single large satellite in addition to smaller payloads using the Vampire and SMSS multiple payload dispenser. Orbital transfer capability is also available with the Vega Electrical Nudge Upper Stage, or VENUS.[92]

Return missions are also available using the reusableSpace Ridervehicle, currently in development by ESA and due to launch on a Vega-C no earlier than July 2025.

On 13 July 2022, Vega-C had its debut flight, during which it delivered theLARES 2and six other satellites to orbit.[93]This launch came as a way of filling the gap after the Russian rockets became unavailable due to thewar in Ukraine.[94]On 21 December 2022 (UTC), Vega-C suffered a launch failure due to an anomaly with the Zefiro 40 second stage resulting in the loss of two spacecraft for theAirbus Pléiades Neo Earth-imaging constellation.[95]

Following the failure, the next launch was delayed until late 2024 to allow the redesign of a rocket motor nozzle.[96]

Vega-E[edit]

The Vega E (or Vega Evolution) is a further evolution of the Vega-C with the Zefiro 9 and AVUM+ third and fourth stages replaced with a cryogenic upper stage powered byliquid oxygenandliquid methane.This variant offers even more flexibility than Vega-C, with the ability to deliver multiple satellites into different orbits on a single launch.[97]

As of March 2021Avio is finalizing the development of the newM10methane engine used in the new upper stage. The engine design is the result of a collaboration between Avio andChemical Automatics Design Bureau(KBKhA) ended in 2014.[98]

Avio successfully conducted the first series of testing of theM10engine between May and July 2022[99]with the maiden flight of the Vega-E planned for 2027.[100]

Launch statistics[edit]

This section istranscludedfromList of Vega launches.(edit|history)

Rocket configurations[edit]

  • Vega
  • Vega (scheduled)
  • Vega-C
  • Vega-C (scheduled)
  • Vega-E (scheduled)


Launch outcomes[edit]

  • Failure
  • Success
  • Scheduled

Orbits[edit]

Launch history[edit]

Main article:List of Vega launches
This section istranscludedfromList of Vega launches.(edit|history)

Note: Date and time of start (as count-down zero, ignition or lift-off?) is listed inUTC.(Although local time atGuiana Space Centre(CSG) in Kourou,French Guiana,South AmericaisUTC–3.)

2012[edit]

Flight Date / time (UTC)[101] Rocket,
Configuration 		Launch site Payload Payload mass Orbit Customer Launch Outcome
VV01 13 February 2012
10:00:00 		Vega ELV LARES•ALMASat-1•e-st@r•Goliat•MaSat-1•PW-Sat•ROBUSTA•UniCubeSat-GG•Xatcobeo LEO University of Bologna[102] Success
First Vega launch;GeodeticandNanosatellite;

2013[edit]

Flight Date / time (UTC)[101] Rocket,
Configuration 		Launch site Payload Payload mass Orbit Customer Launch Outcome
VV02 7 May 2013
02:06:31 		Vega ELV PROBA-V•VNREDSat 1A•ESTCube-1 254.83 kg (561.8 lb)[103] SSO ESA •VAST•

Tartu

Success
First commercial launch;Earth observation satellite;[104][105]

2014[edit]

Flight Date / time (UTC)[101] Rocket,
Configuration 		Launch site Payload Payload mass Orbit Customer Launch Outcome
VV03 30 April 2014
01:35:15 		Vega ELV KazEOSat 1 830 kg (1,830 lb)[106] SSO KGS Success
Earth observation satellite[107]

2015[edit]

Flight Date / time (UTC) Rocket,
Configuration 		Launch site Payload Payload mass Orbit Customers Launch
Outcome
VV04 11 February 2015
13:40:00 		Vega ELV IXV 1,845 kg (4,068 lb)[108] TAO ESA Success
Reentrytechnology demonstration;IXV deployed into atransatmospheric orbit,AVUM briefly entered a low Earth orbit before performing targeted de-orbit.[109][110][111][112][113]
VV05 23 June 2015
01:51:58 		Vega ELV Sentinel-2A 1,130 kg (2,490 lb)[114] SSO ESA Success
Earth observation satellite[115][116][117][118]
VV06 3 December 2015
04:04:00 		Vega ELV LISA Pathfinder 1,906 kg (4,202 lb)[119] Halo orbitEarth–Sun L1 ESA / NASA Success
Technology demonstrator[120][121]

2016[edit]

Flight Date / time (UTC) Rocket,
Configuration 		Launch site Payload Payload mass Orbit Customers Launch
Outcome
VV07 16 September 2016
01:43:35 		Vega ELV PeruSat-1 • 4Terra Bellasatellites 870 kg (1,920 lb)[122] SSO Peruvian Armed Forces•Terra Bella Success
Reconnaissance satellite/ Earth observation satellite[123][124]
VV08 5 December 2016
13:51:44 		Vega ELV Göktürk-1A 1,060 kg (2,340 lb)[125] SSO Turkish Armed Forces Success
Earth observation satellite[126](IMINT,Reconnaissance)

2017[edit]

Flight Date / time (UTC) Rocket,
Configuration 		Launch site Payload Payload mass Orbit Customers Launch
Outcome
VV09 7 March 2017
01:49:24 		Vega ELV Sentinel-2B 1,130 kg (2,490 lb)[127] SSO ESA Success
Earth observation satellite[128][129]
VV10 2 August 2017
01:58:33 		Vega ELV OPTSAT-3000•VENμS 632 kg (1,393 lb)[130] SSO Italian Defense Ministry•ISA/CNES Success
IMINTEarth observation satellite[131]
VV11 8 November 2017
01:42:31 		Vega ELV Mohammed VI-A(MN35-13A) 1,110 kg (2,450 lb)[132] SSO Morocco Success
Earth observation satellite[133]

2018[edit]

Flight Date / time (UTC) Rocket,
Configuration 		Launch site Payload Payload mass Orbit Customers Launch
Outcome
VV12 22 August 2018
21:20:09[134] 		Vega ELV ADM-Aeolus[135][136][137] 1,357 kg (2,992 lb)[138] SSO ESA Success
Weather satellite
VV13 21 November 2018
01:42:31[139] 		Vega ELV Mohammed VI-B(MN35-13B)[139] 1,108 kg (2,443 lb)[140] SSO Morocco Success
Earth observation satellite

2019[edit]

Flight Date / time (UTC) Rocket,
Configuration 		Launch site Payload Payload mass Orbit Customers Launch
Outcome
VV14 22 March 2019
01:50:35[141] 		Vega ELV PRISMA[142] 879 kg (1,938 lb)[143] SSO Italian Space Agency Success
Earth observation satellite
VV15 11 July 2019
01:53 		Vega ELV Falcon Eye 1 1,197 kg (2,639 lb) SSO UAEAF[144] Failure[145]
IMINT(Reconnaissance)– TheVV15launch failure was possibly caused by a thermal protection design flaw on the second stage's forward dome area,[146]and led to reassignment of the FalconEye 2 launch.[147][148]This also led to the highest recorded amount (US$411.21 million) for an insurance claim for a satellite launch failure.[149]

2020[edit]

Flight Date / time (UTC) Rocket,
Configuration 		Launch site Payload Payload mass Orbit Customers Launch
Outcome
VV16 3 September 2020
01:51:10[150] 		Vega ELV SSMS PoC Flight,D-Orbit,[151]Spaceflight Industries,[152]SITAEL[153]andISISpace[154]microsatellitesandcubesats(53 satellites). 756 kg (1,667 lb)[155] SSO Various Success
Technology demonstration:launch of the Small Satellites Mission Service Dispenser (SSMS Dispenser) Proof of Concept Flight.[156]
VV17 17 November 2020
01:52:20[157] 		Vega ELV SEOSat-IngenioandTARANIS[158][159] 925 kg (2,039 lb) SSO Centre for the Development of Industrial Technology(CDTI) (Spain) and Centre national d'études spatiales (CNES),France Failure[160]
Earth observation satelliteandStudy of the atmosphere of the Earth.After ignition of the AVUM upper stage, a trajectory deviation caused failure. Satellites were valued at nearly US$400 million.[160]An assembly error (inverted control cable) was the suspected cause.[160]

2021[edit]

Flight Date / time (UTC) Rocket,
Configuration 		Launch site Payload Payload mass Orbit Customers Launch
Outcome
VV18 29 April 2021
01:50[161] 		Vega ELV Pléiades Neo 3• NorSat-3 • Bravo • ELO Alpha •Lemur-2× 2 1,278 kg (2,818 lb) SSO Airbus Defence and Space•NOSA• Aurora Insight •Eutelsat•Spire Global Success
Small Satellites Mission Service (SSMS) piggyback mission.
VV19 17 August 2021
01:47[162] 		Vega ELV Pléiades Neo 4• BRO-4 • LEDSAT • RADCUBE • SUNSTORM 1,029 kg (2,269 lb) SSO Airbus Defence and Space• UnseenLabs •Sapienza University of Rome•ESA• C3S Hungary •Reaktor Space Lab Success
Small Satellites Mission Service (SSMS) piggyback mission.
VV20 16 November 2021
09:27:55[163] 		Vega ELV CERES 1/2/3 1,548 kg (3,413 lb) Semi-synchronous orbit(SSO) – New orbit by Vega CNES•DGA Success
SIGINTsatellites.[164]

2022[edit]

Flight Date / time (UTC) Rocket,
Configuration 		Launch site Payload Payload mass Orbit Customers Launch
Outcome
VV21 13 July 2022
13:13:17[165] 		Vega-C ELV
  • LARES 2
  • ALPHA
  • AstroBio CubeSat
  • CELESTA
  • GreenCube
  • MTCube-2
  • TRISAT-R
 350 kg (770 lb) MEO Success
First flight of Vega-C
VV22 21 December 2022
01:47:31[166] 		Vega-C ELV Pléiades-Neo 5•Pléiades-Neo 6(VHR-2020 3/4) 1,977 kg (4,359 lb) SSO Airbus Defence and Space Failure
Earth observation satellites[167]Failure due to loss of pressure of theZefiro 40second stage.[168]

2023[edit]

Flight Date / time (UTC) Rocket,
Configuration 		Launch site Payload Payload mass Orbit Customers Launch
Outcome
VV23 9 October 2023
01:36[169] 		Vega ELV
SSO
Success
Earth observation satellitesand Small Satellites Mission Service (SSMS) #5 rideshare mission with 10 cubesats. Two cubesats, ANSER-Leader and ESTCube-2, failed to separate from the payload adapter and likely burned in the atmosphere together with the adapter when it was deorbited.[170]

Future launches[edit]

This section istranscludedfromList of Vega launches.(edit|history)

2024[edit]

Date / time (UTC)[101] Rocket,
Configuration 		Launch site Payload Orbit
September 2024[171] Vega ELV Sentinel-2C SSO
ThirdSentinel-2Earth observation satellite.[172]Final launch of the base Vega configuration.[173]
15 November 2024[174] Vega-C ELV Sentinel-1C SSO
ThirdSentinel-1satellite. Return to flight for Vega-C following the VV22 launch failure.[175]
December 2024[176] Vega-C ELV KOMPSAT-6(Arirang-6) SSO
Earth observation satellite.

2025[edit]

Date / time (UTC) Rocket,
Configuration 		Launch site Payload Orbit
Q1 2025[177] Vega-C[178] ELV Sentinel-3C SSO
ThirdSentinel-3Earth observation satellite.[179]
Q1 2025[180] Vega-C ELV SSMS #9 LEO
SSMS #9 rideshare mission. Delayed due to the VV22 Vega-C launch failure.[175]
Q2 2025[180] Vega-C ELV SSMS #7 SSO
SSMS #7 rideshare mission.
Q3 2025[181] Vega-C ELV Space Rider LEO
Technology demonstration[182]
Q3 2025[180] Vega-C ELV SSMS #13 SSO
SSMS #13 rideshare mission.
November 2025[183] Vega-C ELV PLATiNO-2 /MAIA SSO
PLATiNO-2 will host the MAIA instrument payload.
Q4 2025[184] Vega-C ELV IRIDE ×? LEO
First launch for the Italian IRIDEEarth observation satelliteconstellation.
Q4 2025[184] Vega-C ELV IRIDE ×? LEO
Second launch for the Italian IRIDEEarth observation satelliteconstellation.
Q4 2025[185] Vega-C ELV SMILE HEO
Joint Chinese-EuropeanEarth observation satellite.
2025[186] Vega-C ELV EAGLE-1 LEO
Demonstrator satellite for the first European sovereign space-basedquantum key distributionsystem.
2025[180] Vega-C ELV SSMS #8 SSO
SSMS #8 rideshare mission.
2025[178] Vega-C ELV Sentinel-1D SSO
FourthSentinel-1satellite.
2025[187] Vega-C ELV BIOMASS SSO
Earth observation satellite.Part of theLiving Planet Programme.
TBD[188] Vega-C ELV PLATiNO-1 SSO
Earth observation satellite.
2025[180] Vega-C ELV SSMS #6 SSO
SSMS #6 rideshare mission.
2025[180] Vega-C ELV SSMS #10 SSO
SSMS #10 rideshare mission.
2025[189] Vega-C ELV CO3D × 4 SSO
Earth observation satellites
2025[190] Vega-C ELV CSG-3 SSO
ThirdCOSMO-SkyMed2nd Generation satellite.
2025[191] Vega-C ELV MicroCarb SSO
Earth observation satellite.
2025[192][193] Vega-C[194] ELV SHALOM SSO
Joint Italian-Israelihyperspectral imagingsatellite.

2026[edit]

Date / time (UTC) Rocket,
Configuration 		Launch site Payload Orbit
January 2026[195] Vega-C ELV KOMPSAT-7(Arirang-7) SSO
Earth observation satellite[196][197]
Q1 2026[177] Vega-C[178] ELV CO2M-A(Sentinel-7A) SSO
Copernicus Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide Monitoring. Part of theCopernicus Programme.
Q2 2026[177] Vega-C[178] ELV CO2M-B(Sentinel-7B) SSO
Copernicus Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide Monitoring. Part of theCopernicus Programme.
Q2 2026[180] Vega-C ELV SSMS #14 SSO
SSMS #14 rideshare mission.
Q3 2026[180] Vega-C ELV SSMS #15 LEO
SSMS #15 rideshare mission to an equatorial orbit.
Q3 2026[180] Vega-C ELV SSMS #16 LEO
SSMS #16 rideshare mission to an equatorial orbit.
2026[198] Vega-C ELV ALTIUS,FLEX SSO
ALTIUS is an ozone observation satellite. FLEX is anEarth observation satelliteof theLiving Planet Programme.
2026[199] Vega-C ELV ClearSpace-1 LEO
Space debrisremoval demo.
2026[200] Vega-C ELV CSG-4 SSO
FourthCOSMO-SkyMed2nd Generation satellite.

2027[edit]

Date / time (UTC) Rocket,
Configuration 		Launch site Payload Orbit
Q2 2027[180] Vega-C ELV SSMS #17 LEO
SSMS #17 rideshare mission.
2027[201][202] Vega-C[203] ELV FORUM SSO
Earth observation satellite.Part of theLiving Planet Programme.
2027[204] Vega-E ELV LEO
Maiden flight of Vega-E.

2028[edit]

Date / time (UTC) Rocket,
Configuration 		Launch site Payload Orbit
Q2 2028[180] Vega-C ELV SSMS #18 LEO
SSMS #18 rideshare mission.
Q4 2028[177] Vega-C[205] ELV CRISTAL(Sentinel-9) Polar
Copernicus Polar Ice and Snow Topography Altimeter. Part of theCopernicus Programme.
Q4 2028[180] Vega-C ELV SSMS #19 LEO
SSMS #19 rideshare mission.
2028[177] Vega-C[206] ELV Sentinel-3D SSO
FourthSentinel-3Earth observation satellite.[179]

2029[edit]

Date / time (UTC) Rocket,
Configuration 		Launch site Payload Orbit
Q2 2029[180] Vega-C ELV SSMS #20 LEO
SSMS #20 rideshare mission.
Q3 2029[177] Vega-C[207] ELV CIMR-A(Sentinel-11A) SSO
Copernicus Imaging Microwave Radiometer. Part of theCopernicus Programme.
Q4 2029[180] Vega-C ELV SSMS #21 LEO
SSMS #21 rideshare mission.
2029[207] Vega-C ELV CHIME(Sentinel-10) SSO
Copernicus Hyperspectral Imaging Mission. Part of theCopernicus Programme.
2029[207] Vega-C ELV LSTM(Sentinel-8) SSO
Copernicus Land Surface Temperature Monitoring. Part of theCopernicus Programme.

2030[edit]

Date / time (UTC) Rocket,
Configuration 		Launch site Payload Orbit
2030[208] Vega-C ELV TRUTHS LEO
Traceable Radiometry Underpinning Terrestrial- and Helio-Studies.

Costs[edit]

Development costs for the Vega rocket totaled €710 million, with ESA spending an additional €400 million to sponsor five development flights between 2012 and 2014.[209]Estimates of commercial launch costs in 2012 were projected to be €32 million, including Arianespace's marketing and service costs, or €25 million for each rocket alone, assuming a launch rate of 2 per year. In 2012, the managing director of ELV estimated that if the sustained flight rate were to increase to four flights per year, the price of each individual launch vehicle could potentially decrease to €22 million.[210][needs update]In the event, by November 2020, Vega had never flown more than three flights in a single year, with an average flight rate of just under two launches per year.

"Our belief is that we can charge up to 20% more per launch than our biggest competitors and still win business because of the value we provide at the space center here and with Arianespace"

— Francesco De Pasquale, managing director of ELV SpA, 2012, SpaceNews[210]

Comparable rockets[edit]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^The lead manufacturer is fromItaly,but the rocket has significant contributions from companies based inBelgium,France,Netherlands,Spain,SwitzerlandandUkraine.

References[edit]

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