Velarization
| Velarized | |
|---|---|
| ◌ˠ | |
| IPA Number | 422 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity(decimal) | ˠ |
| Unicode(hex) | U+02E0 |
| Velarized or pharyngealized | |
|---|---|
| ◌̴ | |
| IPA Number | 428 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity(decimal) | ̴ |
| Unicode(hex) | U+0334 |
| Sound changeandalternation |
|---|
| Fortition |
| Dissimilation |
Velarizationorvelarisationis asecondary articulationofconsonantsby which the back of thetongueis raised toward thevelumduring the articulation of the consonant. In theInternational Phonetic Alphabet,velarization is transcribed by one of four diacritics:
- Atildeorswung dashthrough the letterU+0334̴COMBINING TILDE OVERLAYcovers velarization,uvularizationandpharyngealization,as in[ɫ](the velarized equivalent of[l])
- AsuperscriptLatin gammaU+02E0ˠMODIFIER LETTER SMALL GAMMAafter the letter standing for the velarized consonant, as in ⟨tˠ⟩ (a velarized[t])
- To distinguish velarization from a velar fricative release, ⟨ᵚ⟩ may be used instead of ⟨ˠ⟩[1]
- A superscript⟨w⟩U+02B7ʷMODIFIER LETTER SMALL Windicates either simultaneous velarization andlabialization,as in ⟨sʷ⟩ or ⟨pʷ⟩, or labialization of a velar consonant, as in ⟨kʷ⟩.
Althoughelectropalatographicstudies have shown that there is a continuum of possible degrees of velarization,[2]the IPA does not specify any way to indicate degrees of velarization, as the difference has not been found to be contrastive in any language. However, the IPA convention of doubling diacritics to indicate a greater degree can be used: ⟨ˠˠ⟩.
Examples[edit]
English[edit]
 |
A common example of a velarized consonant is thevelarized alveolar lateral approximant(or "dark L" ). In some accents of English, such asReceived Pronunciationand arguablyGeneral American English,thephoneme/l/has "dark" and "light" allophones: the "dark", velarized allophone[ɫ]appears insyllable codaposition (e.g. infull), while the "light", non-velarized allophone[l]appears insyllable onsetposition (e.g. inlawn). Other accents of English, such asScottish English,Australian English,and potentially standard U.S. and Canadian accents, have "dark L" in all positions.
Velarized /l/[edit]
- Albanianphonemically contrasts lightland darkll
- Catalandialect and allophonic variance
- Portuguesedialect and allophonic variance
- Turkish
- Kurdish
For many languages, velarization is generally associated with more dental articulations of coronal consonants so that dark l tends to be dental or dentoalveolar, and clear l tends to be retracted to an alveolar position.[3]
Other velarized consonants[edit]
- Danishrealizes/d/in some environments as a velarized[ð].[4]
- IrishandMarshallesehave velarized consonants that systematically contrast with palatalized consonants.[5]
- Similarly,Russianhas velarized consonants as allophones of the non-palatalized (plain) series, especially prominent beforefront vowelsand withlabialandvelar consonantsas well as thelateral.[5][6]
- Scottish Gaelichas a three-way contrast innasalsandlateralsbetween[n~n̪ˠ~ɲ]and[l~l̪ˠ~ʎ][7]
- Kurdishhas three velarized consonants (/ɫ/,/sˠ/,and/zˠ/) which contrast with plain ones.[8][9]
- Gilbertesehas three velarized consonants (/mˠ/, /pˠ/, and /βˠ/), two of which (/mˠ/ and /pˠ/) contrast with a plain form.
The palatalized/velarized contrast is known by other names, especially in language pedagogy: in Irish and Scottish Gaelic language teaching, the termsslender(for palatalized) andbroad(for velarized) are often used. In Scottish Gaelic the terms arecaol(for palatalized) andleathann(for velarized).
The termslightorclear(for non-velarized or palatalized) anddark(for velarized) are also widespread. The terms "softl"and"hardl"are not equivalent to" lightl"and" darkl".The former pair refers topalatalized( "soft" oriotated) and plain ( "hard" )Slavicconsonants.
References[edit]
- ^Vd. Tryon (1995)Comparative Austronesian Dictionary "
- ^Recasens & Espinosa (2005:2) citing Recasens, Fontdevila & Pallarès (1995)
- ^Recasens & Espinosa (2005:4)
- ^Pharao, Nicolai."Word frequency and sound change in groups and individuals"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 11 October 2018.Retrieved10 October2018.
- ^abPadgett, Jaye (2003), Holt, D. Eric (ed.),"The Emergence of Contrastive Palatalization in Russian",Optimality Theory and Language Change,Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, vol. 56, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 307–335,doi:10.1007/978-94-010-0195-3_12,ISBN978-94-010-0195-3,retrieved2021-06-24
- ^Roon, Kevin D.; Whalen, D. H. (2019),"Velarization of Russian labial consonants"(PDF),International Congress of Phonetic Sciences ICPhS 2019,archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2021-07-09,retrieved2021-06-24
- ^Bauer, Michael.Blas na Gàidhlig: The Practical Guide to Gaelic Pronunciation.Glasgow: Akerbeltz, 2011.
- ^Fattah, Ismaïl Kamandâr (2000),Les dialectes Kurdes méridionaux,Acta Iranica,ISBN9042909188
- ^McCarus, Ernest N. (1958),—A Kurdish Grammar(PDF),retrieved11 June2018
Sources[edit]
- Recasens, Daniel; Fontdevila, J; Pallarès, Maria Dolores (1995), "Velarization degree and coarticulatory resistance for /l/ in Catalan and German",Journal of Phonetics,23(1–2): 37–52,doi:10.1016/S0095-4470(95)80031-X
- Recasens, Daniel; Espinosa, Aina (2005), "Articulatory, positional and coarticulatory characteristics for clear /l/ and dark /l/: evidence from two Catalan dialects",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,35(1): 1–25,doi:10.1017/S0025100305001878,S2CID14140079
- Jones, Daniel;Ward, Dennis (1969),The Phonetics of Russian,Cambridge University Press,ISBN9780521153003
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