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Veria

Coordinates:40°31′N22°12′E/ 40.517°N 22.200°E/40.517; 22.200
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Beroia" redirects here. For the ancient city, seeBeroea.For the other ancient city of this name, seeAleppo.
For other uses, seeVeria (disambiguation).
Veria
Βέροια
Municipality
Panoramic view
Panoramic view
Official seal of Veria
Seal
Veria is located in Greece
Veria
Veria
Location within the region
Coordinates:40°31′N22°12′E/ 40.517°N 22.200°E/40.517; 22.200
CountryGreece
Administrative regionCentral Macedonia
Regional unitImathia
Government
• MayorKonstantinos Vorgiazidis[1](since 2014)
Area
• Municipality796.5 km2(307.5 sq mi)
• Municipal unit359.1 km2(138.6 sq mi)
Elevation
128 m (420 ft)
Population
(2021)[2]
• Municipality62,655
• Density79/km2(200/sq mi)
• Municipal unit
46,976
• Municipal unit density130/km2(340/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+2(EET)
• Summer (DST)UTC+3(EEST)
Postal code
591 31, 591 32
Area code(s)2331
Vehicle registrationΗΜ
Websiteveria.gr
Official nameArchaeological Site ofAigai (modern name Vergina)
Includes
  1. Ancient City and Necropolis of Aegae
  2. Bronze Age settlement and Cemetery of Tumuli
CriteriaCultural: (i)(iii)
Reference780
Inscription1996 (20thSession)
Area1,420.81 ha (3,510.9 acres)
Buffer zone4,811.73 ha (11,890.0 acres)
Panoramic view

Veria(Greek:Βέροια or Βέρροια,romanized:Véroia or Vérroia;Aromanian:Veria[3]), officially transliteratedVeroia,historically also spelledBeroeaorBerea,[4]is a city inCentral Macedonia,in thegeographic regionofMacedonia,northernGreece,capital of the regional unit ofImathia.It is located 511 kilometres (318 miles) north-northwest of the capitalAthensand 73 km (45 mi) west-southwest ofThessaloniki.

Even by the standards of Greece, Veria is an old city; first mentioned in the writings ofThucydidesin 432 BC, there is evidence that it was populated as early as 1000 BC.[5]Veria was an important possession forPhilip II of Macedon(father ofAlexander the Great) and later for theRomans.Apostle Paulfamously preached in the city, and its inhabitants were among the first Christians in the Empire. Later, under theByzantineandOttomanempires, Veria was a center of Greek culture and learning. Today Veria is a commercial center ofCentral Macedonia,the capital of theregional unitofImathiaand the seat of aChurch of GreeceMetropolitan bishop in theEcumenical Patriarchate,as well as a Latin Catholictitular see.

The extensive archaeological site ofVergina(ancient Aegae, the first capital ofMacedon), aUNESCO World Heritage Sitecontaining the tomb ofPhilip II of Macedon,lies 12 km (7 mi) south-east of the city center of Veria.

History[edit]

Classical and Roman Veria[edit]

Main article:Beroea
The Jewishsynagogue.Veria had a significant Jewish community until its deportation inWorld War II

The city is reputed to have been named by itsmythicalcreator Beres (also spelled Pheres) or from the daughter of the king of Berroia who was thought to be the son ofMacedon.Veria enjoyed great prosperity under the kings of theArgead Dynasty(whose most famous member wasAlexander the Great) who made it their second most important city afterPella;the city reached the height of its glory and influence in theHellenistic period,during the reign of theAntigonid Dynasty.During this time, Veria became the seat of theKoinon of Macedonians(Κοινόν Μακεδόνων), minted its owncoinageand held sports games namedAlexandreia,in honor of Alexander the Great, withathletesfrom all overGreececompeting in them.[6]

Veria surrendered toRomein 168 BC. During theRoman empire,Veria became a place of worship for the Romans.Diocletianmade the large and populous city one of two capitals of theRoman provinceofMacedonia,eponymous in the civilDiocese of Macedonia.Within the city there was aJewishsettlement wherethe Apostle Paul,[7]after leavingThessalonica,and his companionSilaspreached to the Jewish and Greek communities of the city in AD 50/51 or 54/55. TheBiblerecords:

As soon as it was night, the brothers sent Paul and Silas away to Berea. On arriving there, they went to the Jewish synagogue. Now the Bereans were of more noble character than the Thessalonians, for they received the message with great eagerness and examined the Scriptures every day to see if what Paul said was true. Many of the Jews believed, as did also a number of prominent Greek women and many Greek men. When the Jews in Thessalonica learned that Paul was preaching the word of God at Berea, they went there too, agitating the crowds and stirring them up. The brothers immediately sent Paul to the coast, but Silas and Timothy stayed at Berea. The men who escorted Paul brought him to Athens and then left with instructions for Silas and Timothy to join him as soon as possible.

— Acts17:10–15

Recent Discoveries[edit]

In December 2021, archaeologists announced the discovery of an unfinished Roman-era statue of a young athletic man at Agios Patapios. The headlessmarblestatue is about three feet tall. According to the Greece's Culture Ministry, the sculpture has similarities to statues of the Greek godsApolloandHermes.[8][9][10]

Byzantine Veria[edit]

St Sabbas (14th century)
View of Saint Paul, theOld Metropolitan Cathedral of Veria
Saint Patapius (15th)

Under theByzantine EmpireBerrhoea continued to grow and prosper, developing a large and well-educated commercial class (Greek and Jewish) and becoming a center of medieval Greek learning; signs of this prosperity are reflected in the many Byzantine churches that were built at this time, during which it was aChristianbishopric(see below).

Byzantine Museum of Veroia

In the 7th century, theSlavictribe of theDrougoubitairaided the lowlands below the city, while in the late 8th century EmpressIrene of Athensis said to have rebuilt and expanded the city and named itIrenopolis(Ειρηνούπολις) after herself, although some sources place this Berrhoea-Irenopolis further east, towardsThrace.[11]

The city was apparently held by theBulgarian Empireat some point in the late 9th century. The 11th-century Greek bishopTheophylact of Ohridwrote that during the brief period of Bulgarian dominance, TsarBoris Ibuilt there one of the sevencathedralchurches built by him and refers to it as "one of the beautiful Bulgarian churches".[12]In theEscorial Taktikonofc. 975,the city is mentioned as the seat of astrategos,and it apparently was the capital of athemein the 11th century.[11]The city briefly fell to TsarSamuel of Bulgariaat the end of the 10th century, but theByzantine emperorBasil IIquickly regained it in 1001 since its Bulgarian governor, Dobromir, surrendered the city without a fight.[11]The city is not mentioned again until the late 12th century, when it was briefly held by theNormans(1185) during their invasion of the Byzantine Empire.[11]

After theFourth Crusade(1204), it briefly became part ofBoniface of Montferrat'sKingdom of Thessalonica,and a Latin bishop took up residence in the city.[13]Inc. 1206,the city was taken by the Bulgarian ruler,Kalojan.Many inhabitants were killed while others, including the Latin bishop, fled. Kalojan installed Bulgarians as commandant and bishop, and resettled some of the leading families to Bulgaria.[13]After Kalojan's death in 1207, the city may have reverted to Latin rule, but there is no evidence of this; at any rate, by 1220 it had been occupied by the ruler ofEpirus,Theodore Komnenos Doukas,for in that year thedouxConstantine Pegonites is attested as governing the city in his name.[13]It changed hands again in 1246, being taken by theEmperor of NicaeaJohn III Doukas Vatatzes,and formed part of the restored Byzantine Empire after 1261.[11]

The 14th century was tumultuous: the area was pillaged byKarasidTurks in 1331,[14]and captured by theSerbianrulerStephen Dushanin 1343/4, when it became part of hisSerbian Empire.It was recovered for Byzantium byJohn VI Kantakouzenosin 1350, but lost again to the Serbians soon after, becoming the domain ofRadoslav Hlapenafter 1358.[11]With thedisintegrationof the Serbian Empire, it passed once more to Byzantium by ca. 1375, but was henceforth menaced by the rising power of theOttoman Turks.[11]

According to a tradition preserved byYazıcıoğlu Ali,the two younger sons of theSeljuksultanKaykaus IIwere settled by EmperorMichael VIII Palaiologosin Veria, and made its governors. One of their descendants converted to Christianity, and one of his progeny, a certain Lyzikos, in turn surrendered the city to the Ottoman Sultan (perhapsBayezid I). After the Ottoman conquest he and his relatives were settled atZichna.This story explains the presence ofGagauz peoplein Veria and its environs.[14]The Ottoman chroniclers report that the town was first captured in 1385, while the Byzantine short chronicles record the date as 8 May 1387.[14]The city changed hands several times over the next decades, until the final Turkish conquest around 1430.[11]

Ottoman Veria[edit]

Medrese Mosque

The Ottomans called VeriaKaraferye( "black Veria" ), because of its characteristic morning mist during the humid winter seasons.[15][14]In 1519 (Hijri925) the town had 231 Muslim and 578 Christian households.[16]Under Ottoman rule, Veria was the seat of akazawithin theSanjak of Salonica;by 1885, the kaza, along withNaoussa,included 46 villages andchiftliks.[14]The 17th-century travellerEvliya Çelebireports that the city was peaceful, without walls or garrison; it had 4000 houses, 16 Muslim quarters, 15 Christian quarters, and 2 Jewish congregations. The city was a prosperous center of rice production.[14]

According to the 1881/82-1893 Ottoman General Census, thekazaof Veria (Karaferiye) had a total population of 25,034, consisting of 15,103Greeks,7,325 Muslims, 2,174Bulgarians,393Jews,and 39 foreign citizens.[17]Veria was an important regional center of Greek commerce and learning, and counted many important Greek scholars as its natives (e.g.Ioannis Kottounios)

Barbuta district

Modern Veria[edit]

The presence of a large, prosperous and educatedbourgeoisiemade Veria one of the centers of Greek nationalism in the region of Macedonia, and the city's inhabitants had an active part in theGreek War of Independence;important military leaders during the uprising included Athanasios Syropoulos, Georgios Syropoulos, Dimitrios Kolemis and Georgios Kolemis, among others;[18]however, as was the case with the rest of Northern Greece, eventually the uprising was defeated, and Veria only became part of modern Greece in 1912 during theBalkan Wars,when it was taken by theHellenic Armyon October 16, 1912 (October 16 is an official holiday in Veria, commemorating the city's incorporation to Greece), and was officially annexed to Greece following the signing of theTreaty of Athensin November 1913.[14]

Agios Antonios Square, 1917

World War II[edit]

DuringWorld War II,Veria was under Nazi occupation between 1941 and 1944. An important resistance movement developed in the city, with the left-wingEAMgaining the sympathy of the inhabitants; the people of Veria took part in resistance activities, such as sabotaging the railway, assassinatingSSmembers, and burning Nazi war material. The town asked Prokopis Kambitoglou to become the Mayor of Veria during the occupation.[citation needed]His role in attempting to mitigate the oppression of the Germans was rewarded after the war by the award of the Order of the Phoenix in recognition of his efforts.[citation needed]

During the Occupation almost all of the Jewish community of the city was deported and exterminated by the Nazis.[19]

The town hall

Postwar[edit]

Postwar Veria saw a significant rise in population, and a greatly improved standard of living. The 1980s and 1990s in particular were a period of prosperity, with the agricultural businesses and cooperatives in the fertile plains around Veria successfully exporting their products in Europe, the US and Asia. The discovery of the tomb ofPhilip II of Macedonin the nearby archaeological site ofVergina(ancient Aegae, the summer capital of theArgead DynastyofMacedon,now aUNESCO World Heritage Site), also made Veria a tourist destination.

Veria has a significant immigrant population, mainly from countries of Central and Eastern Europe.

Ecclesiastical history[edit]

Berrhoea was asuffragan dioceseof theArchbishopric of Thessalonica,in the sway of thePatriarchate of Constantinople.

The names of five of itsbishopsappear in extant contemporary documents:

The Byzantine emperorMichael VIII Palaiologospromoted the local see to anarchbishopricafter 1261, and it advanced further to the rank of ametropolitan seeby 1300.[11]

Latin titular see[edit]

The diocese of Berrhoea was nominally restored in 1933 by theCatholic Churchas thetitular bishopricofBerrhœa(Latin) /Berrea(Curiate Italian).[22]

It has been vacant for decades, having the following incumbents:

  • CardinalAlfredo Ottaviani(Italian) (1962.04.05 – 1962.04.20)
  • Pierre-Auguste–Marie–Joseph Douillard (1963.05.22 – 1963.08.20) as emeritate
  • Federico Kaiser Depel,M.S.C.(1963.10.29 – death 1993.09.26)

Local government — municipality[edit]

The municipality Veria was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 5 former municipalities, that became municipal units:[23]

The municipality has an area of 796.494 km2,the municipal unit 359.146 km2.[24]

Geography[edit]

Barbuta river across the city

Geology[edit]

Veria is located at 40º31' North, 22º12' East, at the eastern foot of theVermio Mountains.It lies on a plateau at the western edge of theCentral Macedoniaplain, north of theHaliacmonRiver. The town straddles the Tripotamos (river), a Haliacmon tributary that provides hydroelectric power to the national electric power transmission network and irrigation water to agricultural customers of the Veria plain.

Climate[edit]

Veria has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classificationCfa) that borders on a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classificationBSk). Since the city lies in a transitional climatic zone, its climate displays characteristics of continental, semi-arid and subtropical/Mediterranean climates. Summers (from April to October) are hot (often exceptionally hot) and dry (or mildly humid, with rainfalls that occur during thunderstorms), and winters (from mid-October to March) are wet and cool, but temperatures remain above or well above freezing (meteorological phenomenon ofAlkyonides). Snow typically falls once or twice a season. Major temperature swings between day and night are seldom.

Climate data for Veria
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 21.0
(69.8) 		24.0
(75.2) 		25.4
(77.7) 		31.0
(87.8) 		35.0
(95.0) 		39.0
(102.2) 		41.0
(105.8) 		42.1
(107.8) 		35.9
(96.6) 		33.5
(92.3) 		27.0
(80.6) 		25.6
(78.1) 		42.1
(107.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 9.1
(48.4) 		10.8
(51.4) 		14.5
(58.1) 		19.4
(66.9) 		25.1
(77.2) 		29.5
(85.1) 		31.3
(88.3) 		30.9
(87.6) 		27.8
(82.0) 		21.6
(70.9) 		14.3
(57.7) 		10.1
(50.2) 		20.4
(68.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 4.6
(40.3) 		5.9
(42.6) 		9.4
(48.9) 		14.1
(57.4) 		19.6
(67.3) 		24.1
(75.4) 		25.7
(78.3) 		24.7
(76.5) 		21.1
(70.0) 		15.6
(60.1) 		9.5
(49.1) 		5.7
(42.3) 		15.0
(59.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 0.6
(33.1) 		1.4
(34.5) 		4.4
(39.9) 		8.2
(46.8) 		12.8
(55.0) 		16.3
(61.3) 		18.0
(64.4) 		17.3
(63.1) 		14.1
(57.4) 		9.9
(49.8) 		5.3
(41.5) 		1.8
(35.2) 		9.2
(48.6)
Record low °C (°F) −12.0
(10.4) 		−11.0
(12.2) 		−4.0
(24.8) 		4.0
(39.2) 		7.7
(45.9) 		14.6
(58.3) 		14.3
(57.7) 		13.5
(56.3) 		7.1
(44.8) 		1.1
(34.0) 		−3
(27) 		−5
(23) 		−12.0
(10.4)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 44.5
(1.75) 		49.0
(1.93) 		56.4
(2.22) 		45.0
(1.77) 		42.0
(1.65) 		29.7
(1.17) 		14.1
(0.56) 		16.2
(0.64) 		16.1
(0.63) 		55.7
(2.19) 		68.1
(2.68) 		69.1
(2.72) 		505.9
(19.91)
Average precipitation days 8.2 9.1 9.5 8.6 8.6 5.1 3.9 3.5 3.6 7.5 9.9 9.2 86.7
Averagerelative humidity(%) 76.4 73.0 73.2 68.3 64.2 57.9 57.5 62.8 66.8 73.1 77.1 78.2 69.0
Mean monthlysunshine hours 117.1 120.4 143.8 190.4 234.9 295.3 309.6 290.6 224.9 162.1 118.3 109.1 2,316.5
Source: Hellenic National Meteorological Service,National Observatory of Athens

Economy[edit]

View acrossRoloi (Clock) Square

The modern town has cotton and woolen mills and trades in wheat, fruit and vegetables. Lignite mines operate in the area. The largest wind farm in Greece is to be constructed in theVermio MountainsbyAcciona, S.A.It will consist of 174wind turbines,which will be connected to the national electric power transmission network, generating 614 MW.

Transport[edit]

Road[edit]

Veria is connected to the motorway system of Greece and Europe throughEgnatia Odos,the Greek part of theEuropean route E90.It is also connected to more than 500 local and national destinations via the national coach network (KTEL).

Rail[edit]

Veriais linked toThessalonikiby the Thessaloniki-Edessarailway,with connections toAthensandAlexandroupoli.

Air[edit]

Thessaloniki International Airport "Macedonia"is the closest international airport, located 88 km (55 mi) east-northeast of Veria.

Culture[edit]

Entrance to the Macedonian tombs of Aigai (modern nameVergina)

The city has a number of Byzantine monuments, as well as post-Byzantine churches built on Byzantine foundations.[11]The most significant Byzantine monument is theAnastasis Church(Church of the Resurrection) with its "spectacular frescoes" from 1315, bearing comparison with some of the finest works ofPalaiologan artin the main Byzantine centres ofThessalonikiandConstantinople.[11]Of the city's thirteen mosques, eight survive, including theOld Metropolis,which had been converted into the Hünkar Mosque, as well as theOrta Mosque,Mendrese Mosque,and theMahmud Çelebi Mosque.Four other mosques, the Subashi, Bayir, Yola Geldi, and Barbuta mosques, are now used as private residences. TheTwin Hamamalso survives, as well as a number of Ottoman public buildings of the late 19th century. The city's famousbezesten,however, burned down in the great fire of 1864.[25]

Museums in Veria include theArchaeological Museum of Veroia,theByzantine Museum of Veroia,theFolklore Museum of Veroia,a museum of modern Greek history and theAromaniancultural museum.[26]There is also a 19th-century Jewish synagogue in the protected former Jewish neighbourhood in Barbuta.

The archaeological site of Aegae/Aigai (Αἰγαί; modern nameVergina), aUNESCO World Heritage Site,lies 12 km (7 mi) south-east of the city centre of Veria.

Every summer (August 15 to September 15) the "Imathiotika" festivities take place with a cultural program deriving mainly from Veria's tradition. The site of Elia has an extensive view of the Imathia plain. NeighboringSeliis a well-known ski resort and a few kilometers outside the city is the Aliakmonas river dam.

Education[edit]

Veria has one of the largest public libraries in Greece. Originally a small single-room library with limited funds and material, it expanded into a four-story building offering multimedia, and special and rare editions. Veria's public library collaborates with many international organizations and hosts several cultural events. In 2010, it won theAccess to Learning Award (ATLA)prize nominated by theBill & Melinda Gates Foundationand the amount of $1.000.000. Since then, the library became a role model for other libraries in Greece.[27]

The Department ofSpatial Planningand DevelopmentEngineeringofAristotle University of Thessalonikiwas located in Veria since 2004, but in 2013 it was relocated to Thessaloniki.[28]

Twin towns — sister cities[edit]

See also:List of twin towns and sister cities in Greece

Veria istwinnedwith:

Sports[edit]

Veria is home to many sports clubs. Most prominent is the handball team of Filippos Veria, competing in the first national division and which has won many championships (both national and international) over the last 40 years. The most famous isVeria FCwhich competes inSuperleague Greece(Greece's 1st division). Veria also has two basketball teams, AOK Veria and Filippos Veria, which compete in the local and third national division respectively.

Sport clubs based in Veria
Club Founded Sports Achievements
Veria F.C. 1960 Football Presence in A Ethniki (First division)
Filippos Verias 1962 Handball,Basketball Panhellenic titles in Greek Handball, one of the most successful Handball teams in Greece
GE Veria Handball Panhellenic titles in Greek Handball
Pontioi Verias F.C. 1984 Football Earlier presence in Beta Ethniki
AOK Veria 1998 Basketball Earlier presence in A2 Ethniki women

Notable locals[edit]

Ioannes Kottounios,Renaissance humanistand professor ofPhilosophyat various Italian universities, was born in Veria in 1577.[30]
Metrophanes Kritopoulos(1589–1639); theologian andPatriarch of Alexandria

Gallery[edit]

  • Altar of Saint Paul
    Altar ofSaint Paul
  • Statue of St Paul
    Statue of St Paul
  • The Byzantine Church of the Resurrection
    The ByzantineChurch of the Resurrection
  • Dormition fresco (1315) by Georgios Kalliergis in the Church of the Resurrection
    Dormition fresco (1315) byGeorgios Kalliergisin the Church of the Resurrection
  • View of Barabuta, Jewish quarter
    View of Barabuta, Jewish quarter
  • Sts Kiriqos and Ioulitta Byzantine church (14th)
    Sts Kiriqos and Ioulitta Byzantine church (14th)
  • Christ fresco by Georgios Kalliergis (1315) in the Church of the Resurrection
    Christ fresco by Georgios Kalliergis (1315) in the Church of the Resurrection
  • Fresco in the Old Metropolis (14th)
    Fresco in the Old Metropolis (14th)
  • Saint Antonios church (19th)
    Saint Antonios church (19th)
  • Veria Stadium
    Veria Stadium
  • Traditional dress
    Traditional dress
  • Aerial view of the city during dusk
    Aerial view of the city during dusk

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^"Municipality of Veria, Municipal elections – October 2023".Ministry of Interior.
  2. ^"Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό"[Results of the 2021 Population - Housing Census, Permanent population by settlement] (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 29 March 2024.
  3. ^Sterghiu, Hristu (10 January 2012)."Agenda aromână Retrospectiva 2011 II – 12.ian.10"(in Aromanian).Radio Romania International.
  4. ^Public DomainSmith, William,ed. (1854–1857). "Berœa".Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography.London: John Murray.
  5. ^veria.grVeria:Its history (greek)ArchivedMarch 6, 2008, at theWayback Machineaccessed June 1, 2008.
  6. ^Λούκιος ή Όνος 34.15–17
  7. ^(greek) hellasportal.gr,Apostle Paul preach in Veria[permanent dead link],accessed June 1, 2008.
  8. ^"Unfinished Roman-era statue found in old Macedonian capital Veria".The Jerusalem Post.Retrieved2022-02-19.
  9. ^"Άγαλμα των αυτοκρατορικών χρόνων αποκαλύφθηκε σε σωστική ανασκαφή στο κέντρο της Βέροιας".culture.gov.gr.Retrieved2022-02-19.
  10. ^"Unfinished Sculpture Discovered at Agios Patapios – Archaeology Magazine".archaeology.org.Retrieved2022-02-19.
  11. ^abcdefghijkGregory, Timothy E.; Ševčenko, Nancy Patterson (1991). "Berroia in Macedonia". InKazhdan, Alexander(ed.).The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium.Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 283–284.ISBN0-19-504652-8.
  12. ^Migne, Jacques Paul. Patrologia Graeca, t. 126, col. 529.
  13. ^abcNicol, Donald MacGillivray(1976). "Refugees, Mixed Population and Local Patriotism in Epiros and Western Macedonia after the Fourth Crusade".XVe Congrès international d'études byzantines (Athènes, 1976), Rapports et corapports I.Athens. pp. 3–33.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  14. ^abcdefgMénage, V. L. (1978)."Karaferye".Invan Donzel, E.;Lewis, B.;Pellat, Ch.&Bosworth, C. E.(eds.).The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition.Volume IV: Iran–Kha.Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 600–601.OCLC758278456.
  15. ^History of VeriaMunicipality of Veria
  16. ^GÖKBİLGİN, M. TAYYİB (1956)."KANUNÎ SULTAN SÜLEYMAN DEVRİ BAŞLARINDA RUMELİ EYALETİ, LİVALARI, ŞEHİR VE KASABALARI".Belleten.20(78): 264.eISSN2791-6472.ISSN0041-4255.
  17. ^Kemal Karpat(1985),Ottoman Population, 1830–1914, Demographic and Social Characteristics,The University of Wisconsin Press,p. 134-135
  18. ^Ανέκδοτα έγγραφα και άγνωστα στοιχεία για κλεφταρματολούς και για την επανάσταση (1821–1822) στη Μακεδονία και ιδιαίτερα στον Όλυμπο, Γεώργιος Χ. Χιονίδης, Βέροια 1979[permanent dead link]
  19. ^"VEROIA".
  20. ^Michel Lequien,Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus,Paris 1740, Vol. II, coll. 69–74
  21. ^Raymond Janin, v.1. BerrhéeinDictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques,vol. VIII, 1935, coll. 885–887
  22. ^Annuario Pontificio 2013(Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013ISBN978-88-209-9070-1), p. 838
  23. ^"ΦΕΚ A 87/2010, Kallikratis reform law text"(in Greek).Government Gazette.
  24. ^"Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)"(PDF)(in Greek). National Statistical Service of Greece. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2015-09-21.
  25. ^Marge, Anastasia I.; Matskani, Anna S. (2007).Η οθωμανική αρχιτεκτονική στην πόλη της Βέροιας[The Ottoman architecture in the city of Veroia].Αρχαιολογία και Τέχνες(in Greek) (105): 72–78.ISSN1108-2402.
  26. ^Λαογραφικό Μουσείο Βλάχων
  27. ^"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation: Access to Learning Award (ATLA)".Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
  28. ^Athena planNews247.gr
  29. ^ab"Twinnings"(PDF).Central Union of Municipalities & Communities of Greece.Retrieved2013-08-25.
  30. ^Merry, Bruce (2004).Encyclopedia of modern Greek literature.Greenwood Publishing Group. p.239.ISBN0-313-30813-6.KOTTOUNIOS, IOANNES (1577–1658) Born at Beroia (Macedonia)

Sources and external links[edit]

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Bibliography – ecclesiastical history
  • Mansi,Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collection,passim
  • Pius Bonifacius Gams,Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae,Leipzig 1931, p. 429
  • Michel Lequien,Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus,Paris 1740, vol. II, coll. 69–74
  • Raymond Janin, lemma '1. Berrhée' in Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques,vol. VIII, 1935, coll. 885–887
Bibliography – synagogue and jewish history
  • Μεσσίνας, Ηλίας. (2022). H Συναγωγή. Αθήνα: Εκδόσεις Ινφογνώμων.ISBN978-618-5590-21-5
  • Messinas, Elias. (2022). The Synagogue of Veroia | Η Συναγωγή της Βέροιας. Seattle: KDP.ISBN979-884-6836-06-8
  • Messinas, Elias. (2022). The Synagogues of Greece: A Study of Synagogues in Macedonia and Thrace: With Architectural Drawings of all Synagogues of Greece. Seattle: KDP.ISBN979-8-8069-0288-8


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