Verneshot

Averneshot(named after French authorJules Verne) is a hypotheticalvolcanic eruptionevent caused by the buildup of gas deep underneath acraton.Such an event may be forceful enough to launch an extreme amount of material from thecrustandmantleinto asub-orbital trajectory,leading to significant further damage after the material crashes back down to the surface.

Connection with mass extinctions

Verneshots have been proposed as a causal mechanism explaining the statistically unlikely contemporaneous occurrence of continentalflood basalts,mass extinctions,and "impact signals" (such asplanar deformation features,shocked quartz,andiridium anomalies) traditionally considered definitive evidence of hypervelocityimpact events.^[1]

The verneshot theory suggests thatmantle plumesmay cause heating and the buildup ofcarbon dioxidegas underneath continentallithosphere.If continentalriftingoccurs above this location, an explosive release of the built up gas may occur, potentially sending out a column of crust and mantle into a globally dispersive, super-stratospherictrajectory. It is unclear whether such a column could stay coherent through this process, or whether the force of this process would result in it shattering into much smaller pieces before impacting. The pipe through which the magma and gas had travelled would collapse during this process, sending a shockwave at hypersonic velocity that would deform the surroundingcraton.

A verneshot event is likely to be related to nearby continental flood basalt events, which may occur before, during or after the verneshot event. This may help in searching for evidence for the results of verneshot events; however, it is also quite probable that most of such evidence will be buried underneath the basalt flows, making investigation difficult. J. Phipps Morgan and others have suggested that subcircularBouguer gravity anomaliesrecognized beneath theDeccan Trapsmay indicate the presence of verneshot pipes related to theCretaceous–Paleogene extinction event.^[1]

If the Deccan Traps were the location of a verneshot event at theCretaceous–Paleogene boundary,the strong iridium spike at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary could be explained by the iridium-rich nature of volatiles in the Reunion mantle plume, which is currently beneathPiton de la Fournaise,but during the end Cretaceous was located beneath India in the area of the Deccan Traps; the verneshot event could potentially distribute the iridium globally.^[1]

Tunguska event

A verneshot has been proposed as an alternate explanation for theTunguska event,widely regarded as the result of an atmospheric explosion of a small comet or asteroid. Arguments offered for this mechanism include the lack of extraterrestrial material at the event site, the lack of a credible impact structure, and the presence of shocked quartz in surface outcrops.^[2]However, this hypothesis has not been generally accepted, withMark Boslougharguing that there is no basis for rejecting the impact hypothesis.^[3]

Name

In 1865Jules Verne's novelFrom the Earth to the Moonintroduced the concept of aballisticprojectile escaping the Earth's gravity, from which Phipps Morgan and others derived the name "Verneshot" in their paper theorizing a connection between extinction events and cratonic gas ejection.

References

^^a ^b ^cPhipps Morgan, J.; Reston, T. J.; Ranero, C. R. (15 January 2004)."Contemporaneous mass extinctions, continental flood basalts, and 'impact signals': are mantle plume-induced lithospheric gas explosions the causal link?"(PDF).Earth and Planetary Science Letters.217(3–4): 263–284.Bibcode:2004E&PSL.217..263P.doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00602-2.(First submitted 17 April 2003). For an informal introductionseeProfessor Jason Phipps Morgan's faculty biography Archived22 September 2006 at theWayback Machineat Cornell University from May 2004:I became interested in the causes of mass-extinctions, in particular worrying about the 'too-many-coincidences' problem that these periods appear to be associated (if we believe what's published in the mainstream literature) with BOTH extremely rare continental flood basalts and continental rifting, and even rarer 'impact signals' commonly presumed to come from large extraterrestrial bolide impacts. Our recently published Verneshot hypothesis is our best guess on how to explain these coincidences in a self-consistent causal manner.'
^Vannucchi, Paola; Morgan, Jason P.; Della Lunga, Damiano; Andronicos, Christopher L.; Morgan, W. Jason (January 2015)."Direct evidence of ancient shock metamorphism at the site of the 1908 Tunguska event".Earth and Planetary Science Letters.409:168–174.Bibcode:2015E&PSL.409..168V.doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2014.11.001.
^Cohen, David (25 June 2008). "Tugnuska 100 years on".New Scientist.198(2662): 38–41.doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(08)61618-8.

[Morgan_CME-1] Phipps Morgan, J.; Reston, T. J.; Ranero, C. R. (15 January 2004)."Contemporaneous mass extinctions, continental flood basalts, and 'impact signals': are mantle plume-induced lithospheric gas explosions the causal link?"(PDF).Earth and Planetary Science Letters.217(3–4): 263–284.Bibcode:2004E&PSL.217..263P.doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00602-2.(First submitted 17 April 2003). For an informal introductionseeProfessor Jason Phipps Morgan's faculty biography Archived22 September 2006 at theWayback Machineat Cornell University from May 2004:I became interested in the causes of mass-extinctions, in particular worrying about the 'too-many-coincidences' problem that these periods appear to be associated (if we believe what's published in the mainstream literature) with BOTH extremely rare continental flood basalts and continental rifting, and even rarer 'impact signals' commonly presumed to come from large extraterrestrial bolide impacts. Our recently published Verneshot hypothesis is our best guess on how to explain these coincidences in a self-consistent causal manner.'

[2] Vannucchi, Paola; Morgan, Jason P.; Della Lunga, Damiano; Andronicos, Christopher L.; Morgan, W. Jason (January 2015)."Direct evidence of ancient shock metamorphism at the site of the 1908 Tunguska event".Earth and Planetary Science Letters.409:168–174.Bibcode:2015E&PSL.409..168V.doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2014.11.001.

[3] Cohen, David (25 June 2008). "Tugnuska 100 years on".New Scientist.198(2662): 38–41.doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(08)61618-8.

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