Plant community

Aplant communityis a collection orassociation^[1]^{[page needed]}ofplant specieswithin a designated geographical unit, which forms a relatively uniform patch, distinguishable from neighboring patches of differentvegetation types.The components of each plant community are influenced bysoil type,topography,climateand human disturbance. In many cases there are several soil types present within a given plant community.^[2]^{[page needed]}This is because the soil type within an area is influenced by two factors, the rate at which water infiltrates or exits (viaevapotranspiration) the soil, as well as the rate at which organic matter (any carbon-based compound within the environment, such as decaying plant matter) enters or decays from the soil.^[3]Plant communities are studied substantially by ecologists, due to providing information on the effects of dispersal, tolerance to environmental conditions, and response to disturbance of a variety of plant species, information valuable to the comprehension of various plant community dynamics.^[4]

Definition

A plant community can be describedfloristically(the species of flowers or flora the plant community contains)^[5]and/or phytophysiognomically (the physical structure or appearance of the plant community). For example, aforest(a community of trees) includes theoverstory,or uppertree layerof thecanopy,as well as theunderstory,a layer consisting of trees and shrubs located beneath the canopy but above the forest floor. The understory can be further subdivided into theshrub layer,composed of vegetation and trees between a height of approximately one to five meters, theherbaceous layer,composed of vascular plants at a height of one meter or less,^[6]and sometimes also themoss layer,a layer of non-vascular bryophytes typically present at ground level (approximately 0.15 meters in height or less).^[7]In some cases of complex forests there is also a well-defined lower tree layer. A plant community is similar in concept to avegetation type,with the former having more of an emphasis on the ecological association of species within it, and the latter on overall appearance by which it is readily recognized by a layperson.^{[citation needed]}

A plant community can be rare even if none of the major species defining it are rare.^[1]^: 115This is because it is the association of species and relationship to their environment that may be rare.^[1]^: 115An example is thesycamore alluvial woodlandin California dominated by the California sycamorePlatanus racemosa.^[1]^: 115The community is rare, being localized to a small area of California and existing nowhere else, yet the California sycamore is not a rare tree in California.^[1]^: 115

Examples

An example is a grassland on the northernCaucasus steppes,where common grass species found areFestuca sulcataandPoa bulbosa.The most common species defining this grasslandphytocoenosisisCarex shreberi.Other representativeforbsoccurring in these steppe grasslands areArtemisia austriacaandPolygonum aviculare.^[8]^{[page needed]}

Other examples of different plant communities include the forests located on the granite peaks of the Huangshan Mountains in Eastern China.^[9]The deciduous broad-leaved forest, present from a height of 1,100 metres, is populated by trees such asPinus hwangshanesis,also known as the Huangshan pine. The Huangshan mountain also possesses an evergreen broad-leaved forest community, home to a variety of shrubs and small trees.^[10]Some examples of species present in the evergreen broad-leaved forest community includeCastanopsis eyrei,Eurya nitidia,Rhododendron ovatum,Pinus massoniana,as well asLoropetalum chinense.^[11]

An example of a three tiered plant community is in central Westland in the South Island, New Zealand. These forests are the most extensive continuous reaches ofpodocarp/broadleaf forests in that country. The canopy includesPrumnopitys ferruginea,rimuandmountain totara.The mid-story includes tree ferns such asCyathea smithiiandDicksonia squarrosa,whilst the lowest tier andepiphyticassociates includeAsplenium polyodon,Tmesipteris tannensis,Astelia solandriandLomaria discolor.^[12]

References

^^a ^b ^c ^d ^eIntroduction to California Plant Life,Robert Ornduff,Phyllis M. Faber,Todd Keeler-Wolf, California Natural History Guides No. 69, University of California Press, Ltd., 2003,ISBN 978-0-520-23704-9
^Jean-Michel Gobat, Michel Aragno, Willy Matthey and V. A. K. Sarma. And Watermelon. 2004.The living soil
^Keddy, Paul A. (2017).Plant Ecology: Origins, Processes, Consequences.Cambridge University Press. p. 90.ISBN 978-1-107-11423-4.
^Hull, J. C. (2008-01-01),"Plant Ecology",in Jørgensen, Sven Erik; Fath, Brian D. (eds.),Encyclopedia of Ecology,Oxford: Academic Press, pp. 2818–2824,doi:10.1016/b978-008045405-4.00843-0,ISBN 978-0-08-045405-4,retrieved2021-02-13
^Gilbertson, D. D.; Kent, M.; Pyatt, F. B. (1985), Gilbertson, D. D.; Kent, M.; Pyatt, F. B. (eds.),"Floristic methods for describing vegetation",Practical Ecology for Geography and Biology: Survey, mapping and data analysis,Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 75–98,doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-1415-8_5,ISBN 978-1-4684-1415-8,retrieved2021-02-13
^Gilliam, Frank S. (2007-11-01)."The Ecological Significance of the Herbaceous Layer in Temperate Forest Ecosystems".BioScience.57(10): 845–858.doi:10.1641/B571007.ISSN 0006-3568.
^Berdugo, Monica B.; Quant, Juliana M.; Wason, Jay W.; Dovciak, Martin (October 2018)."Latitudinal patterns and environmental drivers of moss layer cover in extratropical forests".Global Ecology and Biogeography.27(10): 1213–1224.Bibcode:2018GloEB..27.1213B.doi:10.1111/geb.12778.ISSN 1466-822X.S2CID 91579205.
^J.M. Suttie, Stephen G. Reynolds and Caterina Batello. 2005.Grasslands of the world,Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 514 pages
^Keddy, Paul A. (2017).Plant Ecology: Origins, Processes, Consequences.Cambridge University Press. p. 417.ISBN 978-1-107-11423-4.
^E., Huang, Pei-hua Diffendal, Robert F. Yang, Min-qing Helland, P. (1999-03-01).Mountain Evolution and Environmental Changes of Huangshan (Yellow Mountain), China.DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln.OCLC 729145857.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Ding, Hui; Fang, Yanming; Yang, Xinhu; Yuan, Fayin; He, Liheng; Yao, Jianfei; Wu, Jun; Chi, Bin; Li, Yao; Chen, Shuifei; Chen, Tingting (2016)."Community characteristics of a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in Huangshan, Anhui Province, East China".Biodiversity Science.24(8): 875–887.doi:10.17520/biods.2016108.ISSN 1005-0094.S2CID 89125656.
^C. Michael Hogan. 2009.Crown Fern: Blechnum discolor,Globaltwitcher, ed. N. Stromberg

[ICPL-1] Introduction to California Plant Life,Robert Ornduff,Phyllis M. Faber,Todd Keeler-Wolf, California Natural History Guides No. 69, University of California Press, Ltd., 2003,ISBN 978-0-520-23704-9

[2] Jean-Michel Gobat, Michel Aragno, Willy Matthey and V. A. K. Sarma. And Watermelon. 2004.The living soil

[3] Keddy, Paul A. (2017).Plant Ecology: Origins, Processes, Consequences.Cambridge University Press. p. 90.ISBN 978-1-107-11423-4.

[4] Hull, J. C. (2008-01-01),"Plant Ecology",in Jørgensen, Sven Erik; Fath, Brian D. (eds.),Encyclopedia of Ecology,Oxford: Academic Press, pp. 2818–2824,doi:10.1016/b978-008045405-4.00843-0,ISBN 978-0-08-045405-4,retrieved2021-02-13

[5] Gilbertson, D. D.; Kent, M.; Pyatt, F. B. (1985), Gilbertson, D. D.; Kent, M.; Pyatt, F. B. (eds.),"Floristic methods for describing vegetation",Practical Ecology for Geography and Biology: Survey, mapping and data analysis,Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 75–98,doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-1415-8_5,ISBN 978-1-4684-1415-8,retrieved2021-02-13

[6] Gilliam, Frank S. (2007-11-01)."The Ecological Significance of the Herbaceous Layer in Temperate Forest Ecosystems".BioScience.57(10): 845–858.doi:10.1641/B571007.ISSN 0006-3568.

[7] Berdugo, Monica B.; Quant, Juliana M.; Wason, Jay W.; Dovciak, Martin (October 2018)."Latitudinal patterns and environmental drivers of moss layer cover in extratropical forests".Global Ecology and Biogeography.27(10): 1213–1224.Bibcode:2018GloEB..27.1213B.doi:10.1111/geb.12778.ISSN 1466-822X.S2CID 91579205.

[8] J.M. Suttie, Stephen G. Reynolds and Caterina Batello. 2005.Grasslands of the world,Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 514 pages

[9] Keddy, Paul A. (2017).Plant Ecology: Origins, Processes, Consequences.Cambridge University Press. p. 417.ISBN 978-1-107-11423-4.

[10] E., Huang, Pei-hua Diffendal, Robert F. Yang, Min-qing Helland, P. (1999-03-01).Mountain Evolution and Environmental Changes of Huangshan (Yellow Mountain), China.DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln.OCLC 729145857.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[11] Ding, Hui; Fang, Yanming; Yang, Xinhu; Yuan, Fayin; He, Liheng; Yao, Jianfei; Wu, Jun; Chi, Bin; Li, Yao; Chen, Shuifei; Chen, Tingting (2016)."Community characteristics of a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in Huangshan, Anhui Province, East China".Biodiversity Science.24(8): 875–887.doi:10.17520/biods.2016108.ISSN 1005-0094.S2CID 89125656.

[12] C. Michael Hogan. 2009.Crown Fern: Blechnum discolor,Globaltwitcher, ed. N. Stromberg

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Definition

Examples

See also

References